油纸绝缘状态评价模型的改进(英文)

Identification of the aging condition and the failure probability of oil-paper insulation in transformer is important for improving the reliability of electric power transmission system and applying life cycle cost (LCC) management to electrical equipment. Based on data obtained in a series of multi-accelerated-aging experiments, two approaches for calculating failure probability of oil-paper insulation were compared in aspects of degree of polymerization (DP) and condition ranking. In the experiments, mineral oil and cellulose paper are sub- jected to electrical and thermal stresses, and several parameters, including dissolved gases’ volume fraction, furfural content, moisture content, and degree of polymerization, are measured after the aging process. Results show that weight of carbon oxide, which has a close relationship with cellulose paper degradation, is much higher in DP model than in condition ranking model. Moreover, it is concluded that DP model is more practically accurate than condition ranking model, because aging of cellulose paper rather than mineral oil is the key and critical factor of oil-paper insulation aging.     

油纸绝缘电介质响应低频弥散的极化机理(英文)

Both the real part and imaginary part of complex permittivity approximately have a log-linear frequency dependency at low fre- quencies, especially at ultra-low frequencies under conditions of different moisture concentrations and temperatures, which is recognized as the low frequency dispersion (LFD). In order to explain this dispersion, a new mechanism of dielectric response of LFD of oil-paper insula- tion is proposed. A simplified one-dimensional mathematical model of concentration polarization carrier caused by slow migration is developed and solved, which indicates that ion mobility is closely related to the size of gap and the adsorption capacity of cellulose molecu- lar chains to ions. A stochastic statistical model of the carrier mobility induced LFD is also developed. Moreover, actual tests under 50 °C and 2% moisture content were put forward, as well as simulations with according current waveforms. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in that concentration polarization of carriers caused by slow migration is the probable cause of low frequency dispersion of dielectric response for oil-paper insulation diagnosis.     

油纸绝缘状态对变压器油油流带电的影响(英文)

This contribution is not only intended to provide a fresh review for researches on static electrification, but also contains a sub- stantial amount of new material with a view of closing some gaps in the present state of knowledge of oil streaming electrification. In this paper, the Electrostatic Charging Tendency (ECT) of fresh (unaged) and aged transformer oils were investigated in a spinning disk system. Static electrification measurement at different aging degrees was carried out under laboratory controlled conditions. Changes in static elec- trification were compared to some classical aging indexes (conductivity, dissipation factor, water content, resistivity, etc.). Fast, inexpensive and reliable laboratory testing procedures developed by American Society for Testing Materials (D 6802 and D 6181) were also used to monitor decay products as trace impurities. The obtained results show that static electrification currents increase with temperature, fluid mo- tion velocity, surface properties and the aging byproducts of the oil. The polarity, the amplitude and the time constant of the electrification currents are also affected. The results show that static electrification has relationship with thermal aging and is sensitive to turbidimetric and spectrophotometric measurements.     

不同热老化程度油纸绝缘介质在直流电场中的空间电荷特性

为理解油纸绝缘介质的热老化程度与其体内空间电荷特性间的关系,对由#25矿物变压器油和普通植物纤维素绝缘纸组合而成的油浸绝缘纸试样进行加速热老化试验,应用电声脉冲（PEA）法测量了不同热老化程度下试样在直流电场（20 kV/mm）作用时和作用后的空间电荷密度分布图像,讨论了热老化程度对试样内部空间电荷分布及电荷总量的影响。结果表明：随着油浸绝缘纸试样热老化程度的加深,外加直流电场时试样中部空间电荷注入量呈增大趋势,电荷密度到达极值所需时间延长;去压后试样内部积聚电荷消散所需时间明显延长,将致使材料内部场强畸变时间增加。研究得到去压后试样内空间电荷密度极值及电荷总量与消散时间呈现指数衰减关系,可用衰减时间常数τ来表征不同老化状态油纸绝缘的电荷消散能力。该研究成果为进一步评价油纸绝缘介质在不同热老化程度下的空间电荷特性提供了参考依据。     

直流电场下油纸绝缘介质界面处的空间电荷特性

换流变压器是直流输电系统的核心设备,其油纸复合绝缘结构的空间电荷特性复杂,工程实践表明其对绝缘放电的影响不可忽略,因此针对油纸复合绝缘开展空间电荷特性的研究对换流变绝缘结构设计和运行分析有指导意义。为此,应用电声脉冲（PEA）法研究了电场对双层油浸纸介质中空间电荷特性的影响以及界面处的空间电荷特性。指出在双层油浸纸的界...     

