接触爆炸作用下钢板层裂效应数值分析

基于AutoDyn对接触爆炸荷载作用下钢板的层裂过程进行数值模拟,并对照试验进行分析,探讨了应力波在钢板中的传播过程和特点,剖析了钢板的层裂机理,指出钢板的层裂破坏是钢材在拉伸波作用下的一个损伤累积和能量累积过程。计算表明,装药的高度、钢板的厚度与材质是影响接触爆炸作用下钢板层裂发生、发展及其破坏效应的核心因素。试验和计算结论为钢板在某防护结构中的应用提供了技术参考。     

接触爆炸作用下钢板层裂效应数值分析

基于AutoDyn对接触爆炸荷载作用下钢板的层裂过程进行数值模拟,并对照试验进行分析,探讨了应力波在钢板中的传播过程和特点,剖析了钢板的层裂机理,指出钢板的层裂破坏是钢材在拉伸波作用下的一个损伤累积和能量累积过程。计算表明,装药的高度、钢板的厚度与材质是影响接触爆炸作用下钢板层裂发生、发展及其破坏效应的核心因素。试验和计算结论为钢板在某防护结构中的应用提供了技术参考。     

火灾蔓延作用下混凝土连续板力学行为试验研究与模拟

为研究火灾蔓延作用对三跨混凝土连续板力学行为影响,对四块混凝土连续板进行仅边（中）跨和三跨依次受火试验,获得各跨温度、变形、裂缝、爆裂和破坏模式等变化规律。在此基础上,对一块混凝土试验板火灾行为进行数值分析,研究了几何（非）线性和混凝土热膨胀应变对火灾蔓延作用下连续板各跨弯矩分布和薄膜机理影响规律。结果表明:混凝土板裂缝和爆裂主要出现于受火跨,非受火跨裂缝较少;板底和板顶具有完全不同裂缝分布,即板底短裂缝多出现在板边区域,板顶多为平行短跨方向通长裂缝。同时,混凝土连续板各跨跨中变形趋势取决于自身位置和火灾蔓延方向,变形最大值取决于自身受火时长和炉温。此外,数值分析表明,火灾蔓延行为对连续板各跨最大弯矩分布和拉压薄膜效应发展有重要影响;相比Lie模型,EC2模型计算结果较为合理,且几何非线性影响不可忽略。     

Dynamic fracture (spalling) of metals

The fundamental mechanical aspects of dynamic fracture in metals are presented, with emphasis on spalling produced by the interactions of shock and reflected tensile waves. The major research efforts conducted in this area are reviewed; the process has been successfully described as a sequence of nucleation—growth—coalescence of voids or cracks. Quantitative models predicting the extent of damage have been successfully compared with experimental observations, by incorporating them into computer codes.A number of metallurgical aspects of importance are discussed: failure initiation sites, crack propagation paths, strain-rate-dependent ductile to brittle transition, grain size effect, intergranular versus transgranular spalling. Of particular importance in iron and steels is the change in spall morphology when the 13 GPa stress is exceeded. This change is documented and interpreted in terms of the α(BCC)→?(HCP) phase transformation undergone at that pressure. Micromechanical models describing the growth of voids in terms of dislocation motion are discussed.Areas requiring additional research effort are identified.     

An experimental method for dynamic tensile testing of concrete by spalling

A new application of the spalling phenomenon in long specimens is reported in this paper. The new experimental technique is based on an experimental setup which consists of an air launcher of cylindrical projectiles with a Hopkinson bar as a measuring tool and a relatively long concrete specimen in contact with the bar. The incident compression wave transmitted by the Hopkinson bar into the specimen is reflected as a tensile wave causing spalling. Although such configurations have been reported in the past, the main advantage of the present approach lies in the application of the detailed analysis, based on the wave mechanics with dispersion, to extract the specimen behaviour. Such an approach leads to an exact estimation of the local failure stress in tension at high strain rates, even above 100 s⁻¹. This paper demonstrates, using two series of tests on concrete, that this experimental setup can cover one decimal order of strain rates, from ∼10 to ∼120 s⁻¹. The tests performed at high strain rates on wet and dry concrete have indicated that the tensile strength is substantially influenced by the loading rate or strain rate. The absolute value of the failure stress for wet and dry concrete is almost the same for a particular strain rate, which does not occur when subject to low strain rates in tension or compression. A brief discussion is offered on a high rate sensitivity of concrete strength in tension at high strain rates.     

火灾后混凝土连续板剩余承载力试验研究及理论分析

为了研究火灾蔓延作用对混凝土灾后连续板力学性能影响,对4块灾后连续板进行承载力试验,研究了火灾蔓延工况、配筋率和配筋方式等对灾后板变形、混凝土和钢筋应变和破坏模式等影响规律;此外,考虑竖向剪切力影响,提出混凝土双向板拉压薄膜效应区域计算方法,建立灾后板极限承载力计算方法;采用不同理论,对灾后连续板各跨承载力进行对比分析...     

