ARROW-B type polarization splitter with asymmetric Y-branchfabricated by a self-alignment process

We have proposed and demonstrated a polarization splitter based on an ARROW-B type waveguide. This device has an asymmetric Y-branch configuration, connecting a waveguide with a large modal birefringence to a low-birefringent waveguide which is channeled by a stripe lateral confinement structure. The device can achieve a high extinction ratio without precise mask alignment, since these two waveguides are connected by a self-alignment process. In addition, a low insertion loss is achieved because of adiabatic Y-branching. We designed this device at the wavelength of 1.55 μm and fabricated it using RF sputtering. As a result, high extinction ratios of -19.4 dB for TE mode and -19.0 dB for TM mode were achieved     

超高宽深比结构氮化硅波导的研究

超高宽深比结构氮化硅波导具有低损耗和高偏振消光比的优异性能,是抑制集成光学陀螺中偏振噪声的可行性方案.文章基于FEM和FDTD方法对氮化硅波导的模场分布、弯曲损耗及光纤插入损耗进行了仿真分析,通过对波导截面结构的设计优化,并采用LPCVD和RIE微纳工艺在石英基底上成功制备了宽深比高达100的单模氮化硅波导.表征及通光测试验证了工艺可行性,对一长为12 mm的氮化硅直波导测试得偏振消光比达3 dB.研究结果对超高宽深比氮化硅波导在集成光学陀螺及相关偏振器件中的应用研究具有一定意义.     

Terahertz Wave Polarization Beam Splitter Using Asymmetrical Coupler

This study has proposed and numerically demonstrated a compact terahertz wave polarization beam splitter. The splitter is built by using a asymmetrical directional coupler consisting of a bend waveguide and a slot bend waveguides and achieves a high extinction ratio of 24.88 dB and 16.55 dB for cross and through ports. The optimal coupling region length is found to be 26 μm. By using such a polarization beam splitter, the size of the terahertz wave system could be reduced significantly. The simulation results show that the designed polarization beam splitter can split TEand TM-polarized terahertz wave into different propagation directions with high efficiency over the terahertz wave frequency range from 9.40 THz to 9.65 THz. The device obtained is readily used for a polarization diversity terahertz wave integrated circuit field, particularly for platforms with slot waveguide.     

Integrated-Optic Polarization Controlling Devices Using Electro-Optic Polymers

Integrated-optic polarization controlling devices such as polarizers, polarization splitters, and polarization converters, are proposed and demonstrated in nonlinear optic polymers. Poling-induced birefringence in electro-optic polymers is exploited to fabricate the devices. The polymeric waveguide polarizers show low excess losses, and extinction ratios of 20.7 dB and 17.1 dB for TM-pass and TE-pass polarizers, respectively. The polymeric waveguide polarization splitters exhibit TE-TM mode splittings with crosstalk of 14.2 dB and 10.1 dB for TM and TE mode splittings, respectively. The polymeric waveguide polarization converters show successful TE/TM polarization mode conversion with conversion efficiencies of higher than 30 dB. The device employs poling-induced waveguides which have slowly rotating azimuth angle of optic axis along the light propagation direction. The novel polarization converter is insensitive to wavelength and easier to fabricate than the other polarization converters containing periodic structures.     

新型偏振式CO2波导激光器

为了简化偏振式CO2波导激光器的结构与制造工艺,提出了一种具有新型起偏装置的偏振式CO2波导激光器.该起偏装置就是一矩形波导型阴极.利用位于放电波导口处的矩形波导型阴极对腔内光束的特殊作用,使得只有某一偏振方向的光束才能在光腔内形成稳定的振荡,从而输出稳定的偏振光.从理论上分析了该器件的起偏机理,并通过实验测定了该器件的偏振度指标.该新型器件具有结构与工艺简单、价格低廉等特点,其输出光的线偏振度大于98%.     

基于Bragg光栅的超高消光比SOI波导偏振器设计

波导偏振器是片上集成相干光学系统中的关键器件之一,超高消光比、低损耗、紧凑型波导偏振器的设计一直是研究的热点。基于绝缘体上硅平台的倾斜Bragg光栅被用于实现超高消光比波导偏振器结构。利用一维光子晶体能带理论分别计算TE和TM模式光的能带结构分布,选择TE模式禁带与TM导带重叠带隙设计光栅,可实现TM模式低损传输,而TE模式被Bragg光栅高效反射,从而产生超高偏振消光比。3D FDTD仿真表明:16 μm倾斜Bragg光栅波导偏振器可在中心波长1550 nm附近70 nm的带宽内,实现大于37 dB的超高消光比,器件的损耗小于0.64 dB;进一步增加光栅周期数,当长度为25 μm时,消光比可提高至46 dB。Bragg光栅倾斜角与刻蚀宽度偏差仿真表明:设计的结构加工误差容限较大,同时该结构仅需一次曝光刻蚀,工艺流程简单。     

