Amnesia observed: Remembering and forgetting in a natural environment.

Provided information about the relationship between a 58-yr-old amnesic patient's memory performance on laboratory tasks and in a natural environment. Several of S's mnemonic functions were systematically observed during 2 rounds of golf. S's memory for the events of the round was severely impaired. In contrast S demonstrated extensive general knowledge of golf and played the game with a substantial degree of skill. The pattern of preserved and impaired mnemonic abilities demonstrated by S on the golf course closely resembled his performance on laboratory tasks. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Golf related head injuries in children: the little tigers

Head injury is a major cause of morbidity in Western society and sport related incidents account for approximately 11% of all head injured patients attending Accident and Emergency Departments. Golf was shown to be one of the sports most commonly associated with head injury requiring referral to a regional neurosurgical centre. Previous studies have demonstrated that it is predominantly children who sustain golf related head injuries which present either to an accident and emergency department or a regional neurosurgical centre. This study examines the number and pattern of golf related head injuries in children presenting to an accident and emergency department or requiring admission to the regional neurosurgical centre, over a three month period.     

钛材在高尔夫球具中的运用剖析

论述了钛合金材料在高尔夫球具中，尤其是木头、铁头和推杆头球具中的运用，并讨论了钛材在高尔夫市场中的前景。     

Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance.

Two experiments showed that framing an athletic task as diagnostic of negative racial stereotypes about Black or White athletes can impede their performance in sports. In Experiment 1, Black participants performed significantly worse than did control participants when performance on a golf task was framed as diagnostic of "sports intelligence." In comparison, White participants performed worse than did control participants when the golf task was framed as diagnostic of 'natural athletic ability." Experiment 2 observed the effect of stereotype threat on the athletic performance of White participants for whom performance in sports represented a significant measure of their self-worth. The implications of the findings for the theory of stereotype threat (C. M. Steele, 1997) and for participation in sports are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nosocomial infections implying viruses and unconventional transmissible agents]

Nosocomial infections due to viruses are frequent, especially in pediatrics. They are usually benign, sometimes inapparent or associated with each other. However, they can be more serious in compromised people and become life threatening. In all cases, the hands of medical staff are the main route of viral transmission and this must be strictly prevented. Transmission by infected instruments remains an unresolved question. It happens most often with unconventional agents resistant to common procedures of disinfection and is presently the main concern of hospital wards.     

Hepatitis B and C viruses among Egyptian dentists

The present study was conducted on 105 subjects, 70 dentists working or studying at the Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, and 35 non medical non dental subjects. There were 47 males and 48 females, their ages ranged from 20-50 years. Detailed history and the required information were collected from each subject and were recorded in a specially a prepared questionnaire study cards. 10 C.C. of venous blood were obtained from each candidate using Venoject, sera were separated from clotted blood by centrifuge; their sera were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti HBs), Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc) and Antibody to hepatitis C virus antigen (anti HCV) using ELISA (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay) techniques according to Abbott Laboratories (West Germany). The ALT level (Alanine aminotransferase) was determined only for HBsAg and anti HCV positive cases using commercial Biomérieux kits (France). After statistical analysis of the results, the exposure rate of HBV among dentists was found to be 27.1% with a carrier rate of 7.1% compared to 31.4% with a carrier rate of 17.1% in the control group. The exposure rate of HCV infection among dentists was 1.4% compared to 17.1% in the control group. The exposure rate of HBV and HCV infections were 2.9% compared to 5.7% in the control group; these results and other important conclusions were adequately discussed.     

Circulating levels of nitric oxide in fertile women in relation to the menstrual cycle

Impalement occurs when a portion of the body is penetrated by a rigid object. These injuries incorporate aspects of both blunt and penetrating type injuries in that the object or the body at time of impact is traveling at relatively low velocity and the energy is dissipated over a short distance. Impalement injuries have been described for most body cavities. Evaluation of these injuries can be uniquely challenging. We present a case of impalement of the neck from an object previously unreported in the literature, a golf club shaft.     

A rationale for DSM-III's medical model to be used by plumbers and others.

