Numerical simulation of reinforced concrete beams with different shear reinforcements under dynamic impact loads

The behavior of concrete/reinforced concrete structures is strongly influenced by the loading rate. Reinforced concrete structural members subjected to impact loads behave quite differently as compared to the same subjected to quasi-static loading. This difference is attributed to the strain-rate influence on strength, stiffness, and ductility as well as to the activation of inertia forces. These influences are clearly demonstrated in experiments. Moreover, for concrete structures, which exhibit damage and fracture phenomena, the failure mode and cracking pattern depend significantly on loading rate. In general, there is a tendency that with the increase of loading rate the failure mode changes from mode-I to mixed mode. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental investigations indicate that after the crack reaches critical speed of propagation there is crack branching. The present paper focuses on 3D finite-element study of reinforced concrete beams with different amount of shear reinforcement under impact. The experiments reported in literature are numerically simulated using the rate sensitive microplane model as constitutive law for concrete, while the strain-rate influence is captured by the activation energy theory. Inertia forces are implicitly accounted for through dynamic finite element analysis. However, the impact was modeled not by explicit modeling of two bodies but by incrementing the load point displacement till the maximum value and at the rate reported from the test. The results of the numerical study show that the numerical analysis using the procedure followed in this work can very well simulate the impact behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The static and dynamic reactions, crack patterns and failure modes as predicted in analysis are in close agreement with their experimentally observed counterparts. It was concluded that under impact loads, of the order as simulated in this work (blunt impact with velocity of around 1 m/s), the shear reinforcement does not get activated and therefore the dynamic reactions, unlike static reactions, are almost independent of the amount of shear reinforcement in the beams. However, the presence of shear reinforcement significantly affects the crack pattern and the cracks are well distributed in the presence of shear reinforcement, thus avoiding the formation of shear plugs.     

Numerical simulation of pre-stressed concrete slab subjected to moderate velocity impact loading

This paper presents an efficient numerical analysis procedure to simulate failure analysis of a pre-stressed concrete slab subjected to the hard impact using LS-DYNA commercial software. In this study, the moderate velocity (60 m/s–300m/s) used in the corresponding tests, is chosen in order to assess the punching resistant capacity of the slabs. Material nonlinearity is employed to consider failure and damage. The structural dynamic behavior of the materials is considered by taking into account the strain-rate effect, and damping effects are also investigated. An efficient method on the simplified modeling of pre-stressed concrete, namely the “Spotweld” method, is proposed, which allows introducing the pre-stressing force directly into the pre-stressing bars. To illustrate the accuracy of the proposed numerical analysis procedure, two different impact tests are used for the verification of the numerical modeling. The effects of modeling parameters are examined by several parametric analyses. It is shown that proposed modeling may be effectively used to investigate the structural behavior of pre-stressed concrete structures subjected to hard missile impact.     

高温下钢筋混凝土板抗冲击性能及其影响因素

钢筋混凝土(RC)结构在遭受火灾作用时,常会由于楼层坍塌而继发冲击作用,对楼板产生高温与冲击的耦合作用。该文同时考虑高温热力耦合效应和冲击荷载作用下的应变率效应,开展了高温下RC板抗冲击性能研究。通过分别将RC板抗火和抗冲击的试验结果与模拟结果进行对比,验证了该文所建立模型的正确性。分析获得了RC板在不同受火时间和不同能量冲击荷载作用下的动力响应,讨论了板厚和配筋率对高温下RC板抗冲击性能的影响。结果表明：火灾高温作用将显著影响RC板的抗冲击性能。随着受火时间的增加,RC板的冲切破坏损伤更加严重,RC板的跨中峰值位移也更大。板厚的增加能明显改善RC板的高温下的抗冲击性能,而配筋率的增加对RC板在高温下的抗冲击性能的影响有限。     

Fatigue behaviour of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with GFRP bars

GFRP bars are often used for the internal reinforcement of concrete bridge deck slabs as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcements with excellent results in terms of corrosion resistance. Several experiments on bridge decks were conducted to evaluate their structural behaviour but their fatigue performance still needs an adequate experimental investigation. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign on four full scale concrete bridge deck specimens reinforced with GFRP bars that were designed, constructed and tested to resist cyclic moving loads. Two hydraulic jacks were used to simulate moving concentrated loads. After the cycles, the load was increased to the static failure. The slabs reinforced with GFRP bars showed a better fatigue performance compared to the requests of the European codes.     