脉动直流电压下油中电晕老化过程中油纸绝缘的空间电荷特性

为探讨脉动直流电压下油中电晕老化过程中空间电荷对油纸绝缘的影响,设计了油中电晕放电模型,在脉动直流电场下进行油纸绝缘电晕老化试验,采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测试不同电晕老化程度下绝缘纸的空间电荷特性,并分析了空间电荷特性随着电晕老化程度加深的变化规律。试验和分析结果表明:在脉动直流下的油中电晕老化初期,以负电荷注入油纸试品为主导;随着电晕老化程度的加深,油纸试品中的电荷复合加剧,并逐渐以正电荷注入为主导;此外,电晕老化后试品的空间电荷消散速率比未老化试品大幅增加,该现象对其直流条件下反极性效应的研究有重要的理论和工程意义。     

交直流复合电压下油纸绝缘气隙局部放电与产气特性分析(英文)

Oil-paper insulation is used within most of high voltage direct current(HVDC) converter transformers.Partial discharge(PD) in oil-paper insulation is a major reason for the development of internal faults in HVDC converter transformer,while PDs in oil-paper insulation mainly occur in terms of gas cavity discharges.There are few study results on the development characteristics of partial discharges in oil-paper insulation and dissolved gases in oils of HVDC converter transformers.Based on a gas cavity discharge model of oil-paper insulation,the present study investigates the development characteristics of partial discharges under AC-DC combined voltages and emphatically examines the variation characteristics of dissolved gases in the discharge development process.Experiment and analysis results show that the characteristics of partial discharges and dissolved gases in oils under AC-DC combined voltages are appreciably different with those under AC voltage.These results provide theoretical support for further research on partial discharges and on dissolved gases of other internal insulating defects and are helpful for the fault diagnosis of HVDC converter transformers.     

交直流复合电压油纸绝缘的沿面局部放电特性(英文)

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.     

油老化状态对油纸绝缘直流电场下空间电荷特性的影响

为了深入研究油老化对油纸绝缘直流电场下空间电荷特性的影响,通过加速热老化得到三组不同老化程度的绝缘油试样,并对其进行理化及电气特性分析;然后利用所得油样分别对经过真空干燥的新绝缘纸进行真空浸渍,得到3组油老化状态不同的油纸绝缘试品;进而采用电声脉冲法(pulsed electro-acoustic,PEA)在室温下分别测量了3组试品在施加直流电压和撤除电压情况下的空间电荷分布,讨论了油老化状态对油纸绝缘试品中空间电荷注入、积聚及消散等特性的影响。实验结果表明:施加直流电压下,3组油浸纸试品与电极界面处均发生了同极性电荷注入现象,油老化程度越严重,电极与介质界面处感应的电荷密度峰值越大,积聚在试品中的空间电荷总量也逐渐增大,负电荷积聚区域逐渐向阳极方向推进。撤除电压后,随着绝缘油老化程度的加重,试品中的空间电荷消散速率增大,且正电荷的消散速率大于负电荷的消散速率。     

电场诱导产生的聚低密度聚乙烯和取向排列蒙脱土的纳米复合材料的特性(英文)

In order to make montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets disperse in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with highly homogeneous orientation, alternating voltage is applied to molten LDPE with MMT nanosheets. The effect of electric field on the dispersion of MMT in the solidified LDPE is studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses suggest that the MMT nano- sheets are aligned with high anisotropy to the electric field direction, which is perpendicular to the LDPE film plane. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results reveal that the crystallization degree of the oriented LDPE/MMT composite increases. Moreover, through a broadband dielectric spectroscopy analyzer, it is found that MMT manifests a significantly influence in the dielectric property of the oriented composite: the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the composite both become larger. Analysis shows that the electric field-induced torque caused by the polarization of MMT flakes is the main force inducing the orientation of the MMT flakes.     

