淬火工艺对马氏体高强钢组织和性能的影响

摘要：采用拉伸、冲击、金相、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜、X射线衍射等试验手段,研究了在线直接淬火+回火（DQT）与离线再加热淬火+回火（RQT）工艺对马氏体高强钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,2种试验钢组织均为板条马氏体,RQT试验钢原奥氏体晶粒及板条束呈等轴状,板条块较短,板条较宽,DQT试验钢原奥氏体晶粒呈扁平状,板条束贯穿整个晶粒,板条块呈细长状,板条宽度较小;位错强化是DQT试验钢强度较RQT高的主要原因;板条束为控制DQT和RQT试验钢韧性的最小单元;DQT试验钢大角晶界比例较低,其具有较大的马氏体板条束尺寸以及更高的位错密度,断裂应力较低,低温韧性较差。     

Grain structure of bainitic and martensitic steels

In contrast to austenitic and ferritic microstructures, in the case of bainite and martensite the identification of that structural unit representing a grain is less straightforward. There is a general agreement in the literature that the γ → α-transformation follows the Kurdjumow-Sachs relationship (KSR). For the complex microstructures resulting, however, the investigations include practically exclusively lath-type structures. These relatively simple structures may be described as follows. Within the original austenite grain there are several lath packets with only a few variants of the KSR occuring within one bainite or martensite packet. Opinions diverge with regard to the relative orientations within a packet and thus the type of grain boundaries occurring. Most authors, however, agree that a micro-structural unit – such as the grain in the ferrite structure – which determines both the yield strength and toughness properties, does not exist in lath-type structures, and that the yield strength mainly depends on the lath dimensions. The toughness properties, especially the transition temperature, are governed by the packet size, and possibly by the width of the co-variant packet.     

Recrystallization and formation of austenite in deformed lath martensitic structure of low carbon steels

The effect of prior deformation on the processes of tempering and austenitizing of lath martensite was studied by using low carbon steels. The recrystallization of as-quenched lath martensite was not observed on tempering while the deformed lath martensite easily recrystallized. The behavior of austenite formation in deformed specimens was different from that in as-quenched specimens because of the recrystallization of deformed lath martensite. The austenitizing behavior (and thus the austenite grain size) in deformed specimens was controlled by the competition of austenite formation with the recrystallization of lath martensite. In the case of as-quenched (non-deformed) lath martensite, the austenite particles were formed preferentially at prior austenite grain boundaries and then formed within the austenite grains mainly along the packet, block, and lath boundaries. On the other hand, in the case of lightly deformed (30 to 50 pct) lath martensite, the recrystallization of the matrix rapidly progressed prior to the formation of austenite, and the austenite particles were formed mainly at the boundaries of fairly fine recrystallized ferrite grains. When the lath martensite was heavily deformed (75 to 84 pct), the austenite formation proceeded almost simultaneously with the recrystallization of lath martensite. In such a situation, very fine austenite grain structure was obtained most effectively.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of GMAW Weld Metal of 890MPa Class Steel

The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc weld metal with strength over 890 MPa is discussed. The microstructure of the weld metals is characterized with OM, SEM, TEM and EBSD. The microstructure of the weld metals is mainly composed of martensite and bainite. Experimental results show that the microstructure with predominant fine lath bainite possesses good toughness of 77 .l, while its yield strength is less than 800 MPa. The microstructure of coarse lath martensite and bainite has the lowest toughness of 43 J and its yield strength is 820 MPa. The mixed microstructure with fine martensite, bainite and retained austenite films bears good combination of toughness and yield strength （62 J and 880 MPa, respectively）. It is concluded that fine effective grain size and ductile phase of austenite films are two main factors to achieve good mechanical properties.     

Effect of Martensite Morphology on Impact Toughness of Ultra-High Strength 25CrMo48V Steel Seamless Tube Quenched at Different Temperatures

A 25CrMo48V steel for ultra-deep oil/gas well casings was quenched at 900-1 200 ℃ and tempered at 650 ℃. The lath martensitic structures were characterized by optical microscope (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the transverse impact energy at 0 ℃ was measured from the as-quenched and tempered specimens. The results show that with the quenching temperature decreased, the prior austenite grain, martensitic packet and block are refined, while the lath width seems to remain unchanged. The enhancement of impact toughness with the decreasing quenching temperature can be attributed to refinement of the martensitic structure with high-angle boundaries, and the block is the minimum structure unit controlling impact toughness. The transverse impact energy [ECVN (0 ℃) ≥100 J] required for seamless casings with ultra-high strength (Rp0.2≥932 MPa) has been finally achieved with the experimental steel quenched at 900-1 000 ℃ and tempered at 650 ℃.     