An experimental and numerical study of reinforced ultra-high performance concrete slabs under blast loads

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) which is characterized by high strength, high ductility and high toughness has been widely applied in modern structure construction. Outstanding mechanical feature of UHPC not only enables strong yet slim structure design but also highlights its potential in protective engineering against extreme loads like impact or explosion. In this research a series of reinforced concrete slabs are tested to determine their response under explosive loading conditions. Concrete materials used in the slab construction are ultra-high strength concrete (UHPC) and normal strength concrete (NSC). In total five slabs are tested including four UHPC slabs with varying reinforcement ratios and one control NSC slab with normal reinforcement. Explosive charges with TNT equivalent weights ranging from 1.0 to 14.0 kg at scaled distances ranging from 0.41 to 3.05 m/kg^1/3 are used in the current experiments. Test results verified the effectiveness of UHPC slabs against blast loads. Numerical models are established in LS-DYNA to reproduce the field blast tests on UHPC slabs. The numerical results are compared with the field test data, and the feasibility and validity of the numerical predictions of UHPC slab responses are demonstrated.     

单向面内约束混凝土双向板抗火性能试验研究及数值分析

为了分析简支板受到单向面内约束作用下的火灾行为,对两块足尺混凝土双向板进行了面内荷载和竖向荷载共同作用下的火灾试验。研究了双向板在受火过程中沿板厚混凝土温度场分布规律、钢筋温度、板平面内外变形以及板角平面外约束力变化规律,并与相关试验进行对比。在此基础上,基于EC2和ASCE本构模型,编程对试验板温度场、变形行为和力学机理进行了数值分析。结果表明:当板受到单向面内约束作用时,其裂缝模式及变形规律与四边简支板明显不同,且易出现完整性破坏;板角裂缝分布情况对板角约束力有重要影响;本构模型对火灾下约束板的力学机理影响较大。     

Full-scale field tests of concrete slabs subjected to blast loads

This paper describes full-scale field explosion tests on protected and unprotected concrete slabs. The experiments were performed by the Protective Technologies Research & Development Center of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU-PTR&DC) under a contract with the Israeli Ministry of Defense (MoD) and the supervision of the IDF Steering Committee for R&D of Protective Structures. The aims of the tests were to: (1) extract data on the dynamic response of an elementary concrete structure to blast loads in order to verify and validate (V&V) our corresponding computer codes; and (2) check the ability of aluminum foams to mitigate blast wave loads. Time-dependent measurements of the response of the concrete slabs to the blast wave loads were successfully recorded using a variety of measurement devices. The obtained data have been used to verify and validate our computer codes.     

Impact of different approaches to modelling rigid pavement base layers on slab curling stresses

The magnitude of stresses induced in jointed concrete slabs due to thermal loads is influenced by the stiffness of the underlying foundation layers (base, sub-base and subgrade). The layer that most significantly affects the Portland cement concrete (PCC) slab responses is the base. Field observations have demonstrated the increase in reflecting cracking of PCC slabs placed over relatively stiff base layers. To predict thermo-mechanical responses of jointed PCC slabs accurately, appropriate idealisation of foundation layers in finite element (FE) analysis is required. Several modelling methods have been proposed to idealise the effect of the base layer. These methods differ in the structural contribution assigned to the base layer in the pavement concrete system. Four approaches for modelling the base layer in FE analysis of jointed concrete pavements are presented in this paper. The first and second approaches involve modelling the base as a plate separate from the other foundation layer(s). In the third and fourth approaches, the base layer is modelled as part of a Winkler or Vlasov foundation, respectively. A series of parametric studies are carried out to evaluate the capability and feasibility of each modelling approach proposed in this study in reflecting the effect of the base course rigidity on the PCC slab responses under thermal loads.     

