Line-based sunken relief generation from a 3D mesh

Sunken relief is an art form made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface with a shallow overall depth. This paper focuses on the problem of direct generation of line-based sunken relief from a 3D mesh. We show how to extract, post-process and organize the messy feature lines in regular forms, applicable for lines engraving on the sculpture surfaces. We further describe how to construct a smooth height field from the input object, and derive a continuous pitting corrosion method to generate the cutting paths. The whole framework is conducted in object-space, making it flexible for stroke stylization and depth control of the engraving lines. We demonstrate the results with several impressive renderings and photographs used to illustrate the paper itself.     

Virtual Rheoscopic Fluids

We present a visualization technique for simulated fluid dynamics data that visualizes the gradient of the velocity field in an intuitive way. Our work is inspired by rheoscopic particles, which are small, flat particles that, when suspended in fluid, align themselves with the shear of the flow. We adopt the physical principles of real rheoscopic particles and apply them, in model form, to 3D velocity fields. By simulating the behavior and reflectance of these particles, we are able to render 3D simulations in a way that gives insight into the dynamics of the system. The results can be rendered in real time, allowing the user to inspect the simulation from all perspectives. We achieve this by a combination of precomputations and fast ray tracing on the GPU. We demonstrate our method on several different simulations, showing their complex dynamics in the process.     

SSPX: A program to compute strain from displacement/velocity data

SSPX is a Macintosh, Cocoa/Universal application to compute strain from displacement/velocity data in two and three dimensions. SSPX solves small and large deformation problems, in either the undeformed (Lagrangian) or deformed (Eulerian) configuration. The program offers several options to compute strain: best fit for all or selected data, strain at a point, strain at stations, Delaunay, grid-nearest neighbor, and grid-distance weighted. Except for the strain at stations option in 3D, the program computes the strain on a surface that is either flat (slice) or that follows the topography of the data. In the case of a slice and in 3D, the location and orientation of the slice can be varied to visualize the strain along horizontal or vertical east–west, north–south sections. SSPX plots strain in a 2D view (3D strain is displayed as stereonets). We show the application of the program to GPS data, analogue and DEM mechanical simulations.     

Visual Analysis of Biomolecular Cavities: State of the Art

In this report we review and structure the branch of molecular visualization that is concerned with the visual analysis of cavities in macromolecular protein structures. First the necessary background, the domain terminology, and the goals of analytical reasoning are introduced. Based on a comprehensive collection of relevant research works, we present a novel classification for cavity detection approaches and structure them into four distinct classes: grid‐based, Voronoi‐based, surface‐based, and probe‐based methods. The subclasses are then formed by their combinations. We match these approaches with corresponding visualization technologies starting with direct 3D visualization, followed with non‐spatial visualization techniques that for example abstract the interactions between structures into a relational graph, straighten the cavity of interest to see its profile in one view, or aggregate the time sequence into a single contour plot. We also discuss the current state of methods for the visual analysis of cavities in dynamic data such as molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, we give an overview of the most common tools that are actively developed and used in the structural biology and biochemistry research. Our report is concluded by an outlook on future challenges in the field.     

A new approach to estimate fractal dimensions of corrosion images

A new approach is proposed based on box-counting method to estimate the fractal dimensions, D_2d and D_3d of corrosion images. They denote two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of corroded surface morphology. The results have been tested through dealing with classical fractal figures, pit morphology of moon surface and practical corroded samples etc. to show that this new method is computationally simple, convenient and accurate. More specially, D_2d and D_3d have definite corrosion expressions, which respectively denote the fractal dimensions for pit diameter distribution and pit depth distribution on real corroded surface.     

Shape classification and normal estimation for non-uniformly sampled, noisy point data

We present an algorithm for robustly analyzing point data arising from sampling a 2D surface embedded in 3D, even in the presence of noise and non-uniform sampling. The algorithm outputs, for each data point, a surface normal, a local surface approximation in the form of a one-ring, the local shape (flat, ridge, bowl, saddle, sharp edge, corner, boundary), the feature size, and a confidence value that can be used to determine areas where the sampling is poor or not surface-like.We show that the normal estimation out-performs traditional fitting approaches, especially when the data points are non-uniformly sampled and in areas of high curvature. We demonstrate surface reconstruction, parameterization, and smoothing using the one-ring neighborhood at each point as an approximation of the full mesh structure.     

Micromachining of (hhl) silicon structures: experiments and 3D simulation of etched shapes

The micromachining of various (hhl) silicon plates in a 35% KOH-water etchant is studied. Experimental shapes for membranes and mesa etched with initially circular masks are discussed. Theoretical 3D etched shapes for such microstructures are derived from a numerical simulation based on the tensorial model for the anisotropic wet etching. Experimental and theoretical shapes show a fair agreement, indicating a satisfactory adjustment of the dissolution slowness surface related to the etching of silicon in KOH etchant. The interest of the 3D simulation for designing mask patterns is outlined.     

