独角仙鞘翅微结构及其纳米力学性能

利用SEM对独角仙鞘翅的微结构进行了观测, 并借助纳米压痕仪测试分析了鞘翅的纳米力学性能。SEM试验表明独角仙鞘翅是一种具有拱形空腔的中空轻质生物复合材料, 其断面占空比为26.36%。鞘翅由外表皮和内表皮构成, 而内表皮又通过11~12层纤维层采用45°角正交叠加铺设, 层间辅以许多微纤维丝交叉连接方式编织在一起, 形成层合板结构。试验测得鞘翅外表皮纳米力学性能分别为: 硬度(0.28±0.13) GPa, 弹性模量(5.62±1.21) GPa, 接触刚度 (1.67±0.14)×10⁴ N/m。其纳米力学性能呈现拓扑分布规律, 由头部至尾部区域有增大趋势。试验测试结果为后续研究中设计一种基于独角仙鞘翅的新型轻质仿生结构提供了仿生学模型和理论参考。     

东方龙虱鞘翅内表皮层及断面硬度和弹性模量

研究了东方龙虱去除外表皮后的鞘翅内表皮层及其鞘翅断面的力学性能。利用纳米压痕仪测得鞘翅内表皮层硬度和弹性模量分别为(0.065±0.007) GPa和(0.704±0.013) GPa, 均远远小于鞘翅外表皮层的硬度和弹性模量。鞘翅断面的力学性能测试结果表明: 在鞘翅横断面上, 靠近联接部位的硬度和弹性模量略大于鞘翅中部和外侧; 而在鞘翅纵向断面上, 鞘翅中部的硬度和弹性模量明显大于头部和尾部, 其断面力学性能呈现一定的分布规律。      

甲虫前翅结构中的优化设计

为了设计开发轻量型仿生复合材料,选择了独角仙和锹形虫两种甲虫前翅为仿生对象,用电子显微镜观察了这两种甲虫前翅结构上的异同,考察了甲虫前翅中的优化设计思路。结果表明: (1) 两种甲虫前翅均采用了以小柱为中空层的夹芯层状结构及框架结构的轻量型设计手法。 (2) 独角仙前翅为一次性式的十分经济的设计方式,而锹形虫则为耐用型设计方式。      

甲虫前翅中的三维复合材料结构

为了设计开发轻量型仿生复合材料,考察了甲虫独角仙成虫前翅的结构,得到了甲虫前翅及其小柱结构的简易模型。观察结果表明: 独角仙前翅为具有以小柱为中空层的夹芯层状三合板结构,这种结构为一种轻量型的复合材料板材;小柱中的纤维通过大于90°弯曲与上层及下层中的纤维连续相连接,这种结构对层状纤维强化的复合材料可以极其有效地提高层间的抗剥离性能。     

非贯通球形空腔型轻质仿生结构的设计及其力学性能

为设计并开发轻量型仿生复合材料,分析了东方龙虱鞘翅断面的微观结构,发现龙虱鞘翅的内部空腔结构为非贯通球形空腔。受龙虱鞘翅独特结构的启发设计了一种轻质仿生结构,球形空腔以正六边形的形式分布于该结构内部。为考察该仿生结构的力学特性,引入了两种常见的中空结构,并借助有限元分析软件ANSYS分别对该仿生结构和其他两种常见的中空结构的压缩、拉伸及弯曲性能进行了有限元分析和对比研究。结果表明:该仿生结构较其他两种常见的中空结构具有更强的抗压能力、抗拉能力及更高的屈服强度,力学性能优异。该仿生结构在材料结构方面为研制新型仿生复合材料提供了仿生学参考。     

东方龙虱(雄性)抱握足形态学及吸附特性

研究了东方龙虱(雄性)抱握足上吸附脚掌的形态结构、吸附机制及其在2种不同表面的吸附特性。扫描电镜观察发现其吸附脚掌由4排吸附结构及其外围的吸附刚毛群构成,其吸附结构由约15个“鞋垫”状微吸盘平行并排构成一体。吸附机制为微吸盘的真空负压吸附和刚毛群的范德华力粘附。实验测定吸附脚掌在东方龙虱鞘翅表面和玻璃表面产生的最大法向吸附力为53.3 mN,最大切向吸附力为213.5 mN。在2种表面上(干、湿状态)其切向吸附力均远大于法向吸附力,大约是法向吸附力的6～8倍,同时吸附脚掌在湿表面的切向吸附力比干表面大得多,法向吸附力却相反。法向吸附力主要由刚毛群的范德华力产生,而切向吸附力由真空吸附和范德华力共同产生。     