化爆作用下FRP加固RC板的试验研究及动力响应分析

我国20世纪60年代、70年代修建的大量防护工程抗力等级较低,急需进行加固补强。进行了化爆作用下,外贴FRP条带加固钢筋混凝土(RC)双向板抗爆性能的试验研究。按介质-结构相互作用理论确定结构的爆炸冲击荷载,建立了加固板的三折线弯曲抗力模型,利用虚功原理建立了加固RC板的运动微分方程,按数值方法求解了外贴FRP加固双向板在化爆冲击波作用下的动力响应时程,分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果表明:外贴FRP条带加固可以有效延缓混凝土的开裂、限制裂缝的开展,提高RC双向板的刚度,减小结构位移,减轻结构破坏程度,外贴FRP加固RC双向板的抗爆炸冲击波能力得到了明显提高,外贴FRP条带在极限状态时发生了剥离破坏和断裂破坏。     

徐变对水泥路面板湿度翘曲及应力影响研究

水泥混凝土路面板的温湿度翘曲和交通荷载的耦合作用是其发生疲劳破坏的主要原因之一。湿度梯度及湿度翘曲在路面板中的存在时间较为持续长久,不可避免地会受到混凝土徐变的影响。该文进行了干燥和密闭状态下水泥混凝土梁的弯曲徐变试验,提出弯曲徐变度和徐变系数的计算方法,并将上述徐变参数植入有限元程序中模拟分析徐变对结合式和分离式混凝土路面板翘曲变形和应力发展影响。结果表明:干燥状态下的弯曲徐变是密闭状态下徐变的1.67倍;徐变能够降低翘曲变形、翘曲应力及与荷载耦合情况下的总应力;徐变对结合式路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展影响较大,徐变降低了36%的湿度翘曲变形和45%的翘曲应力;在板角交通荷载的耦合作用下,徐变可使结合式路面板的总应力降低34%。因此徐变是合理分析混凝土路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展不可忽略的因素。     

钢筋混凝土剪力墙应变率效应试验与基于动力塑性损伤模型的模拟

应变率对混凝土材料的力学性能有着重要影响。该文在对2 片剪力墙构件进行快速加载试验的基础上,在混凝土塑性损伤模型中引入应变率效应,建立了考虑应变率效应的塑性损伤模型。应用该模型对该文所描述的快速加载下的剪力墙构件以及在拟静力作用下的另外3 个构件进行了有限元模拟,结果表明考虑应变率效应的混凝土塑性损伤模型较好地描述了钢筋混凝土剪力墙在快速加载下的非线性行为。最后,运用所建立的考虑应变率效应的混凝土塑性损伤模型对不同轴压比和加载速率下剪力墙构件的非线性性能进行了模拟与分析。     

温度与荷载耦合下农村公路混凝土路面板结构尺寸优化

为优化农村公路混凝土路面板结构设计以减小路面板厚度和节约成本,对板尺寸和板厚进行研究,分析正负温度梯度下交通荷载的最不利位置,建立文克尔地基上的板模型进行计算。研究结果表明:相比于板厚,板平面尺寸对板中最大拉应力的影响更大,因此可通过减小板尺寸来减小板厚;将只承受轮载作用的板称为小尺寸板,其临界板尺寸为2.0 m×2.0 m;路基反应模量对小尺寸路面板的板中最大拉应力影响不大;考虑疲劳损伤的小尺寸板在正、负温度梯度(15℃和-15℃)下的临界板厚分别为19 cm和16 cm。研究结果可以为节约成本为目的农村公路路面板结构尺寸优化设计提供参考。     