Distribution Update of Deformable Patches for Texture Synthesis on the Free Surface of Fluids

We propose an approach for temporally coherent patch‐based texture synthesis on the free surface of fluids. Our approach is applied as a post‐process, using the surface and velocity field from any fluid simulator. We apply the texture from the exemplar through multiple local mesh patches fitted to the surface and mapped to the exemplar. Our patches are constructed from the fluid free surface by taking a subsection of the free surface mesh. As such, they are initially very well adapted to the fluid's surface, and can later deform according to the free surface velocity field, allowing a greater ability to represent surface motion than rigid or 2D grid‐based patches. From one frame to the next, the patch centers and surrounding patch vertices are advected according to the velocity field. We seek to maintain a Poisson disk distribution of patches, and following advection, the Poisson disk criterion determines where to add new patches and which patches should e flagged for removal. The removal considers the local number of patches: in regions containing too many patches, we accelerate the temporal removal. This reduces the number of patches while still meeting the Poisson disk criterion. Reducing areas with too many patches speeds up the computation and avoids patch‐blending artifacts. The final step of our approach creates the overall texture in an atlas where each texel is computed from the patches using a contrast‐preserving blending function. Our tests show that the approach works well on free surfaces undergoing significant deformation and topological changes. Furthermore, we show that our approach provides good results for many fluid simulation scenarios, and with many texture exemplars. We also confirm that the optical flow from the resulting texture matches the fluid velocity field. Overall, our approach compares favorably against recent work in this area.     

基于轮廓提取与深度筛选的双目三维重构技术

针对基于深度图融合三维重构方法获取的三维重构模型,易受到深度信息误差影响的情况,提出一种基于轮廓提取与深度筛选的双目立体视觉三维重构方法。采用标准棋盘校准双目三维重构系统,利用Canny算子对目标物体进行边界检测,综合采用形态学腐蚀与膨胀方法提取指定方向上的连续边界,用连续边界提取目标物体。在此基础上,对目标物体深度信息进行筛选、拟合插值以获取连续深度信息。结果表明,相对于常规三维重构算法,由本算法三维重构的目标物体表面完整度更高,且目标物体周围的背景环境噪声被去除。     

Perspective,Cartography and Dynamic Notions: From the Plane <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bozzetto</Emphasis> to Solid Perspective in Two Examples in Tuscany

In order to create a perspective drawing on a curved surface, the quadraturista had to face, in addition to the flat perspective drawing issues, also the ones related to the mapping of the three dimensional surface. In literature we can find two methodologically different approaches related to the flat design transposition procedures onto the curved surface: indirect and direct method. The indirect one, partially described by Vignola, is based on the use of pre-designed cartoons on the ground. The direct one, described by Andrea Pozzo, is based on the direct projection of a flat grid onto the curved surface. Both the ceiling painting of the Church of San Matteo in Pisa and the parietal one of the Church of S. Caterina in Livorno show, even if observed from the privileged viewpoints, some irregularities. These irregularities, as we are going to show, are actually the consequences of the method applied for the transposition of the flat drawings onto the curved surfaces.     

Calibration of Central Catadioptric Cameras Using a DLT-Like Approach

In this study, we present a calibration technique that is valid for all single-viewpoint catadioptric cameras. We are able to represent the projection of 3D points on a catadioptric image linearly with a 6×10 projection matrix, which uses lifted coordinates for image and 3D points. This projection matrix can be computed from 3D–2D correspondences (minimum 20 points distributed in three different planes). We show how to decompose it to obtain intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. Moreover, we use this parameter estimation followed by a non-linear optimization to calibrate various types of cameras. Our results are based on the sphere camera model which considers that every central catadioptric system can be modeled using two projections, one from 3D points to a unitary sphere and then a perspective projection from the sphere to the image plane. We test our method both with simulations and real images, and we analyze the results performing a 3D reconstruction from two omnidirectional images.     

Geodesic-Controlled Developable Surfaces for Modeling Paper Bending

We present a novel and effective method for modeling a developable surface to simulate paper bending in interactive and animation applications. The method exploits the representation of a developable surface as the envelope of rectifying planes of a curve in 3D, which is therefore necessarily a geodesic on the surface. We manipulate the geodesic to provide intuitive shape control for modeling paper bending. Our method ensures a natural continuous isometric deformation from a piece of bent paper to its flat state without any stretching. Test examples show that the new scheme is fast, accurate, and easy to use, thus providing an effective approach to interactive paper bending. We also show how to handle non-convex piecewise smooth developable surfaces.     

Accurate GPU-accelerated surface integrals for moment computation

We present algorithms for computing accurate moments of solid models that are represented using multiple trimmed NURBS surfaces and triangles. Our algorithms make use of programmable Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to accelerate the moment computations. For NURBS surfaces, we evaluate the surface coordinates and normals accurately, with theoretical bounds, using our GPU NURBS evaluator. We have developed a framework that makes use of this data to evaluate surface integrals of trimmed NURBS surfaces in real time. Since typical solid models also contain flat planes that are usually tessellated into triangles, our framework also includes GPU acceleration of the moment contributions of such flat faces. Using our framework, we can compute volume and moments of solid models with theoretical guarantees. Our algorithms support local geometry changes, which is useful for providing interactive feedback to the designer while the solid model is being designed. We can compute the center of mass and check for stability of the solid model interactively. Other applications of such real-time moment computation include deformation modeling, animation, and physically based simulations.     

