开放式永磁磁共振成像系统中的平板式正交发射线圈的设计

为了提高平板式射频发射线圈的性能,设计了一种正交发射线圈.线圈的结构由优化过程确定,优化目标为产生单位磁场强度所需要的功率,约束条件为成像区域内磁场的均匀度和区域外磁场的快速衰减.为了减小线圈的发射电阻,采用实验方法对导体元件的尺寸和调谐点的分布进行了优化.为了解决单元线圈间的电磁耦合问题,采用了一种π型解耦电路.为一台0.3 T磁共振成像系统实际制作了一个发射线圈,并给出解耦电路的调试结果.     

磁共振成像系统中射频线圈的优化设计

射频线圈是磁共振成像系统中拾取信号的核心元件。在线圈设计过程中，可以以优化信噪比为目标求解源电流的分布。文中利用磁偶极子的概念，将分布在有限的平面或圆柱面上的电流进行分解，构造基线圈，并引入一个环路基线圈处理圆柱面上的环形电流情况；然后通过源电流分布和基线圈电流分布之间的映射关系，求解使得来自空间某点信号的信噪比最优时的源电流分布。应用这一原理计算了一个源电流分布在圆柱表面上的实例以及工程实际中射频线圈信噪比的物理上限，并讨论如何利用这一结果对线圈的信噪比性能进行评估。     

一种适用于激光磁共振成像的磁场补偿装置

提出了一种适用于激光磁共振成像的磁场补偿装置,该装置可以与磁场循环系统集成在一起,实现对静止样品成像。文中首先根据实验要求对线圈产生的磁场进行了仿真,并制作出了实际的线圈,然后搭建了一种反馈型高精度恒流源,其长期工作时的稳定性优于2×10-4A。该补偿装置可将目标区域的地磁场抵消到100nT以内,基本满足激光磁共振成像的要求。     

一种平面射频发射线圈的电磁特性分析

对一种应用在垂直场磁共振成像系统上的平面射频发射线圈进行了分析研究。首先用集中参数的等效电路模型对线圈的谐振频率及谐振模式进行了理论分析,在此基础上利用电磁场数值计算的方法对这种线圈在不同的谐振模式下的电流分布及磁场分布进行了研究。最后还对一个分成8段的平面射频发射线圈的射频场的空间分布进行了仿真。结果表明,这种线圈在300 mm的球内,磁场强度偏离中心点最大不超过15.2%,计算结果与实测结果是吻合的。     

开放式磁共振系统中梯度磁场的快速计算方法

梯度线圈是磁共振系统的核心部件之一,其产生的梯度磁场是成像空间定位的物理基础。在开放式磁共振系统中,大量铁磁介质会导致实际梯度磁场偏离设计值,因此需要对实际梯度磁场进行校验。本文针对开放式磁共振的结构特点,提出了一种基于扇环形状单元的积分方程法,可以计算二维/三维模型中的梯度磁场。针对两种常见的开放式磁共振结构,通过将本文方法的计算结果与其他三种方法(直接法、镜像法和有限元法)进行对比,证明了本文方法在保证计算精度的同时,可以大幅减少计算时间,在重复计算和迭代优化中具有显著优势。实验结果证明了该算法具有良好的可靠性。     

MRI射频线圈的发射效率

随着磁共振成像技术的发展 ,发射线圈的效率也要求提高 ,正交线圈能产生高效率的圆极化磁场 ,圆极化发射与传统的线极化发射相比 ,功率消耗减小一半 ,而且发射磁场的均匀度很高 ,椭圆极化的发射效率介于线极化和圆极化之间 ,采用圆极化发射方式 ,能提高射频线圈的发射效率     

逆方法设计用于3T磁共振成像的乳腺射频线圈

射频(RF)线圈是磁共振成像(MRI)系统的关键部件之一,用于射频信号的发射或接收,乳腺3 T MRI中采用专用的射频线圈可进一步提高磁共振成像的质量。为了获得简单的线圈绕线形状并使得射频磁场分布均匀,研究利用了L曲线自动选取和手动选取惩罚因子对线圈绕线形状和磁场分布均匀性的影响,并结合目标场方法和流函数方法,提出了一种用于3 T(磁感应强度为3 T)乳腺磁共振成像的射频线圈设计方法。研究结果表明:1×1、2×1、2×2、4×1等4种半球形相控阵射频线圈的绕线形状随着阵列增加而变复杂;惩罚因子取利用L曲线自动选取的值时,磁感应强度线性方程的解最精确,阵列1×1在[10-25,10-18]区间内无论怎样选取惩罚因子,灵敏区内的磁场分布误差(即实际值与理想值之间的误差)都40%,阵列2×2和4×1的磁场分布误差10%,但是线圈绕线形状非常复杂,工程上难以实现;手动选取惩罚因子的值,可以使得磁场分布误差40%,而且线圈的绕线形状简单;与相同半径和高度的圆柱型射频线圈相比,所提出的半球型射频线圈磁场分布更为均匀。可得结论:惩罚因子越小,则线圈绕线越复杂,而磁场分布越均匀;反之,惩罚因子越大,则线圈绕线越简单,而磁场分布越不理想。在简单的线圈绕线形状和保证射频磁场分布均匀之间取得平衡需要根据L曲线手动调节选取惩罚因子的值。     