Improving the blast resistance capacity of RC slabs with innovative composite materials

This paper examines the feasibility of using innovative composite materials to improve the blast resistance capacity of one-way reinforced concrete slabs. In order to achieve this objective, five slabs were tested under real blast loads. One of the slabs was used as the control unit to establish a baseline for comparison of the other four slabs. These four slabs were strengthened with carbon fiber and steel fiber reinforced polymers, comprising of two slabs retrofitted on a single side and two slabs retrofitted on both sides. Test results indicate that there was no significant increase in blast resistance when the slabs were retrofitted on a single side; however, slabs retrofitted on both sides displayed a significant increase in blast resistance. This result can be attributed to the negative moments that develop under the dynamics of blast loads. Another objective of this research program was to study the feasibility of using a modified displacement based methodology to predict the explosive charges weight and standoff distances required to impose a given damage level. Test results showed that for the most part the blast loads were effectively estimated using this method and the damage levels observed from the field tests correlated well with the predicted levels. This paper discusses the analytical steps used to predict the charges weight and standoff distances along with the relevant experimental results.     

分离式叠合板组合梁抗火性能研究与数值分析

为了研究分离式叠合板组合梁的火灾行为，对四块足尺分离式叠合板组合梁进行了均布荷载作用下的火灾试验。考虑了栓钉间距、后浇层厚度、预制板在钢梁上翼缘搭接长度的影响因素，研究了组合梁在受火过程中沿板厚混凝土温度场分布规律、混凝土板中钢筋温度、沿钢梁高度温度场分布规律、抗弯刚度以及叠合板与钢梁的整体工作性。并利用ABAQUS对叠合板组合梁在热力耦合作用下的温度场和变形行为进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:升温过程中，后浇层与预制底板结合界面未发生明显破坏，仍能共同承受荷载；但由于结合界面和预制板拼缝的存在，组合梁的整体抗弯刚度明显降低；热力耦合作用下，预制板在钢梁上翼缘搭接长度对组合梁的变形能力影响显著；对比试验研究结果与数值分析结果，二者吻合良好，验证了数值分析模型的有效性与可行性。     

Numerical evaluation of the retrofit effectiveness for GFRP retrofitted concrete slab subjected to blast pressure

For retrofitting structures against blast loads, sufficient ductility and strength should be provided by using high-performance materials such as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The effectiveness of retrofit materials needs to be precisely evaluated for the retrofitting design based on the dynamic material responses under blast loads. In this study, refined FEM analysis with high-strain rate dependent material model and debonding failure model is conducted for evaluating the FRP retrofitting effectiveness. The structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) slab retrofitted with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) under blast pressure is simulated and the analysis results are verified with the previous experimental results.     

Experimental investigation of rectangular concrete slabs with horizontal restraints

Two full-scale loading tests on concrete slabs have been carried out during the demolition of a building in Copenhagen, and eleven concrete slab models have been tested in the laboratory of the Danish Engineering Academy. All the slabs had horizontal restraints, and the observed ultimate loads were considerably higher than the loads predicted by the conventional yield line theory. This was even the case for one of the slabs which had horizontal restraints along only three of the four sides. Details are also presented of several tests performed by others. Instead of an enhancement factor obtained by dividing the observed load by the load predicted by conventional yield line theory, this paper considers the difference between the observed and the conventionally predicted load. This difference is here assumed to represent the load due to membrane action. A study of the membrane action in 76 tests leads to a remarkably simple expression for the bearing capacity of rectangular concrete slabs with horizontal restraints on all four sides.     