Cr-Al钢焊接热影响区冲击韧性研究

本文采用模拟焊接热循环试验方法,测定了不同峰值温度下Cr-Al钢冲击韧性的变化,并对各峰温下的断口形貌、金相组织、晶粒度及析出物等进行了观察和鉴定。结果表明,随着峰值温度的提高,冲击韧性下降,断口形貌由韧窝状变成解理或准解理状。模拟热循环的峰温高于Ac_3时,随着峰温的提高,奥氏体晶粒明显长大,马氏体板条尺寸也相应增大,因此冲击韧性相应下降。模拟热循环的峰温低于Ac_3时,高温下马氏体板条内的碳进一步析出,基体软化,塑性提高;马氏体板条变得弯曲,碳化物聚集成球状,致使冲击韧性明显提高。     

回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢析出相与力学性能的影响

 为了调整COST-FB2转子钢的强韧性,采用OM、SEM和TEM等手段研究了回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢的析出相类型与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度由350 ℃升高到750 ℃,试验钢的强度、硬度不断下降,塑性和冲击功上升;试验钢350 ℃和570 ℃回火后的高强低韧性可通过再次在700 ℃回火改善。淬火后COST-FB2转子钢中的残余奥氏体,可通过在570 ℃回火消除;在350 ℃和570 ℃回火后马氏体板条内部有大量针状的M₃C,700 ℃回火后的显微组织中M₃C消失,M₂₃C₆在原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界上析出,750 ℃回火后晶界上的M₂₃C₆有聚集粗化的现象,部分马氏体板条存在回复现象。     

多向锻造对超高强度不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对多向锻造淬火后的马氏体超高强度不锈钢的显微组织进行定量表征,分析多向锻造对试验钢显微组织的影响;同时进行力学性能测试,分析多向锻造对试验钢力学性能的影响,讨论不同强化机制对试验钢强度的贡献.结果 表明,随着锻造道次的...     

Effect of microstructure on plane-strain fracture toughness of aisi 4340 steel

Commercially available AISI 4340 steel has been studied to determine the effect of transformation structures on plane-strain fracture toughness (K _IC). Martensitic and bainitic steels with wide variation in the prior austenitic grain size, and steels having two different mixed structures of martensite and bainite were investigated. Microstructures were examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Fracture morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The significant conclusions are as follows: in a martensitic or lower bainitic steel in which well-defined packets were observed, the packet diameter is the primary microstructural factor controllingK _IC. The steel's property is improved with increased packet diameter. If the steel has an upper bainitic structure, the packet is composed of well-defined blocks, and the block size controls theK _IC property. When the steel has a mixed structure of martensite and bainite, the shape and distribution of the second phase bainite have a significant effect on theK _IC property. A lower bainite, which appears in acicular form and partitions prior austenite grains of the parent martensite, dramatically improves theK _IC in association with tempered martensite. If an upper bainite appearing as masses that fill prior austenite grains of the parent martensite is associated with tempered martensite, it significantly lowers the K_IC.     

Effect of quenching process on microstructure and properties of DZ2 steel for high speed train axle

The effect of quenching process on the microstructure and properties of DZ2 steel used for high speed train axles is revealed by means of OM, SEM, EBSD, room temperature tensile test and low temperature impact test. The results show that after twice quenching at 850℃ and tempering at 650℃, the optimum mechanical properties of DZ2 steel were obtained. The tensile strength, yield strength, elongation after fracture and impact energy absorption at -40℃ of DZ2 steel are 874MPa, 773MPa, 24% and 222J, respectively. Moreover, the prior austenite grain, martensite packet and block are the finest, with the size of 14.9, 6.9 and 1.32μm, respectively, which are 14.3, 5.2 and 0.35μm finer than those after quenching at 950℃ and tempering at 650℃, respectively. And it is found that finer prior austenite grain boundaries, packet boundaries and block boundaries can effectively inhibit the crack propagation and improve the low temperature toughness, resulting in the ductile brittle transition temperature of DZ2 steel significantly reduced from -103℃ to -136℃.     