According to Adebimpe (see record 1990-58433-001), "to deny that there is a place for a medical model is to forget that patients have been known to die of brain tumors while undergoing psychotherapy" (p. 853). This profound and insightful conclusion has stimulated quite a bit of discussion among members of local plumbers' unions. The major issue is the need for plumbers to diagnose plumbing problems based on the in-skin problems of their customers. It is a known fact among plumbers that many a leaky faucet is precipitated by anxious housekeepers who are unable to judge their own strength when closing the water tap. This disorder could be a manifestation of such in-skin problems as heart disease, hardening of brain arteries, low blood sugar, excess blood insulin, excess thyroid and adrenal hormones, and asthma. And what plumber has not encountered the Jekyll-and-Hyde syndrome of the weekend home-fix-it warrior. This devastating personality change (probably related to frontal lobe lesions) will cause a mild-mannered bank teller to attack his or her own plumbing repairs without the slightest regard for "how the damn thing works anyway." The "weak-end" result is a flood. There is speculation that the recent floods in the Midwest may have been exacerbated by an inept homeowner who attempted some minor plumbing repairs. The list of plumbing tragedies is endless. The question then is one of prevention. If plumbers were to evaluate their patient/customer rather than the plumbing problem, they might be able to prevent further plumbing disasters. Prevention occurs not by cautioning the housekeeper to turn off the faucet gently, nor by attempting to redirect bank tellers' interest to weekend golf, but by direct referral for medical intervention. I hope it is not too late to include a plumbing disaster category in DSM-III. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of adult age and level of skill on the ability to cope with high-stress conditions in a precision sport.

12 younger (mean age 26.6 yrs) and 12 older (mean age 56.6 yrs) highly skilled and moderately skilled miniature golf players in Sweden were studied in training and competition. All of the Ss showed an increase of heart rate and rated anxiety from training to competition. A performance decline in competition was observed for both older players and less accomplished players. It is concluded that results from a cognitive task (incidental recall of shots) suggest that older players are less proficient in coping with the high-stress conditions in competition, due to an age-related decline in task-relevant cognitive abilities. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The association of form of gambling with problem gambling among American youth.

A random telephone survey was conducted with 2,274 United States residents aged 14 to 21. Analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the specific gambling games played and the extent of problem gambling symptoms. The forms of gambling that were most associated with gambling problems were card games, casino gambling, “other” gambling on routine activities, and betting on games of skill such as basketball, pool, or golf. The form of gambling that made the largest contribution to gambling problems per 14 days of play was casino gambling. The hypothesis that rapid forms of gambling, such as slot machines, would be the most problematic forms of gambling was not upheld. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perseverance of viruses]

The effects of intravenous administration of variable-dose midazolam (0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (3 mg/kg) were studied in twenty-four healthy unmedicated cats from time of administration until full recovery. End-points were chosen to determine the optimal dose to allow a short period of restraint without noxious stimuli, a short period of restraint with noxious stimuli and endotracheal intubation. Recovery characteristics, as well as undesirable behaviours observed during recovery, were also recorded. The dose of midazolam to achieve lateral recumbency with head down was found to be 0.016 mg/kg in 50% of the population (ED50) and 0.054 mg/kg in 95% (ED95) of the population. A midazolam dose of 0.286 mg/kg was required to prevent conscious perception of a stimulus to the ulnar nerve in 50% of the population and 0.652 mg/kg in 95% of the population. The ED50 and ED95 of midazolam required to prevent swallowing in response to a laryngoscope placed on the back of the tongue were found to be 0.265 mg/kg and 0.583 mg/kg, respectively. The ED50 doses of 0.265 mg/kg for intubation and 0.286 mg/kg for restraint with noxious stimulation were close to the tested dose of 0.3 mg/kg. At that dose, the lack of responses lasted 3.67 +/- 2.27 min for laryngoscope and 2.50 +/- 2.20 min for ulnar nerve stimulation, with recovery to walking with ataxia taking 41.50 +/- 15.18 min and complete recovery taking 3.6 +/- 1.3 h. The predominant behavioural pattern during recovery was found to be normal, but some cats also exhibited abnormal behavioural patterns. Nine of the twelve cats exhibited an abnormal arousal state, with 4 being restless and 5 being sedated. Seven of the twelve cats exhibited an abnormal behaviour when approached, with three of the cats being more difficult to approach and four of the cats being easier to approach. Eight of the twelve cats exhibited an abnormal behavioural pattern when restrained, with the cats equally divided between more difficult and easier to restrain. Five of the twelve cats vocalized more during the recovery. The ED50 of 0.042 mg/kg to induce chemical restraint without a noxious stimulus is close to the tested dose of 0.05 mg/kg. At that dose, cats remained lateral with head down for 5.49 +/- 4.02 min, took 25.96 +/- 5.77 min to walk with ataxia and 1.7 +/- 0.4 h for complete recovery. The predominant behavioural patterns during recovery were normal, with several cats exhibiting some abnormal patterns. Two cats were sedated, one cat was more difficult to approach, one cat was easier to restrain and three cats were more vocal.     

Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in environmental samples during an outbreak of ulcerative disease

Mycobacterium ulcerans is an environmental bacterium which causes chronic skin ulcers. Despite significant epidemiological evidence to suggest that water is the source of infection, the organism has never been identified in the environment. Environmental water samples were collected from a small town in which an outbreak of 29 cases had occurred in a 3-year period. These were examined by mycobacterial culture and PCR amplification. Similar to previous studies, M. ulcerans was not cultured from the water samples. However, five samples were positive for M. ulcerans by PCR. These samples were collected from a swamp and a golf course irrigation system within the outbreak area. This is the first time that M. ulcerans has been demonstrated to be present in the environment and supports the postulated epidemiology of disease due to this organism.     

Anti-apoptotic strategies of lymphotropic viruses

Induction of apoptosis of virus-infected cells is an important host cell defence mechanism. However, some viruses have incorporated genes that encode anti-apoptotic proteins or modulate the expression of cellular regulators of apoptosis. Here, Edgar Meinl and colleagues discuss recent evidence that viral interference with host cell apoptosis leads to enhanced viral replication, and to evasion of cytotoxic T-cell effects.     

Subversion of cytokine networks by viruses

Viruses and the immune system have been competitors throughout their co-evolution. It is therefore not surprising that the viruses in circulation today possess a variety of strategies to counteract those aspects of the immune system that are involved in virus clearance. Examination of these virus encoded functions provides an important view of immune function and an appreciation of the complexity of the virus-host interaction. It is clear that viruses, seeking to subvert the immune system, have become adept in blocking the communication channels of the immune system. There are numerous examples of viral proteins that target the cytokine networks, disrupting the processes by which the delicately balanced immune system is regulated. This review focuses on the gene products of poxviruses, adenoviruses and herpesviruses that function primarily as immune-modulators.     

Pathogenic diversity of simian immunodeficiency viruses

The SIV family is a diverse group of viruses that vary considerably in pathogenesis and virulence in their natural host species or macaques. Although the disease induced by the SIVsm subtype in particular is remarkably similar to human AIDS, it must be remembered that this is an experimental animal model. Therefore, although the pathogenesis of SIVsm (and other viruses) in macaques offers an relevant animal model for pathogenesis and vaccine trials, the interactions of these viruses in their natural host, and virus-, or host-specific effects have been poorly characterized. This animal model offers a unique opportunity to study the details of the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and to define host and viral factors responsible for disease progression.     

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viruses

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of unknown etiology. A number of theories have been pursued to explain the cause of ALS, including viral infection. This review examines the evidence implicating viruses in the pathogenesis of ALS, as well as current studies of naturally occurring and experimental models of virus-induced motor neuron disease (MND). The association of viruses and ALS remains to be established. The study of animal models of virus-induced MND may shed light on processes relevant to the etiology of ALS.     

A review of viruses affecting raptors

Outbreaks of viral diseases have been diagnosed more commonly in raptors in recent years. The practice of feeding carnivorous birds with food derived from other birds exposes them directly to a wide range of potential pathogens. Some viruses which are avirulent in their natural host are known to be more pathogenic when they cross the species barrier. Compromised immunity due to stress or inbreeding may further increase the disease risk. Traditional feeding methods may need to be re-appraised and changed in view of this risk. This paper reviews the literature on viral diseases of raptors and provides additional clinicopathological observations from unpublished cases.     