Arrayed waveguide lens wavelength add-drop in silica

We present experimental results of an integrated 16-channel, 100-GHz-channel-spacing wavelength add-drop in silica. It consists of two interleave-chirped waveguide grating routers connected by an array of waveguides containing thermooptic phase shifters. The fully packaged device has 6.6-7.6-dB fiber-to-fiber insertion loss and a switching extinction ratio >27 dB (>33 dB for a single polarization) when used as an add-drop, It is compact, allowing for at least four such devices per 5-in-diameter wafer     

Design of three-dimensional silica on a silicon single-mode single-polarization waveguide

We present a design of three-dimensional(3D) silica on a silicon single-mode single-polarization waveguide (SMSPW) by taking into consideration the induced birefringence effect of the silica.This can cut off the TM mode and transmit the TE mode.The characteristics of the light propagating across the polarization maintaining waveguide were simulated by 3D beam propagation methods(3D-BPM).The result showed that the SMSPW has a high extinction ratio over 50 dB for the TM mode.Without increasing the complexi...     

硅基二氧化硅单模单偏振光波导的设计

在不增加工艺难度的前提下,利用硅基二氧化硅光波导的双折射效应并结合有效折射率方法, 设计了一种新型单模单偏振波导, 使得两个正交偏振模式中的TM 模式被截止, TE 模式可以通过. 利用三维有限差分光束传输法(3D -BPM ) 进行数值模拟,结果显示,对于TM 模式消光比可高达到50dB 以上.此种结构的光波导可以直接制作偏振器, 同时还易与其他波导器件集成.     

Resonant tunneling three-waveguide polarization splitter

A design for a novel and highly efficient all-dielectric, three-waveguide polarization splitter based on the phenomenon of resonant tunneling is proposed. By considering a glass waveguide structure with an intermediate high-index guiding layer (such as silicon), it is shown that extinction ratios better than -33 dB in both the outer waveguides at a particular thickness of the high-index layer can be obtained. The tolerance required with respect to the separation between the middle and outside guides and the thickness of the high-index layer of such a device is estimated. The design should be of interest in the realization of in-line fiber-optic polarization splitters and in integrated optics     

Integrated optical polarization-discriminating receiver in glass

We have successfully demonstrated an integrated optical TE-TM mode discriminator using waveguide polarizers and guided-wave photodetectors for use in polarimetric optical sensor and positioning systems. The photonic integrated circuit consists of a Y-branch waveguide splitter formed by potassium-sodium ion exchange in silicate glass. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon claddings were deposited on each branch of the splitter to act as polarizers. One output cladding was trimmed to a thickness which attenuated the TE polarization, while the other cladding was trimmed to attenuate light having TM polarization. The thickness trimming was accomplished using a process of localized plasma etching which allows in situ extinction optimization by monitoring transmitted light. Optical extinction ratios of up to 27 dB were demonstrated on Y-branch waveguides for polarizers with claddings 1.2 mm in length. The integrated receiver was completed with the deposition of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on each of the output waveguide branches following the polarizers. Amorphous silicon claddings were contacted with chrome-gold interdigitated Schottky contacts to form the waveguide detectors     

A compact two-dimensional grating coupler used as a polarization splitter

We demonstrate a novel polarization splitter based on a two-dimensional grating etched in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide. The device couples orthogonal modes from a single-mode optical fiber into identical modes of two planar ridge waveguides. The extinction ratio is better than 18 dB in the wavelength range of 1530-1560 nm and the coupling efficiency is approximately 20%. The device is very compact and couples light only to transverse-electric modes of the planar waveguides. Therefore, it may be used in a polarization diversity configuration to implement a polarization insensitive photonic integrated circuit based on photonic crystal waveguides.     

Polymeric polarization-independent modulator incorporating twisted optic-axis waveguide polarization converters

A polarization-independent intensity modulator made of electrooptic polymer waveguides is proposed and its theoretical performance is discussed. The device includes twisted optic-axis waveguide polarization converters and phase modulators in the arms of Mach-Zehnder interferometer. For arbitrary input polarization states the extinction ratio of better than 30 dB is possible, and its half-wave voltage is 1.5 times that of the conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator.     

Polarization-dependent coupling in twin-core photonic crystal fibers

The polarization dependence of light coupling in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with sixfold symmetric dual cores and highly birefringent dual cores are numerically investigated. The characteristics of PCF-based couplers, such as coupling length, extinction ratio and form birefringence, are examined as functions of the air-hole size and pitch. The silica bridges between air holes take an important role in the energy transfer across the two cores. We believe that the mechanism of light coupling in PCF-based couplers is different from that of conventional waveguide couplers. The polarization dependent coupling can be reduced by adjusting the air holes around the cores of PCFs. On the other hand, the polarization dependent coupling can be enhanced by introducing high birefringence in the two cores.     