Charge density and bare surface barrier height in GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures: A modeling and simulation study

In this article, we present a physics‐based model to explain the effect of the GaN cap layers on the 2D electron gas density and the bare surface barrier height in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. We consider that the 2DEG originates from the surface donor states present on the GaN cap top surface. The influence of a 2D hole gas, formed when the valence band crosses the Fermi energy level, has also been considered. This model agrees well with the published experimental results and TCAD simulations, and can easily be incorporated into the modeling of GaN/AlGaN/GaN‐based HEMT devices.     

基于GPU并行的点云数据简化的改进算法

受环境因素影响,卤水下矿床表面地势平缓,采集的矿床点云冗余点较多,为了提高对矿床进行三维建模的效率,设计了一种基于GPU并行的点云简化的改进算法。对每个小栅格内的点进行最小二乘的平面拟合,根据各个点到拟合平面的距离精简了大部分冗余点,并通过剩余点的曲率进行了第二次精简。将整个处理过程限定在每个小栅格内,在降低计算量的同时避免了因过度简化而出现的空洞现象。另外,对点云的简化过程进行了基于GPU的多线程并行处理,极大地提高了整个处理过程的效率。实验表明,算法改进后达到原算法效果的同时提高了算法效率,利用GPU加速后,大大缩短了算法的执行时间。     

Feature extraction of separation and attachment lines

Separation and attachment lines are topologically significant curves that exist on 2D surfaces in 3D vector fields. Two algorithms are presented, one point-based and one element-based, that extract separation and attachment lines using eigenvalue analysis of a locally linear function. Unlike prior techniques based on piecewise numerical integration, these algorithms use robust analytical tests that can be applied independently to any point in a vector field. The feature extraction is fully automatic and suited to the analysis of large-scale numerical simulations. The strengths and weaknesses of the two algorithms are evaluated using analytic vector fields and also results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We show that both algorithms detect open separation lines-a type of separation that is not captured by conventional vector field topology algorithms     

Transitional cylindrical swirling flow in presence of a flat free surface

This article is devoted to the study of an incompressible viscous flow of a fluid partly enclosed in a cylindrical container with an open top surface and driven by the constant rotation of the bottom wall. Such type of flows belongs to a group of recirculating lid-driven cavity flows with geometrical axisymmetry and of the prescribed boundary conditions of Dirichlet type—no-slip on the cavity walls. The top surface of the cylindrical cavity is left open with an imposed stress-free boundary condition, while a no-slip condition with a prescribed rotational velocity is imposed on the bottom wall. The Reynolds regime corresponds to transitional flows with some incursions in the fully laminar regime. The approach taken here revealed new flow states that were investigated based on a fully three-dimensional solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for the free-surface cylindrical swirling flow, without resorting to any symmetry property unlike all other results available in the literature. Theses solutions are obtained through direct numerical simulations based on a Legendre spectral element method.     

三维颅骨表面模型的复杂孔洞修补

颅骨表面模型的孔洞复杂,很难用目前常用的图形学中某一类算法进行修补。目前基本修补算法（BHRA）可用来修补一般区域孔洞,但对于颅骨上破损较大复杂孔洞和特征区域复杂孔洞还没有较好的修补算法,为此提出了一种颅骨模型复杂孔洞修补算法,该算法首先通过复杂孔洞的位置和复杂孔洞包围盒的面积来对该复杂孔洞进行分类,再选择相应的算法进行孔洞修补。针对颅骨上区域较大复杂孔洞,提出了一种向内递归修补法(IRS),解决了传统孔洞修补方法修补曲面较为平坦的问题;针对颅骨上的特征区域复杂孔洞,提出了特征模型匹配法（TMA）,使用标准模型作为约束并对其进行变形,使修补后的模型更符合人的面部特征。实验结果分析表明,本算法对颅骨上区域较大的复杂孔洞和特征区域孔洞的修补效果令人满意,同时将该修补后的颅骨模型进行颅面复原,颅面复原效果良好。     

Piecewise Regular Meshes: Construction and Compression

We present an algorithm which splits a 3D surface into reliefs, relatively flat regions that have smooth boundaries. The surface is then resampled in a regular manner within each of the reliefs. As a result, we obtain a piecewise regular mesh (PRM) having a regular structure on large regions. Experimental results show that we are able to approximate the input surface with the mean square error of about 0.01–0.02% of the diameter of the bounding box without increasing the number of vertices. We introduce a compression scheme tailored to work with our remeshed models and show that it is able to compress them losslessly (after quantizing the vertex locations) without significantly increasing the approximation error using about 4 bits per vertex of the resampled model.