植物绝缘油对绝缘纸热老化速率的影响及其机理(英文)

With the development of new insulation materials,vegetable oil-the best substitute for mineral oil-has gradually been widely used in the liquid insulation of transformers.To investigate the influence of vegetable oil on the thermal aging rate of oil paper,Kraft paper impregnated with mineral oil and vegetable oil have been underwent thermally accelerated aging at three different temperatures.The degree of polymerization(DP) of Kraft paper was measured to indicate the aging degree of insulation paper.The aging rate of Kraft paper in mineral oil and vegetable oil was compared quantitatively,and results showed that vegetable oil retarded paper’s degradation rate and extended its useful lifetime.The reasons contributing to such phenomena were analyzed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) and molecular simulation software.Kraft paper in vegetable oil had larger activation energy.Due to the larger interaction force between water and natural ester molecules,water molecules were easily bonded with natural ester,weakening the hydrolysis process of cellulose.Cellulose was chemically modified by natural ester during the thermal aging process,and the reactive-OH(hydroxyl) groups on the cellulose became esterified with fatty acid esters.Water molecules were firmly bounded to the ester groups on glucose produced by esterification.The long-chain fatty acid esterified to cellulose was parallel with cellulose chains and acted as a "water barrier" to further weaken the hydrolysis process.     

基于脉冲电压法的10kVXLPE电缆绝缘诊断非线性分析(英文)

The diagnosis of water trees of cable insulation is of great importance as the water-treeing is a primary cause of aging breakdown for the middle voltage cables. In this paper, it is described how the water-tree-aged 10 kV XLPE cables were diagnosed. The cables were subjected to electrical stress of 5.9 kV/mm and a thermal load cycle in a curved water-filled tube for 3, 6 and 12 months of aging in accor- dance with the accelerated water-tree test method. The aged cables were used as the samples for water-tree diagnosis. First, the water-tree degraded cable, was charged by a DC voltage, and then the cable was grounded while a pulse voltage was applied to it for releasing the space charge trapped in the water trees. The amount of the space charge, which corresponds to the deterioration degree of the water trees, was calculated. The effects of DC voltage amplitude, pulse voltage repetition rate and aging conditions on the amount of the space charge were studied. Obtained results show that the amount of the space charge has a positive correlation with the applied DC voltage and the ag- ing time of the cables, and that a peak value of space charge appears with the increase of the pulse voltage repetition rate. An optimum pulse voltage repetition rate under which the space charge can be released rapidly is obtained. Furthermore, the releasing mechanism of space charge by the pulse voltage is discussed. Accumulated results show that the presented method has a high resolution for the diagnosis of water tree degradation degree and is expected to be applied in practice in future.     

直流电场下低密度聚乙烯纳米介质空间电荷特性的数值分析(英文)

The dynamic characteristics of space charge in nanocomposite of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mixed with inorganic nano- fillers. Different from previous qualitatively theoretical works, we investigated the influence of trap depth, trap volume charge density and injection barrier height on the space charge and the electric field distribution in the nanocomposite under a DC external electric field (100 MV/m) systematically and quantificationally, through numerical simulations based on a bipolar charge transport model. The simulation re- sults showed that, the increase of trap depth would severely distort the balanced electric field distribution with the highest and the lowest electric field of 119 MV/m and 47 MV/m, respectively. It is concluded that the introduction of nanofillers creates more deep traps, which would block space charges by capturing most of them in the vicinity of electrode and hence reduce the local electric field largely. Further theoretical analysis of the simulation indicates that both the high permittivity and the low local electric field of the nanocomposite contri- buted to the increase of injection barrier height, and almost no charge could overcome an injection barrier higher than 1.25 eV. At last, a mechanism of space charge suppression in the LDPE nanocomposite was presented.     