Are there alternative avian influenza viruses for generation of stable attenuated avian-human influenza A reassortant viruses?

The present study evaluated gull influenza A viruses as donors of attenuating genes for the production of live, attenuated influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 avian-human (ah) reassortant viruses for use as vaccines to prevent disease due to influenza A viruses in humans. The previously evaluated duck influenza A viruses were abandoned as donors of attenuating avian influenza virus genes because clinical evaluation of H1N1 and H3N2 ah reassortant virus vaccines derived from duck viruses documented residual virulence of H1N1 reassortants for seronegative infants and young children. Gull influenza A viruses occupy an independent ecologic niche and are rarely isolated from species other than gulls. The possibility of using gull influenza A viruses as donors of internal gene segments in ah reassortant viruses was evaluated in the present study using three different gull viruses and three human influenza A viruses. Gull-human H3N2 reassortant influenza A viruses with the desired 6-2 genotype (six internal avian influenza virus genes and the two human influenza virus surface glycoprotein genes) were readily generated and were found to be attenuated for squirrel monkeys and chimpanzees. However, ah reassortant viruses with gull and human influenza A H1N1 genes were difficult to generate, and reassortants that had the desired genotype of six gull virus genes with human influenza A H1 and N1 genes were not isolated despite repeated attempts. The gull PB2, NP and NS genes were not present in any of the gull-human H1N1 reassortants generated. The under-representation of these three gene segments suggests that reassortants bearing one or more of these three gene segments might have reduced viability indicative of a functional incompatibility in their gene products. The difficulties encountered in the generation of a 6-2 gull-human H1N1 reassortant virus are sufficient to conclude that the gull influenza A viruses tested would not be useful as donors of sets of six internal genes to attenuate human influenza A viruses. This study also identifies influenza virus gene segments that appear to be incompatible for generation of reassortants. Elucidation of the molecular basis of this restriction may provide information on intergenic interactions involved in virion assembly or packaging.     

Determinants of persistence in canine distemper viruses

The history of immunohistochemistry started in 1941 when Coons identified pneumococci using a direct fluorescent method. Then followed the indirect method, the addition of horseradish peroxidase, the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique of 1979 and the use of the Avidin and Biotin complex in the early 1980s. This sequence of events can help one appreciate the differences in these various techniques and their increased sophistication and sensitivity. The technique has been applied in the field of safety evaluation of new pharmaceutical products. Examples of current projects are used to illustrate the scope of the application. The use of an antibody to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen has, in a pilot study with the popliteal lymph node assay, provided a method of differentiating an irritant response to acetone from an immune response to hydrazine. In hydrazine-treated rats the proliferation is mainly in the follicular region whilst it is mainly sinusoidal in animals treated with acetone. In the guinea-pig maximisation test, initial work with dinitrochlorobenzene suggests that detection of Langerhans cells may aid the differentiation of an irritant from an immune response. The preclinical assessment of antibodies intended for therapeutic use in man requires immunohistochemistry to be used to identify any human tissues which show a cross-reactivity. The major problems are not in the test itself but in obtaining suitable material. Identification of hormones is a useful tool for assessing the effects of releasing factors and has proved useful in aiding tumour identification in routine carcinogenicity studies. In a rare case, detection of prolactin in cell deposits in the lungs of a rat confirmed that this was a metastasis from a pituitary carcinoma. The application of immunohistochemical techniques to preclinical assessment of drugs should always be considered. In particular, it is recommended that appropriate samples should be conserved from routine studies in order to permit these techniques to be performed, if considered appropriate in the light of findings during routine histological examination.     

Viruses today and yesterday--oncogenic potential of viruses

The contemporary researches show that viral infection can cause not only acute, but also persistent viral diseases. A certain number of viruses are able to incorporate their nucleic acid into the genome of the host-cell, leading to the rearrangement of the cell genes and formation of malignant tumours.