南水北调东线穿黄枢纽一期工程水力特性的试验研究

通过南水北调东线穿黄枢纽倒虹隧洞的泄流能力，局部水头损失，水流顶冲点位置及压力特性，竖井水流脉动压力等的试验研究，提出了对非阻力平方区管道模型糙率不相似进行修正的方法。     

穿黄隧洞内衬预应力混凝土强度有限元计算分析

为验证穿黄隧洞内衬预应力混凝土强度,根据穿黄隧洞双层复合衬砌结构的特点与作用模式,在考虑钢绞线与孔道摩擦、锚具变形及钢筋内缩等引起预应力损失的前提下,采用三维非线性有限元模型对内衬预应力混凝土强度进行了分析与验证。通过计算得出有效预应力在钢绞线上的分布情况,以及分别在张拉工况与设计水头工况下内衬混凝土的内外表面环向应力和平均环向应力的分布规律。计算结果表明:张拉过程中的预应力损失较为严重,需要在施工过程中严格控制张拉应力以及其他引起预应力损失的影响因素,以保证张拉后有效预应力满足强度要求;穿黄隧洞内衬混凝土在两种工况下均实现全截面受压,应力分布满足设计要求,可保证穿黄隧洞的长期有效运行;模拟计算结果的应力参数值与1∶1仿真模型试验值吻合良好,变化规律与关键参数均基本一致。     

中线穿黄隧洞工程洪水期对河段流态的影响计算分析

利用建立的平面二维非恒定水流数学模型，在上游来流为校核洪水，即千年一遇的洪水情况下，就南水北调中线两条初步拟定的线路的穿黄隧洞工程方案对穿黄河段水流流态的影响进行计算，并分析比较。计算结果表明，在该来流情况下，穿黄隧洞工程对河段水流流态的影响不大。     

穿黄隧洞形变检测及三维数字仿真管理系统研究

穿黄工程是南水北调中线总干渠穿越黄河的关键性工程,其中穿黄隧洞工程技术难度最大。穿黄隧洞采用双层衬砌结构,工程地质条件复杂,其在多变的水土压力作用下的变形情况直接关系到穿黄隧洞的运行安全和南水北调中线工程的正常供水。以三维激光扫描技术为工具,获取了穿黄隧洞过水面的三维信息,采用自主研发的"隧道形变检测/监测系统"对隧洞进行形变检测,并建立了穿黄隧洞三维数字仿真管理系统。将测绘技术应用于穿黄隧洞的运行管理,可提供可靠的技术支撑。     

南水北调总干渠穿沁倒虹吸工程水力计算

结合南水北调总干渠穿沁倒虹吸工程水文地质条件和相关工程规范,对河道壅水以及行洪口门冲刷深度进行水力计算,初步确定了穿沁倒虹吸长度。同时对不同流量下倒虹吸的水头损失进行水力计算,得到流量与水头损失的关系。根据水力计算成果再对倒虹吸布置进行校核,对倒虹吸工程的合理设计具有一定价值,也可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

水电站进水口渐变段局部水头损失研究

为研究水电站进水口渐变段局部水头损失,分别针对渐变段长度、隧洞长度和圆形隧洞直径三个影响因素,采用CFD方法模拟了15种进水口渐变段,进行数值分析。在此基础上,通过量纲分析研究了水电站进水口渐变段水头损失的敏感性。结果表明:水电站进水口渐变段局部水头损失与渐变段长度、隧洞长度和圆形隧洞直径有关;渐变段长度、隧洞长度对局部水头损失影响较小,而隧洞直径对局部水头损失影响较大。研究结果可为水电站进水口渐变段设计计算提供参考。     

盾构技术与南水北调中线穿黄隧洞工程

本文简要介绍了盾构机技术和国内外发展概况，以及南水北调中线穿黄隧洞工程及其地质情况。对泥水式盾构机应用于穿黄隧洞的施工进行了探讨。针对盾构法穿黄隧洞施工应开展的前期工作提出了建议。     

南水北调穿黄隧洞内衬预应力锚索应力应变试验研究

南水北调中线穿黄隧洞内衬张拉,采用弧形垫座将内衬预应力锚索导出预留槽,只用一台千斤顶实现无台座张拉,这在盾构隧洞工程中属首次应用,结构创新、工艺复杂可借鉴的资料较少。为了验证结构设计的合理性和可靠性,完善施工工艺,确保在隧洞衬砌中成功应用,通过穿黄隧洞衬砌1∶1仿真模型试验,对内衬钢绞线在张拉过程中应变规律、应力损失、锚束之间的相互影响及锚索与波纹管间的摩阻系数等要素进行研究分析。试验结果显示张拉锚固端应力总损失（包括锚具损失和锚索回缩损失）小于35%;锚具锁定后最大应力为1 044.25 MPa;预应力锚索张拉对相邻锚索的影响较小;锚索与管道间的摩阻系数在规范范围内。     

无压流隧洞渐变段局部水头损失系数计算的创新方法研究

在长距离无压输水隧洞设计计算过程中，往往很难准确把握渐变段局部水头损失的大小，这就为实现精准输水设计增大了难度。为了探寻一种无压输水隧洞不同尺寸渐变段的局部水头损失系数的计算方法:过流面积比法，根据渐变段两个断面之间的水流能量方程，依托水工模型试验，应用“四点法”分别对于渐变段4个测点的水位、流速进行测试，利用局部水头损失的测算观测数据，分别采用比拟法、面积比法、直接法计算得出隧洞渐变段局部水头损失系数，与现行标准、文献进行相互对比，分析得出实用性与相关性，并得到结论认为，过流面积比法作为一种创新方法，具有一定的实用价值，为解决类似流态的渐变段局部水头损失系数计算提供借鉴。     

南水北调中线一期工程穿黄方案的论证与选择

穿黄工程是南水北调中线一期工程的关键性控制工程。本文阐述了穿黄工程方案有关河势与路线、结构与施工、水头与水量、地质地震与地基、安全与维护及环境景观等主要关键技术的论证,在充分论证分析的基础上,阐述了穿黄线路、过河建筑物型式选择的决策方法。在此基础上选取主要影响因素,采用多目标优序值决策法的赋权优序值计算方法,对多目标的穿黄方案进行决策支持分析,依据各方案比选设计排序在先的遴选原则,提出了穿黄工程线路采用李村线、过河建筑物型式采用隧洞方案的建设性意见。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.