“蜂窝-柱子”芯夹层轻量型仿生物复合材料结构

为了设计开发轻量型仿生复合材料, 通过对独角仙前翅内部微细结构及其成因的分析探讨, 提出了一种蜂窝-柱子芯轻量型复合材料的三维结构模型, 并列举了若干可能的设计思路, 同时简述了这种仿生结构的优点及其应用前景。分析结果表明: 独角仙整个前翅内部存在完整的网状-小柱结构, 这种网状结构由气囊构成,呈现出生物界的不规则性、多样化, 但可认为大多为类似于蜂窝状的多边形结构。     

TC4负泊松比复合结构的人工骨力学性能调控研究

目的 基于不同变形机制的负泊松比结构优化设计新型复合多孔结构样件,增加力学性能的调控维度,以满足人体骨低弹性模量的匹配要求。方法 用内凹多边形替代手性结构的圆环,以获得新型的复合胞元结构。利用选区激光熔化成形技术制备负泊松比多孔人工骨样件,通过压缩实验揭示胞元结构类型、结构参数、孔隙率对屈服强度、弹性模量的影响规律,评测不同结构样件与人体骨间的力学性能匹配程度。结果 当孔隙率为65%～85%时,复合结构样件的成形质量、力学性能基本介于手性结构的和内凹结构的之间,且与孔隙率密切相关。手性结构、内凹结构和复合结构的弹性模量分别为2.39～4.64、1.12～3.77、1.01～3.47 GPa,屈服强度分别为65.19～223.06、45.25～195.81、26.54～143.58MPa。复合结构的弹性模量随环径和内凹角度的增大而减小。当孔隙率为75%时,环径由2.4 mm变至2.0 mm,弹性模量由2.651 GPa降低至2.082 GPa。当内凹角度由85°变至65°时,弹性模量则由3.566GPa降低至1.982GPa。结论 复合胞元结构可以融合材料特性,增加调控维度,进而匹配人工...     

火炮身管内壁磁控溅射氮化物层的性能

为了提高火炮身管的力学硬度和弹性模量,在PCrNi3 Mo钢表面磁控溅射了TiAlN,CrAlN 2种氮化物防护层.利用激光共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对2种溅射层的形貌及结构进行了表征,采用纳米压痕仪测试了基材与2种溅射层的硬度和弹性模量.结果表明:CrAlN层表面相对平整光滑致密,表面粗糙度较小(Ra=0.004～0.006μm),TiAlN层表面粗糙度相对较大(Ra=0.005 ～0.021μm);CrAlN层表面生成的主晶相为CrN,TiAlN层表面生成的主晶相为TiN,2种晶相分别沿(110)和(200)面呈现择优取向;CrAlN层硬度和弹性模量分别为20.39,288.8 GPa,TiAlN分别为14.51,267.70 GPa,较基材(5.57,258.00 GPa)均有显著提高,其中CrAlN层提高最为显著.     

N层过盈联接结合压力算法研究

过盈联接作为联接件间的传统配合方式,具有结构简单、承载能力高等优点,在机械工程领域有着广泛的应用,其研究大多数局限在单层或3层以内的联接.随着机械设备中多层过盈联接应用逐步增多,为进一步完善多层过盈联接设计理论,以厚壁圆筒理论为基础,通过分析过盈联接中各圆筒的几何关系,推导出过盈联接中过盈量与圆筒内、外表面径向位移的变化关系,得到了N层过盈联接结合压力与过盈量的矩阵表达式;用推导所得的解析法和Abaqus数值法,对比分析了过盈联接结合压力和过盈结合面两端存在的应力集中现象.结果表明:N层过盈联接中最内层过盈的结合压力随着过盈层数的增加而增加,结合压力由内到外依次减小;解析法和数值法的计算结果基本吻合,中点相对误差均在4%之内,说明该解析法可以为N层过盈联接设计提供可靠的理论指导.同时,数值法计算中显示在结合面两端存在应力集中,不同模型最内层过盈面的理论应力集中系数差别较小,且各模型中理论应力集中系数由内到外呈现依次增大的规律.提出的算法和所得规律对N层过盈联接的设计研究工作具有一定的指导和帮助.     

Investigating the nanomechanical properties and reversible color change properties of the beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dynastes</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Italic">tityus</Emphasis>

The wing cases (elytra) of Dynastes tityus are able to change coloration from yellow-green in a dry state to deep brown in a wet state due to different degrees of water absorption. An environmental scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the elytra’s reversible color change properties. Because the elytra cuticle has a spongy structure that is composed of laminated chitin and protein, a UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer was used to investigate the elytra’s optical properties. The width of the curve peak gradually decreased from 60 to 10 nm when the color of the elytra varied from deep brown to yellow-green. In a humid environment, air between the voids was replaced by water with a higher refractive index that induced an elytra color changed from yellow-green to deep brown. Interestingly, when both humidity and elytra color changed, the elytra’s mechanical properties varied too. When the humidity of the environment changed from 100 to 34%, the reduced modulus (E _r) and hardness (H) of the elytra increased 230 and 440%, respectively. The storage modulus (E′) of the elytra is 1.98 ± 0.65 and 1.17 ± 0.22 GPa in yellow-green and deep brown color at 10 Hz, respectively, while their loss modulus (E″) is similar. tan δ of deep brown elytra is 0.072 ± 0.017, which is nearly two times higher than that of yellow-green. It can be demonstrated that when the elytra’s color turns to yellow-green, they are more elastic with less energy loss. The relationship between the elytra’s mechanical properties and structure color will not only help us gain insight into the biological functionality of the color change but also inspire the designs of artificial biomimetic devices.     