Contact Fatigue Damage and Fracture Failure of a Bearing Outer-Race Used on a Locomotive Wheelset

Fracture took place on the upper-edge of one side of the bearing outer-ring used in a locomotive wheel in service, and two small pieces had separated from the outer-ring. The fractographic study indicates that the fracture mode is of instantaneous initial cracking and fatigue propagation. Fracture of the edge was caused by abnormally high contact loading on the upper-end of one race of the bearing cup. Extensive spalling is present on the upper part of the raceway of the broken side of the bearing outer-ring, and the surface contact fatigue is its primary failure mode. The occurrence of a large inclined load on the raceway of one side of outer-ring is responsible for the serious spalling damage on the raceway of the outer-ring.     

Study on Dynamic Behavior and Tensile Strength of Concrete Using 1D Wave Propagation Characteristics

Concrete structures are usually fractured under dynamic loadings, so it is important to have a clear knowledge of their dynamic behavior and tensile strength. First, the principle of one-dimensional (1D) stress wave reflection and superposition at free surface is briefed, and the spalling test method based on the Hopkinson bar is presented. Then, the attenuation law of stress wave is explored and the dynamic tensile/compressive moduli of concrete are evaluated according to the wave propagation experiment. Lastly, the influences of strain rate on the spalling tensile strength and failure patterns of concrete are further analyzed. The testing results demonstrate that the attenuation of stress wave accords with an exponential law when propagating in the concrete bar. The difference between the dynamic elastic moduli of concrete in tension and in compression is minor. Spalling tensile strength is sensitive to strain rate, and there is an obvious linear correlation between dynamic increase factor (DIF) and strain rate in a log-log plot for strain rate above 1.0/s; a single fracture occurs at low strain rate, while multiple fractures are detected with increasing strain rate.     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料的层裂试验研究

层裂是材料遭受冲击、爆炸等高速荷载时的一种常见破坏方式。该文利用直径80 mm的霍普金森杆实验装置,研究了超高韧性水泥基复合材料UHTCC （Ultra High Toughness Cementitious Composites）中应力波的传播特性和材料的层裂强度。通过在试件表面粘贴5组应变片,获得了在0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.5 MPa打击气压下,UHTCC中应力波的传播曲线。利用高速摄影机记录层裂试验,观测了UHTCC的层裂破坏过程。由试件表面应变片测得的应力波曲线,计算了材料中的应力波波速、动态弹性模量,分析了应力波在该材料中传播的衰减规律,并计算出不同打击气压下材料的层裂强度及应变率。试验结果显示: UHTCC的层裂过程相比混凝土具有更多的韧性特征; UHTCC中的应力波峰值在0 mm~500 mm范围内衰减迅速;在同等应变率下,UHTCC与静态抗拉强度相近的混凝土相比,层裂强度高出10 MPa左右,且UHTCC的层裂强度具有明显的应变率敏感性。     

Effect of microstructure on the spalling damage in a 20Mn2SiCrMo bainitic rail

The effect of microstructure on the spalling damage in a heavy-haul 20Mn2SiCrMo bainitic wing rail was investigated. The results show that spalling damage is strongly correlated to the detailed microstructure factors which contribute to the crack propagation resistance at different levels. It is demonstrated that comparing with blocky martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents, film-like M/A constituents have better performance to retard crack propagation. Moreover, the type and proportion of M/A constituents are affected by the isothermal holding temperature during heat treatment, where typical blocky M/A constituents are found in the temperature range from 360 °C to 400 °C.     

Dynamic fragmentation process in concrete under impact and spalling tests

Intense damages as scabbing on front face, spalling on rear face, radial cracks are observed in concrete structures when subjected to the impact of a kinetic striker. To characterize the dynamic strength and damage of concretes under such loadings one may perform spalling tests and EOI (edge-on impact) tests. Both tests have been conducted with dry and wet specimens of a micro-concrete named MB50. The tests revealed a remarked effect of strain-rate and free water on the dynamic response of the concrete. In parallel, bending tests and direct tensile tests have been performed with dry and saturated concrete samples considering large and small effective volumes and the results have been compared with five sets of data given in the literature with the same material. A scale effect is observed in agreement with prediction of Weibull theory. Moreover, an anisotropic damage model that describes the initiation of cracks and the obscuration of critical defects under high strain-rate tensile loading is presented. It allows accounting for the influence of loading-rate and free-water on the dynamic strength and damage of concrete observed in EOI and spalling tests.     

