马铃薯淀粉水解条件优化及油脂酵母培养研究

以马铃薯淀粉为底物,葡萄糖含量为评价指标,通过响应面法优化淀粉酶解工艺,将水解液用于发酵生产微生物油脂。最佳酶解条件为马铃薯淀粉质量浓度20 mg/mL,加酶量为干淀粉质量3.2%,α-淀粉酶、葡萄糖淀粉酶的质量比2.2∶1,pH 4.1,酶解时间4.1 h,得到最高葡萄糖含量为15.06 mg/mL。向此水解液中添加一定氮源和无机盐用于油脂酵母菌株Y004-2培养,在250 mL三角瓶中其生物量为14.43 g/L,油脂产量5.16 g/L,在5.0 L发酵罐中生物量为14.27 g/L,油脂产量5.10 g/L,其生物量和油脂产量均略高于以葡萄糖为碳源;且菌株Y004-2在以马铃薯淀粉水解液为碳源的培养基中所得油脂的组成与以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基中所得油脂的脂肪酸组成相同。     

匍枝根霉淀粉发酵产纤维素酶的条件研究

以匍枝根霉TP-02(Rhizopus stolonifer TP-02)为出发菌株,首次利用淀粉水解液为主要碳源,快速合成纤维素酶。从碳源、氮源、培养温度、初始p H、装液量和接种量等方面研究该菌株的产酶条件。获得最佳培养基和培养条件为:10%淀粉水解液,麸皮浸出汁5%,NH_4Cl 0.5%,KH_2PO_40.5%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.4%,CaCl_20.4%,酵母粉0.6%;发酵温度30℃,装液量80 m L/(250 m L),初始p H 5.0,接种量8%。通过摇瓶实验优化培养基和培养条件后,获得滤纸酶活为9.66 IU/m L。研究中进一步利用该培养基在5 L发酵罐中发酵至60 h时酶活达到最大值,其中滤纸酶活、外切酶活、内切酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶分别为16.51、15.39、11.48和6.17 IU/m L。与以往纤维素类物质为碳源发酵产纤维素酶相比,淀粉水解液发酵获得的纤维素酶酶系组成有了较大的变化,特别是关键的外切酶活有了大幅度提高,而发酵时间缩短了将近1倍。     

产细菌纤维素菌培养基的优化研究

主要研究产纤维素菌培养基的优化,选取葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、山梨糖、乳糖为不同碳源,蛋白胨、酵母膏、牛肉膏、硫酸铵、脲、磷酸氢二铵、氨水、硝酸钾为不同氮源,以及p H值为3、4、5、6。以上述不同培养基条件与空白组对照。通过分析培养基的纤维素膜重、p H值、总酸、残糖、OD值,发现当以葡萄糖为碳源,以牛肉膏为氮源,p H值为5时,纤维素菌生长情况比较好,而且纤维素产量也比较高。相反,以可溶性淀粉为碳源,以硝酸钾为氮源,p H值为3时,抑制产纤维素菌的生长和纤维素的产量。     

透明质酸产生菌的诱变及种子培养基组成的优化

利用紫外线和亚硝基胍对透明质酸产生菌进行诱变,对种子培养基的组成进行优化,确定所用碳源、氮源、金属离子等的用量。结果表明:诱变获得无溶血环的变异株,采用2%淀粉的葡萄糖水解液作为碳源,利用2%蛋白胨和酵母粉的混合有机氮源及0.4%硝酸钠为无机氮源,MgSO4.7H2O为0.1%,KH2PO4为0.2%,采用1∶1的碳氮比的培养基作为种子培养基,有利于该菌株的生长。     

淀粉水解程度对土曲霉发酵生产衣康酸的影响

将玉米淀粉进行酸水解和酶水解,水解液作为土曲霉At394的碳源进行发酵.水解程度直接影响到衣康酸产量,适宜水解糖的DE值为35%.发酵培养基配方为淀粉液化水解糖(DE值为35%)100g/L,NH4NO3 3g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 4g/L,玉米浆2g/L,KH2PO4 0.2g/L,pH3.0.在最适条件下,摇瓶发酵衣康酸产量可达54.1 g/L,糖酸转化率为59.2%.     