High-Power, Highly Efficient Second-Harmonic Generation in a Periodically Poled ${hbox {MgO}}{:}{hbox {LiNbO}}_{3}$ Planar Waveguide

We designed a single-pass quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation (SHG) device with a planar waveguide; the device comprised a Y-cut 5 mol% MgO-doped LiNbO₃ (MgO:LiNbO₃)crystal core that was 3 mum thick and SiO₂ cladding. The waveguide provided a high coupling efficiency of 95% between an incident Gaussian beam and the fundamental guided mode of a fundamental wave; it also provided high electric-field confinement in the case of both the fundamental and SHG waves in the core. Thus, a high overlap between nonlinear polarization and an SHG-guided mode was attained. The bonding of the device with the waveguide side positioned downward to a heat sink provided a large heat radiation area when pumping with a near-collimated Gaussian beam, which reduced the temperature rise and its gradient along the waveguide to minimize the phase mismatch. We demonstrated the green light generation of 1.6 W with 40% conversion efficiency using a 7-mm-long sample and 1.2-W SHG with 60% efficiency using an 18-mm-long sample.     

A 1.3 μm directional coupler polarization splitter by ionexchange

A glass waveguide polarization splitter for operation in the 1.3 μm wavelength region is reported. The device, which has a symmetric directional coupler configuration, exploits the stress-induced birefringence in K⁺-Na⁺, ion-exchanged waveguides, giving rise to an adequate difference in the coupling lengths for the two polarizations. Starting from the measured potassium concentration (refractive index) profile of the structure and utilizing a combination of the multilayer stack theory and the effective-index method, the normal mode propagation constants and mode field profiles are calculated to determine the polarization splitting length and the extinction ratio, and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is shown that in a given coupler, the splitting occurs at several wavelengths in the 1.0-1.45 μm range. A 25 mm-long coupler, fabricated by thermal diffusion of K⁺ ions in BK7 glass, exhibits an extinction ratio of 18.2 dB at 1.32 μm, in excellent agreement with the simulation results     

Proposal and analysis of an ultrashort directional-couplerpolarization splitter with an NLC coupling layer

We propose a novel, high-performance directional-coupler polarization splitter using a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) as the coupling layer. The beam propagation method is used to investigate the propagation characteristics of the device under various conditions. Results of numerical calculations relevant to the design conditions are presented. Because of the large birefringence of NLC, a very short device length of 140 μm is achievable at a high extinction ratio of 28 dB     

Lossless electroabsorption modulator monolithically integrated with a semiconductor optical amplifier and a passive waveguide

We have developed a monolithic integrated device consisting of an electroabsorption modulator and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) connected by a deep-ridge passive waveguide by means of butt-joint selective area growth. Lossless operation with a high extinction ratio of 32 dB and clear eye opening at 10 Gb/s are successfully achieved. We confirm that the optical injection should be from the SOA side of the device to obtain a wide error-free range of incident optical power from -20 to +10 dBm. Our device could lead to richly functional photonic integrated circuits comprising arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) for advanced wavelength-division-multiplexing networks, since the passive waveguide has the same structure as AWGs.     

Polymer-based 1 /spl times/ 6 thermooptic switch incorporating an elliptic TIR waveguide mirror

A polymeric 1 /spl times/ 6 thermooptic switch is fabricated and demonstrated. The device utilizes an elliptic total internal reflection waveguide mirror imaging the input channel waveguide onto the first output channel waveguide and a prism-array heating electrode steering the beam to corresponding output channel waveguides. At 1310 nm, 1 /spl times/ 6 switching was demonstrated; the extinction ratios and crosstalks were found to be >20 and -20 dB, respectively. Switching time as low as 4 ms was observed. The device offers the advantage of a single-electrode driving scheme for 1/spl times/N(N>2) switching.     

Design and Fabrication of Low-Driving-Voltage Electroabsorption Modulators Operating at 40 Gb/s

In this paper, a design for low-driving-voltage InGaAlAs/InAlAs electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) operating at 40 Gb/s is described. The theoretical calculation clarified that the tensile-strained InGaAlAs/InAlAs multiquantum-well layers with thin wells provide large and steep extinction characteristics. This was experimentally confirmed. We modeled an EAM with a low-loss coplanar waveguide for both the input and output ports and designed an optimized core structure that assures a sufficient extinction ratio and electrical-to-optical bandwidth for 40-Gb/s operation, in terms of well number and core length. A fabricated device driven by a peak-to-peak voltage as low as 1.1 V shows a 3-dB bandwidth of over 50 GHz and an RF extinction ratio of 10 dB. Error-free operation at 40 Gb/s is confirmed.