淬火工艺对高速列车车轴用DZ2钢组织性能的影响

摘要：采用OM、SEM、EBSD、室温拉伸试验和低温冲击试验,揭示了淬火工艺对高速列车车轴用DZ2钢组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明,经850℃两次淬火和650℃回火后,DZ2钢获得了最佳的力学性能。抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率和-40℃冲击吸收能量分别为874MPa、773MPa、24%和222J。该工艺条件下原始奥氏体晶粒、马氏体板条束和板条块最为细小,其尺寸分别为14.9、6.9和1.32μm,较经950℃淬火和650℃回火后的分别细化了14.3、5.2和0.35μm,可有效抑制裂纹的扩展,提高低温韧性,韧脆转变温度由-103℃显著降低至-136℃。     

850级钢熔化焊焊缝的组织特征

利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及附带EDS系统和透射电子显微镜研究850 MPa级焊缝金属的微观组织,并通过分析焊缝金属凝固和相变过程,研究组织形成机制。发现原δ铁素体柱状晶晶界附近的锰和镍含量高于其心部含量。原δ铁素体柱状晶晶界附近组织由平行板条马氏体组成,板条宽度约为300 nm,原δ铁素体柱状晶心部组织由"交织状"板条马氏体组成,板条宽度约为400 nm。分析认为造成原δ铁素体柱状晶晶界附近和心部组织差异的重要原因是锰和镍的偏析,而焊缝金属良好的冲击韧性是因为存在30%"交织状"马氏体和一定量残余奥氏体。     

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The distribution of microstructure and mechanical properties in welding heat affected zone (HAZ) of a high-Nb high strength pipeline steel was studied by simulating two type welding heat inputs on Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results show that the micro-hardness of HAZ is higher then base metal without obvious softening. However, the toughness for intercritical heat affected zone and coarse grain zone of heat affected zone deteriorates. M/A islands with large size distributed in chain structure along prior austenite grain boundary cause the decrease of toughness in intercritical heat affected zone. Coarsening and mixed crystal of prior austenite grain, coarse bainite lath cluster and M/A island with large size distributed at boundary of bainite lath cluster result in deterioration of toughness in coarse grain. High alloy content and carbon equivalent are main reason to result in the decrease of the toughness.     

高碳贝氏体钢的低温转变组织与性能

摘要：采用光学与扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射等手段研究了不同等温温度（300、250、200℃）对于高碳（质量分数0.79%）贝氏体钢低温转变样品的相含量、组织尺寸和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,随贝氏体等温温度的降低,贝氏体最终转变量更高,贝氏体铁素体板条和薄膜状残余奥氏体宽度、块状残余奥氏体尺寸减小,抗拉强度升高,塑韧性降低。300℃的贝氏体抗拉强度为1525MPa,贝氏体铁素体宽度是116nm,而200℃的贝氏体铁素体板条尺寸达到62nm,抗拉强度达到1 928MPa。研究发现,在未充分转变的贝氏体样品中,尺寸大于4.7μm的块状残余奥氏体在冷却过程中易发生马氏体相变,而小于该尺寸的残余奥氏体比较稳定,可以保留到最终组织中。     

细晶强化和位错强化对中锰马氏体钢的强化作用

 研究了碳和锰含量对淬火中锰马氏体钢的位错密度、残余奥氏体含量、晶粒尺寸等组织结构以及室温力学性能的影响。借助于SEM、EBSD、TEM和XRD表征了材料的微观组织,探讨了马氏体钢的强化机制。结果表明:随着碳含量增加,淬火中锰钢的位错密度和残余奥氏体体积分数逐渐增加,板条束和板条块尺寸逐渐细化,大角晶界百分数逐渐增加,强度逐渐升高;增加锰含量能够提高马氏体钢的位错密度和抗拉强度。分析认为,位错强化和细晶强化是淬火中锰马氏体钢的主要强化机制。马氏体板条尺寸是马氏体抗拉强度的结构控制单元,而原奥氏体晶粒尺寸则是马氏体屈服强度的结构控制单元。     

预备热处理对AMS 6308钢组织及性能的影响

 采用SEM、TEM和力学性能测试等手段,研究了预备热处理对AMS 6308钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明,980 ℃以下正火,随着温度的提高,M6C碳化物逐渐溶解,晶粒细小,淬火后马氏体板条均匀细小,碳化物呈球状或椭球状弥散分布在板条界和晶界上,碳化物体积分数和位错密度较高,强度和冲击值逐渐增加。980 ℃以上正火,M6C碳化物溶解增多,晶粒开始长大,淬火后马氏体板条束尺寸也长大,碳化物体积分数和位错密度下降,强度和冲击值降低。推荐的预备热处理制度：正火温度为980～1 010 ℃,回火温度为680～700 ℃,经性能热处理后,AMS 6308钢体现出良好的强韧性匹配。     