静载和动载下不同龄期混凝土力学特性的试验研究

利用杆径为75mm的SHPB试验装置对5种不同龄期下的混凝土分别进行了冲击压缩试验,系统了解了冲击载荷对不同龄期支护混凝土力学特性的影响。为了进行对比,利用INSTRON系统也进行了相应龄期下的静载压缩试验。试验研究表明:静载下混凝土强度、割线弹性模量随龄期增长而增长,其中强度增长主要集中在龄期7d以前,割线弹性模量增长则集中在龄期14d以后,而峰值应变随龄期增长整体上呈减小的趋势;动载下混凝土强度、峰值应变以及单位体积吸收能随着龄期增长而增长,在各个龄期都表现出对应变率具有一定的敏感性,其中不同龄期混凝土的动态强度随应变率增加呈现指数函数增长趋势。不同龄期的混凝土在动载下以拉伸破坏为主,静载下基本呈现剪切破坏形式。     

Creep and cracking of concrete hinges: insight from centric and eccentric compression experiments

Existing design guidelines for concrete hinges consider bending-induced tensile cracking, but the structural behavior is oversimplified to be time-independent. This is the motivation to study creep and bending-induced tensile cracking of initially monolithic concrete hinges systematically. Material tests on plain concrete specimens and structural tests on marginally reinforced concrete hinges are performed. The experiments characterize material and structural creep under centric compression as well as bending-induced tensile cracking and the interaction between creep and cracking of concrete hinges. As for the latter two aims, three nominally identical concrete hinges are subjected to short-term and to longer-term eccentric compression tests. Obtained material and structural creep functions referring to centric compression are found to be very similar. The structural creep activity under eccentric compression is significantly larger because of the interaction between creep and cracking, i.e. bending-induced cracks progressively open and propagate under sustained eccentric loading. As for concrete hinges in frame-like integral bridge construction, it is concluded (i) that realistic simulation of variable loads requires consideration of the here-studied time-dependent behavior and (ii) that permanent compressive normal forces shall be limited by 45% of the ultimate load carrying capacity, in order to avoid damage of concrete hinges under sustained loading.     

Impact capacity of railway prestressed concrete sleepers

Extreme loading conditions on railway tracks may include dynamic impact loads with very high magnitude but short duration. These loading conditions are caused by wheel or rail abnormalities such as flat wheels, dipped rails, etc. This type of loading is very rare and could occur once or twice in their design life span. A high-capacity drop weight impact testing machine was constructed at the University of Wollongong, in order to evaluate the ultimate capacity of prestressed concrete sleepers under impact loads. This paper presents the experimental investigations to evaluate failure modes, flexural toughness, and energy absorption mechanisms for railway prestressed concrete sleepers under static and impact loadings. Energy absorption capacity of the prestressed concrete sleepers was evaluated to determine the amount of energy required to fail the sleeper under impact load. Static and impact tests were carried out on the Australian-manufactured prestressed concrete sleepers. The residual capacity of the prestressed concrete sleepers after impact has also been highlighted. Also, this paper presents a simplified approach to predict ultimate moment capacity of railway prestressed concrete sleepers under impact loading. Modified compression field theory has been employed in the flexural resistance prediction, based on a generalized sectional analysis software, Response-2000. Effects of dynamic strain and loading rates were taken into account for predicting the impact capacity. The test results exhibit very good correlation with the predicted results by the modified compression field theory.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of low velocity impact behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement based composite

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has been used in structural applications in order to enhance the structural performance under dynamic loading and reduce cracking and spalling phenomena by increasing toughness, ductility, and tensile strength of the concrete. High-performance fiber-reinforced cement based composite (HPFRC) is a high-strength FRC with enhanced high-performance characteristics. Recent studies have shown that HPFRC has higher impact resistance than other types of concrete. Therefore, it has been widely considered as a promising material for the construction of important and strategic structures. HPFRC panels are tested by drop projectiles up to an impact at which failure occurs. Mechanical properties of HPFRC are obtained to define material parameters in the MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE model in LS-DYNA, which is used to simulate the behavior of HPFRC panel under impact loading and perform parametric studies. Predicted crack and failure patterns on both sides of the HPFRC panel based on finite element simulation are in good agreement with their corresponding experimental results.