磁共振模式无线电能传输系统建模与分析

针对磁共振模式无线电能传输系统功率和效率计算问题,利用互感耦合模型,对磁共振模式电能传输系统的4种拓扑进行分析,得出了系统的传输功率及其计算模型,并进一步分析了系统传输效率与线圈谐振频率、互感系数、线圈内阻等参数之间的关系,为磁共振模式无线电能传输系统的设计及参数优化提供了理论依据。为验证理论分析的正确性,制作了一个磁共振模式无线电能传输装置,该装置实现了80 cm内60 W的无线能量传输,且传输效率达到了52%。     

超导MRI柱面梯度线圈的目标场设计方法

采用目标场方法设计了一组超导核磁共振成像系统梯度线圈.该梯度线圈固定在半径为0.8 m、长3m的圆柱形骨架上,目标区域位于该圆柱中心,半径为0.2 m,梯度场强为40 mT/m.在该方法中,电流密度在柱坐标系下被分解为三角级数之和,接着通过Biot-Savart定律求出轴向磁场强度表达式,再通过基于目标场的Tikhonov正则化算法把待定三角系数的求解问题转化成线性方程组的求解,并通过流函数技术得到线圈的实际绕线分布,最后进行磁场偏差分析,分析结果表明,所设计线圈的磁场偏差远远小于通常所要求的5％.此外,该方法不仅适用于柱面梯度线圈设计,对于超导磁共振成像系统的有源匀场线圈设计也同样适用.     

皮肤烧伤深度检测的单边核磁共振浅层成像磁体系统

目前临床上烧伤深度判断缺少合适的检测设备和方法,主要由烧伤科医生主观判断,准确率不高。该文设计了一种用于烧伤深度判断的单边核磁共振浅层成像磁体系统,对该磁体系统的单边磁体结构、平面梯度线圈、射频线圈以及射频屏蔽进行了优化设计。采用该磁体系统对橡皮模型和猪皮烧伤模型进行成像实验,获得了两种模型的二维成像。结果表明由该磁体系统获得的图像与橡皮实验模型的形状相似,且图像中不同烧伤深度部分和正常对照部分的信号强度呈鲜明对比,初步证明该文设计的单边磁共振浅层成像磁体系统可用于皮肤烧伤深度的检测。     

电流域标量处理法在横向磁场电机三维磁场分析中的应用

横向磁场电机具有电磁解耦、设计灵活、输出力密度大等优点,引起广泛关注.但是该种电机磁路复杂,需采用三维场分析.在三维有限元磁场中如果对电流区域进行适当处理,采用标量磁位进行分析,可以比采用矢量磁位大大提高计算速度.本文首先对任意形状的电流区域在不同坐标系下的一般处理方法进行了系统推导;然后,将该一般方法进一步应用于特殊情况下的电流区域,使得问题得到简化;最后,根据所推导的原理编制三维有限元软件,利用该软件对样机磁场进行计算,试验结果表明了该方法的正确性.     

FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS WITH DISTRIBUTED CURRENT DENSITIES

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a general finite element method for the solution of fields due to general three-dimensional vector-valued sources in terms of the magnetic scalar potential, between boundaries of axisymmetric shape. In the space occupied by the sources, and there only, a correction field defined by a vector quantity must be added. This correction field is obtained by using a vector potential ā, subject to the Coulomb convention. The latter convention may be relaxed to allow ā to be divergenceless in the mean. In many magnetic field problems, the sources (current-carrying coils), occupy only a small part of the problem region. Since the correction field is non-zero only in the current-carrying space, it is computationally relatively cheap to find. Use of the procedure is illustrated by the end winding model of an electric machine.     

正方形亥姆霍兹线圈三维磁场及其均匀性分析

为研究光纤陀螺的磁敏感性,利用三个正方形亥姆霍兹线圈构建三维匀强磁场,并分析其匀强磁场区域特性。将正方形亥姆霍兹线圈视为四段载流导线,采取分段计算然后进行矢量叠加的方法,分析了正方形亥姆霍兹线圈三维空间磁场强度及其均匀性,并给出仿真结果。最后给出了正方形亥姆霍兹线圈三维匀强磁场的结构模型及相关数据分析。     

均匀梯度磁场的研究

从分析单个圆线圈磁场特点出发，探讨利用圆线圈产生均匀梯度磁场的原理和方法，给出一种圆线圈装置的设计，并对磁场梯度均匀性进行数值估计．数值计算表明这种设计得到的磁场梯度均匀性相对误差高于位置偏移的二次方以上．     