回火温度对Mn-Ni钢亚稳奥氏体形貌及其力学性能的影响

 利用了X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究了回火温度对一种Mn-Ni钢亚稳奥氏体形貌及其力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,室温亚稳奥氏体的体积分数逐渐升高。当回火温度为600和625 ℃时,亚稳奥氏体主要以片层状在回火马氏体板条间析出,且排列方向与周围的马氏体板条平行,这种片层状亚稳奥氏体分布较为均匀,尺寸较小,约为60～100 nm,且稳定性较高;当回火温度为650 ℃时,试验钢中出现尺寸较大的块状奥氏体在回火马氏体界面的交叉处不均匀析出。分析表明,块状奥氏体有利于提高钢的塑性,不利于改善钢的低温韧性;而片层状奥氏体能大幅度的改善钢的低温韧性。     

Effect of Rare Earth Composite Modification on Microstructure and Properties of a New Cast Hot-Work Die Steel

The effects of RE modification on structure and the properties of a new cast hot-work die (CHD) steel were investigated. The grains of the CHD steel are refined by RE modification. With the increase of RE addition, both grain size and inclusion amount are reduced. Appropriate amount of RE results in decrease in inclusion amount and formation of spheroidal inclusions uniformly - distributed in steel, so that the morphology and distribution of inclusions are improved. RE composite modification favors the formation of bainite, austenite and fine lath martensite with dense dislocation. When the residual RE content reaches 0.02 %, no obvious changes in strength and hardness are found, while fracture toughness and threshold of fatigue crack growth are increased. The impact toughness, elongation and reduction of cross sectional area are increased by a factor of two, and thermal fatigue resistance is also improved.     

Packet microstructure in Fe-0.2 pct C martensite

The arrangement, size, and boundary area of the laths that make up a packet of martensite in a coarse-grained Fe-0.2 pct C alloy were studied by replica and thin foil electron microscopy. Frequently laths of two habit plane variants coupled to a single {111} _A plane of the parent austenite are observed in a packet. The width distribution of the laths is log normal, with the most frequently observed lath width being 0.15 microns. Larger laths between 1 and 2 microns are distributed throughout a packet. The total lath boundary area per unit volume of martensite obtained by analysis of micrographs taken from thin foils is quite high, 65,000 cm^-1, and analysis of packet structure by selected area diffraction and precision dark field techniques show that there may be five times as much low angle boundary area as high angle boundary area in a packet.     

Environment-Assisted Cracking in Custom 465 Stainless Steel

The influence of cold work and aging on the environment-assisted cracking (EAC) behavior and mechanical properties of Custom 465 stainless steel (SS) was studied. Four sets of specimens were made and tested. All specimens were initially solution annealed, rapidly cooled, and refrigerated (SAR condition). The first specimen set was steel in the SAR condition. The second specimen set was aged to the H1000 condition. The third specimen set was 60 pct cold worked, and the fourth specimen set was 60 pct cold worked and aged at temperatures ranging from 755 K to 825 K (482 °C to 552 °C) for 4 hours in air. The specimens were subsequently subjected to EAC and mechanical testing. The EAC testing was conducted, using the rising step load (RSL) technique, in aqueous solutions of NaCl of pH 7.3 with concentrations ranging from 0.0035 to 3.5 pct at room temperature. The microstructure, dislocation substructure, and crack paths, resulting from the cold work, aging, or subsequent EAC testing, were examined by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aging of the cold-worked specimens induced carbide precipitation within the martensite lath, but not at the lath or packet boundaries. In the aged specimens, as aging temperature rose, the threshold stress intensity for EAC (K_IEAC)_, elongation, and fracture toughness increased, but the strength and hardness decreased. The K_IEAC also decreased with increasing yield strength and NaCl concentration. In the SAR and H1000 specimens, the EAC propagated along the prior austenite grain boundary, while in the cold-worked and cold-worked and aged specimens, the EAC propagated along the martensite lath, and its packet and prior austenite grain boundaries. The controlling mechanism for the observed EAC was identified to be hydrogen embrittlement.