Fracturing behaviour of sandstone specimens with a cavity formed by intersecting excavations under compression: Experimental study and numerical modelling

To investigate the mechanical properties, damage characteristics, and fracturing behaviour of specimens with a cavity formed by intersecting excavations, a series of uniaxial compression tests were conducted incorporating digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. PFC^2D modelling was conducted to further study the failure modes and crack evolution under biaxial loading. The results showed that the mechanical properties are significantly weakened by the cavity and influenced by its shape. The failure of the specimens containing a cavity under uniaxial compression can be considered as a progressive process of crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence of different cracks with each other, leading to forming macrofractures, which can be visually displayed by the DIC technique. A new method for determining the crack closure stress is proposed, and the crack initiation stress and the crack damage stress of specimens are also obtained by the AE measurements. The failure mode of the intact specimen changed from the tensile–shear failure mode under the uniaxial compression to the shear‐dominated failure mode under the biaxial compression. Failure of the specimens with a cavity is dominated by shear cracks rather than tensile cracks. Under high confining stresses, almost no macrotensile cracks appeared on the roof or floor of the cavity; instead, several spalling fractures were visible on the two sides of the cavity. The fracturing mechanism is well explained by the evolution of the internal stresses in the specimens.     

Einfluss von Schmierstoffsystemen auf die Ermüdungsbeanspruchbarkeit von Schraubenverbindungen

The fatigue behavior of bolted joints is critical to failure for many applications due to the high notch effect. Among other parameters, the life-time is based on the influence of the surface system, consisting of coating and lubricant. Intended to consider the surface system in the design and dimensioning process of bolted joints systematic experimental investigations are carried out for an exemplary selected basecoat and various lubricant systems. The basis is given by fatigue tests supported by selected methods of material analysis for the fractographic evaluation. A reproducible method to determine the crack initiation as well as the crack propagation has been developed for the evaluation of lubricant systems.     

等离子喷涂铁基涂层的接触疲劳失效机理研究

对超音速等离子喷涂铁基涂层的接触疲劳失效机理进行了研究.使用球盘式接触疲劳试验机进行了涂层的接触疲劳实验,并通过对失效试样表面形貌的观察,总结出了涂层三种典型的失效形式,即点蚀、剥落和分层.分别研究了三种失效形式的相应的失效机理,结果表明:点蚀失效是由粗糙的表面引起的;剥落失效是由于表层与次表层的微观缺陷引起的;而分层失效则由涂层内部的剪切应力机制决定.     

Modeling of structural failure of Zircaloy claddings induced by multiple hydride cracks

Zirconium alloys have been serving as primary structural materials for nuclear fuel claddings. Structural failure analysis under extreme conditions is critical to the assessment of the performance and safety of nuclear fuel claddings. This work focuses on simulating structural failure of Zircaloy tubes with multiple hydride defects through modeling explicit crack propagation in ductile media. First, we developed an integrated cladding failure model by taking into account both crack initiation induced by hydride/matrix interface separation and ligament tearing-off between activated hydride cracks. Second, to accommodate the initiation, propagation, and coalescence of multiple cracks in finite plastic media we incorporated this structural failure model into a coupled continuous/discontinuous Galerkin (DG) based finite element code, a traditionally preferred implicit numerical framework. Third, to improve the adaptive placement of DG interface elements for crack propagation and to identify potential coalescence of cracks due to the interaction between adjacent hydride cracks, we defined a special failure index for the assessment of potential failure zones using both true plastic strain developed and predicted failure strain based on the Johnson–Cook material failure criterion. Finally, by calibrating the proposed material failure model using a cluster of Zircaloy material experimental tests, we successfully simulated a complete failure process of a fuel cladding tube with multiple hydride cracks.     

Failure analysis of the outside coating on the process roller

A failure case of the outside coating on the process roller is presented in this study. The coating consists of WC-Co, which is deposited on 45 steel by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) spraying. The spalling of coatings has been found in the middle of the roller. Rust was also observed on the coatings of the roller. The failure analysis of the coating was performed in terms of composition analysis, and microstructure observation etc. In addition, the effects of sandblasting post-treatments were compared on the residual sand on the interface between the coating and substrate. And the effect of substrate material is investigated on the corrosion of coatings. It was concluded that the sandblasting particles remained on the substrate surface have effects on the failure of the coating. The peeling-off coating on the roller is also related with the formation of iron oxides. Less sand can be remained on the substrate surface when air purging and brushing is used after the sand-blasting compared with only air purging or non-treatment is applied. The stainless steel shows excellent corrosion resistance than the low carbon steel when they are used as substrate for WC-Co coatings during the wet/dry cyclic corrosion tests.     

Failure of magnesium and magnesium-lithium alloy VMD5 with impact loading

Results are presented for a study of the spalling failure of magnesium and magnesium-lithium alloy VMD5 with impact loading. Loading levels are determined corresponding to generation of spalling damage and total macroscopic spalling failure of specimens. Results are given for observations of the nature of material spalling failure.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 9, pp. 30–32, September, 1990.     

内爆炸荷载作用下某管状结构安全性分析

为研究内爆炸载荷作用下某厚壁管状结构的安全性,对圆管管壁的动态响应过程和楔子对圆管末端的冲击作用进行分析.根据应力波理论和层裂破坏准则,探讨圆管的破坏机理和可能的破坏形式.采用流固耦合方法,对管状结构的动态响应过程进行数值分析.在试验和数值模拟的基础上,总结圆管末端的破坏模式,剖析影响结构安全性的关键因素,为某管状结构在防护工程中的应用提供技术参考.