1000MW级汽轮发电机转子端部线圈温升的分析计算

本文探索了一种适用于工程计算的温升计算方法,它避免了用有限元法计算时因种种假定所带来的误差。提供了分析１０００ＭＷ级水氢氢汽轮发电机转子端部线圈各段的压力损失和节点单元温升的分析计算方法。考虑到电机绕组的对称性;将二分之一极绕组分成ｍｘｎ个温度计算单元,建立了准三维热模型,给出了绕组节点单元热等效网络和任一节点单元导体的热２方程,用数值法计算了一 台９３０ＭＷ４极水５氢氢汽轮发电机,将计算值与试验     

Optimized quadrature surface coil designs

Background Quadrature surface MRI/MRS detectors comprised of circular loop and figure-8 or butterfly-shaped coils offer improved signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) compared to single surface coils, and reduced power and specific absorption rates (SAR) when used for MRI excitation. While the radius of the optimum loop coil for performing MRI at depth d in a sample is known, the optimum geometry for figure-8 and butterfly coils is not. Materials and methods The geometries of figure-8 and square butterfly detector coils that deliver the optimum SNR are determined numerically by the electromagnetic method of moments. Figure-8 and loop detectors are then combined to create SNR-optimized quadrature detectors whose theoretical and experimental SNR performance are compared with a novel quadrature detector comprised of a strip and a loop, and with two overlapped loops optimized for the same depth at 3 T. The quadrature detection efficiency and local SAR during transmission for the three quadrature configurations are analyzed and compared. Results The SNR-optimized figure-8 detector has loop radius r ₈ ~ 0.6d, so r ₈/r ₀ ~ 1.3 in an optimized quadrature detector at 3 T. The optimized butterfly coil has side length ~ d and crossover angle of ≥ 150° at the center. Conclusions These new design rules for figure-8 and butterfly coils optimize their performance as linear and quadrature detectors. This work is supported by NIH grant R01 RR15396.     

Design of internal MRI coils using ultimate intrinsic SNR

Object  Internal MRI coils have important applications in diagnostic and interventional studies. Since they can be placed very close to the region of interest in the body, they are favored over external coils in applications where high-resolution images are required. In this paper it is demonstrated that ultimate intrinsic SNR (UISNR) and the optimum coil sensitivity solutions can be used to make new coil designs with higher intrinsic SNR. Materials and methods  In this study, UISNR, which is the maximum attainable value of the intrinsic SNR, is used as a measure of performance and as a design criterion. As an example, a novel endorectal MRI coil is designed. The design is tested with phantom and patient studies. Results  An endorectal coil is built to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design strategy. ISNR of the endorectal coil approximates the UISNR to 72%. Conclusion  An internal coil design method that takes advantage of the UISNR and optimum coil sensitivity calculations was presented. This method can also be used to design better internal MRI coils for different applications.     

Gradiometer pick-up coil design for a low field SQUID-MRI system

We describe the use of liquid helium-cooled (4.2 K) gradiometer coils and a DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) preamplifier to improve the SNR of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.01 T. Gradiometer windings are used both to reduce lossy interactions with the MRI system's room temperature magnet and gradient coils and also to reject interference from more distant sources, which reduces the need for RF shielding. We have tested both axial and planar (figure-of-eight) gradiometer configurations. The figure-of-eight gradiometer has a more rapid fall-off in sensitivity with increasing distance from its windings than the axial gradiometer, but this is compensated for by reduced lossy interactions and improved interference rejection. We have used the system to image the human arm.     

Design and analysis framework for linear permanent-magnet machines

This paper presents a design and analysis framework for the general class of permanent magnet electric machines. In the authors' analysis, surface-mounted linear motors consisting of permanent magnets and ironless current-carrying coils are treated in a uniform way via the magnetic vector potential. This analysis is developed to design novel linear magnetic levitators for driving precision motion control stages such as those used in wafer steppers. For one such motor structure, they give analytical formulae for its magnetic field, force, flux linkage, inductance of the winding, and back electromotive force. They provide experimental results with a six degree-of-freedom magnetic levitator. These results are in good agreement with analytical estimations. The levitator uses a permanent-magnet Halbach array in order to improve its power efficiency. By analogy, there also exists an electromagnetic dual of the Halbach array. One such dual utilizes a triangular winding pattern in order to achieve a primarily single-sided magnetic field     

表面贴磁式永磁同步电动机空载气隙磁场解析计算

以气隙中一对载流线圈产生的磁场为基础,利用等效面电流法推导出了平行充磁永磁同步电动机空载时的气隙磁密的解析计算公式。在考虑齿槽效应的情况下,利用许一克变换构造了气隙相对比磁导函数,计算出了定子开槽时空载气隙磁密分布。磁场解析计算结果与二维有限元计算结果对比,其计算波形和大小吻合很好,证明此方法是正确可靠的。同时解析法在计算机上容易实现,为永磁同步电动机的优化设计和性能分析提供了基本的分析手段。