Mechanical properties of bio-mimetic energy-absorbing materials under impact loading

The elytra can protect the body and hind wings of the beetle by absorbing the impact energy and resisting damage from outside loading. In this paper, we firstly observed the microstructures of hollow column and pole canal in the ladybird beetle elytra and revealed the relationship between them. A bionic energy-absorbing structure inspired by ladybird beetle elytra was proposed, and a micron-scale finite element model was built. The mechanical characteristics of bionic structures with and without poles under axial impact loading were investigated by numerical simulations. It could be obtained that the poles could absorb the impact energy by its deformation. Then the parameter studies including the different impact velocities, the different column diameters, and the different thickness of cuticle were carried out. This parameter study shows that geometric variations and impact velocity have a significant influence on mechanical properties.     

Application of nano-indenter for investigation of the properties of the elytra cuticle of the dung beetle (Copris ochus Motschulsky)

The nanomechanical properties of the multilayer elytra cuticle of the dung beetle (Copris ochus Motschulsky) were investigated in the vertical and transverse directions using a nano-indenter. The reduced modulus Ev and hardness Hv of the surface cuticle in the vertical direction obtained by nano-indentation were 3.54+/-0.12 GPa and 0.20+/-0.01 GP, respectively. The nano-indentation result showed that the reduced modulus E(t) and hardness Ht of each layer were gradually reduced from the outer layer to the inner layer in the transverse direction. Ev was less than the largest Et presented at the outer layer (7.06+/-0.54 GPa). It was supposedly formed as a result of the composite effect of the multilayer. Without consideration of the anisotropy of chitin, an experimental model was proposed to describe the nanomechanical properties of the elytra cuticle.     

钴合金表面多层碳薄膜的制备及其性能研究

为了改善人工关节的生物摩擦学性能,采用磁过滤直流阴极真空弧源沉积技术在Co-Cr-Mo合金基体表面制备了多层C/C膜。采用拉曼光谱对薄膜的结构进行了表征;利用原子力显微镜观察了多层C/C膜的表面形貌;采用CSEM纳米硬度计测试了多层膜的纳米硬度;在销盘式摩擦磨损试验机上考察了多层膜的生物摩擦学性能。结果表明:多层C/C膜为典型的类金刚石结构,其表面光滑致密,硬度高达52 GPa,它与SiC球在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的稳定摩擦系数仅为0.012,明显提高了人工关节用材料钴合金的生物摩擦学性能。     

High Pressure Compaction and Sintering of Nano-Size γ- Al2O3 Powder

The effects of pressure on the compaction and subsequent sintering of nano-size Y- γ-Al₂O₃ powder were studied. Pressures up to 5 GPa were used to compact the powder in a WC piston/cylinder type die and also in a diamond anvil cell. The green body compacts obtained from both methods of compaction were pressureless sintered at temperatures between 1000°C to 1600°C. Results demonstrated that green body density was enhanced with increased compaction pressure. For compaction pressures less than 3 GPa, microstructures containing significant porosity developed at all sintering temperatures studied and is due to the development of a highly porous or vermicular structure during the y too phase transformation, occurring at temperatures between 1000°C and I I50°C. At compaction pressures greater than 3 GPa, however, the formation of the vermicular structure did not occur and near theoretical densities with grain size = 150 nm were obtained.     

人体牙齿的显微组织及纳米力学性能

采用光学显微镜、能谱扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜以及纳米力学探针等设备对人体牙齿的显微组织及纳米力学性能进行了研究。结果表明: 牙本质由规则排列的牙本质小管和基质组成,牙釉质由不同方向的釉柱及柱间质组成,牙本质与牙釉质之间有明显的界面;牙釉质中的Ca和P含量明显高于牙本质中的含量,而C含量明显低于牙本质中的含量。牙釉质中发现有大量的磷灰石晶体结构,而牙本质中则明显缺少。力学性能结果显示,牙釉质的纳米硬度平均为4.4 GPa,弹性模量为81 GPa,而牙本质的纳米硬度平均为1.0 GPa,弹性模量为26 GPa。牙釉质高的硬度和弹性模量与含有大量的羟基磷灰石晶体组织有关,Ca和P促进了该晶体组织形成。