半绝缘砷化镓光电导开关表面闪络电场的实验研究(英文)

With its unique features, photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) is generally recognized today as a promising power electronic device. However, a major limitation of PCSS is its surprisingly low voltage threshold of surface flashover (SF). In this paper, an experimental study of surface flashover of a back-triggered PCSS is presented. The PCSSs with electrode gap of 18 mm are fabricated from liquid encapsulated czochralski (LEC) semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI-GaAs), and they are either un-coated, or partly coated, or en- tirely coated PCSSs with high-strength transparent insulation. The SF fields of the PCSSs are measured and discussed. According to the experimental results, the high-dielectric-strength coating is efficient in both reducing the gas desorption from semiconductor and increasing the SF field: a well-designed PCSS can resist a voltage up to 20 kV under the repetition frequency of 30 Hz. The physical mechanism of the PCSS SF is analyzed, and the conclusion is made that having a channel structure, the SF is the breakdown of the contaminated dielectric layer at the semiconductor-ambient dielectric interface. The non-uniform distribution of the surface field and the gas desorption due to thermal effects of semiconductor surface currents are key factors causing the SF field reduction.     

温度梯度效应对油纸绝缘材料空间电荷分布特性的影响

针对换流变压器及直流套管中油纸绝缘系统存在的内外温度不同的温度梯度效应对油纸绝缘中空间电荷分布的影响,利用电声脉冲法(PEA)研究了不同温度差下(△θ=0～40c),在场强分别为10～40 kV/mm时单层油纸中空间电荷特性及场强分布.实验结果表明:在各个电压及温度梯度下异极性电荷始终存在,这表明油纸绝缘中的杂质电离在...     

不同老化因素对油纸绝缘介质频域谱特性的影响

为获取表征油纸绝缘老化状态的新特征量,实现将频域谱技术用于变压器老化状态的无损诊断,在实验室条件下系统地研究了不同热老化程度、不同测量温度以及不同含水量下油纸绝缘试品的频域谱(FDS)变化规律,并运用电介质极化理论对其影响机理进行了分析。结果表明,绝缘纸的相对介电常数虚部和介质损耗角正切值tanδ在频率100Hz时随其老化的深入而显著增加;水分作为一种强极性分子,使得油纸绝缘试品的FDS曲线随含水量增加而明显上移;同时,研究发现将FDS用于油纸绝缘状态诊断时必须充分考虑测试温度的影响。     

用于空间电荷陷阱能量测量的热刺激放电法与光刺激放电法的比较(英文)

The space charge behavior of a dielectric under HVDC is influenced by the charge trap energy distribution in it. Hence, we in- vestigated the charge trap distributions in several kinds of typical polymer materials using thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) and photo-stimulated discharge (PSD) methods, respectively. The experimental results show that,there is a significant difference between the trap energy distributions obtained by the two methods, but the difference decreases with the increase of the melting point of polymers. This is attributed to the change of the trap center environment during TSD caused by the increasing movements of both main chains and branched chains in polymers. PSD method is more accurate for investigating charge trap distribution in dielectrics, especially for polymers with low melting points.     

船用电缆绝缘老化实验及剩余寿命预测方法(英文)

In order to evaluate the remaining lifetime of shipboard cables, accelerated aging experiments of cable insulation layers were conducted on a test bed, which is developed to simulate the shipboard environment. Two groups of aging experiments (with and without humidity) were conducted, and the elongation at the break of aged cable insulation layer samples was measured. The aging curves of CXF type cable’s insulation layers under 70~90 °C were plotted, based on which a corresponding mathematical models was developed according to Arrhenius theory. Using this mathematic model, the remaining lifetime of CXF type shipboard cable can be predicted. The proposed method is a new way to evaluate cables’ remaining (useful) lifetime.     

不同类型变压器油的油纸复合绝缘空间电荷积聚与消散特性研究

在施加和撤去不同强度的直流电场下,研究了不同类型变压器油所构成的油纸绝缘体系空间电荷的积聚和消散特性。结果表明：与石蜡基变压器油相比,环烷基变压器油具有更高的环烷烃含量和适宜的芳烃含量,以及更高的电荷迁移速率,由它们构成的油纸绝缘体系在施加和撤去高压直流电场后,油纸之间电荷积聚量更小且更容易消散,从而有利于换流变压器中油纸绝缘材料中电荷的消散。