醋杆菌产纤维素发酵培养基的优化

本文在已筛选出在摇瓶培养条件下高产细菌纤维素菌株--醋杆菌C2的基础上,研究了不同碳氮源及无机盐对该菌株产纤维素的影响,并优化了该菌株产纤维素的最佳培养基。醋杆菌C2的最适碳源为蔗糖,D-甘露糖醇,最适氮源为蛋白胨,酵母粉,无机盐为MgSO4•7H2O和柠檬酸三钠;经正交试验确定该菌株产酶最佳培养基配方为:蔗糖7%,酵母膏0.7%,蛋白胨1.1%,MgSO4•7H2O 0.2%,柠檬酸三钠0.1%。使用优化后的培养基配方,醋杆菌C2的纤维素产量可达9.5g/L。     

同化淀粉酵母的筛选及其生物学性质的研究

菌株 Y960 1及 Y980 1是从 4株供试的同化淀粉酵母中挑选出的两株同化淀粉能力强的酵母菌株。在 3 0℃ ,p H5.5条件下 ,采用 2 %可溶性淀粉为唯一碳源的培养基摇瓶 2 4 h,酵母数每 ml分别达到 1 .5× 1 0 8个和 9× 1 0 7个 ;采用井岗霉素废渣培养基固态发酵 2 4 h,酵母数每 g分别达到 4 .1× 1 0 9个和 2 .7× 1 0 9个。对菌株 Y960 1及 Y980 1进行了生物学特性研究 ,表明菌株 Y960 1同化淀粉能力强 ,并对淀粉具有较强的酒精发酵能力 ,鉴定为酵母属糖化酵母的一个新种 ;菌株 Y980 1鉴定为异常汉逊酵母。这两株同化淀粉酵母在 4 0℃都能微弱生长 ,最适生长温度均为 3 0～ 3 4℃ ,最适生长 p H Y960 1株为 5.0～ 6.0 ,Y980 1株为 3 .5～6.0。     

红发夫酵母生产虾青素的培养基优化

从提高虾青素产量和降低生产成本综合考虑。研究选择了混合碳源、混合氮源、柠檬酸铵((NH_4)_3C_6H_5O_7)、Na_2HPO_4、K_2HPO_4、MgSO_4·7H_2O组成培养基。正交设计优选出的培养基为混合碳源(糖蜜40%、淀粉塘60%)30 g/L、混合氮源(玉米浆40%、(NH_4)_2SO_460%)7 g/L、MgSO_4·7H_2O 1.5 g/L、(NH_4)_3C_6H_5O_7 2g/L、Na_2HPO_4 2.0 g/L,用此优化培养基摇瓶培养红发夫酵母获得生物量16.92 g/L,虾青素含量903μg/g和虾青素产量15 279μg/L。     

木薯水解液为原料静置发酵制备细菌纤维素的研究

以木薯水解液作为发酵培养基基质,通过木葡萄糖酸醋杆菌(Komagataeibacter xylinus)发酵制备细菌纤维素(BC),利用单因素实验研究了温度、装液量、初始pH、木薯水解液添加量、接种量等对细菌纤维素产量的影响,并对发酵过程中的细菌纤维素产量、还原糖消耗量、pH、细菌纤维素含水率与复水率等指标进行了检测,采用元素分析、红外光谱分析、热重分析、扫描电镜、X射线晶体衍射(XRD)等对发酵得到的细菌纤维素进行表征。结果表明,木薯水解液发酵生产细菌纤维素的最优条件为:温度30℃、装液量75 mL、初始pH6.0、木薯水解液添加量3%、接种量6%;在细菌纤维素发酵过程中,pH从5.51下降到2.66,还原糖含量从32.1 g/L降到10.2 g/L,发酵9 d可得到5.75 g/L的细菌纤维素;所得细菌纤维素的含水率为96%~98%,复水率为50%~58%;元素分析结果表明细菌纤维素主要由C、H、O三种元素构成,符合纤维素中各元素含量;红外光谱揭示了细菌纤维素的特征吸收峰;热重分析表明细菌纤维素在290℃处具有最大失重,失重率达32.33%;扫描电镜观察到细菌纤维素的直径在100~500 nm之间;XRD分析得到细菌纤维素的结晶度为93.4%。因此木薯水解液是可以替代葡萄糖作为发酵生产细菌纤维素的碳源。     

发夫酵母工业化生产虾青素的培养基研究

为进一步降低培养基成本,促进工业化生产,在前期优化的培养基基础上,本研究尝试直接以价廉易得的玉米粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉水解液代替葡萄糖作碳源,进行摇瓶发酵实验和10L罐分批发酵实验,探讨了发夫酵母产虾青素工业化培养基的制备。研究发现玉米淀粉水解液可代替葡萄糖作碳源进行工业化生产,并确定了淀粉双酶水解的最佳工艺条件为淀粉糊浓度为30％、液化酶添加量为25U／g淀粉、糖化酶添加量为200U／g淀粉、糖化时间为4h。这样可大大降低培养基成本。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the