小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对异基因肝移植大鼠淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的观察小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)移植后,在异基因肝移植模型大鼠胸腺、脾脏及骨髓中的迁徙、定居情况及对淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用,以探讨MSCs诱导异基因移植免疫耐受的可能性。方法体外分离、纯化并培养小鼠MSCs;将小鼠肝组织块埋入大鼠肝脏切口,建立异基因肝移植大鼠模型;经尾静脉移植DAPI标记的小鼠MSCs,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察24 h及5 d时,MSCs在模型大鼠胸腺、脾脏及骨髓内的迁徙及定居;采用体外淋巴细胞增殖实验检测小鼠MSCs对异基因肝移植大鼠淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果MSCs移植后,24 h即散在分布于胸腺、脾脏及骨髓内,5 d时集中在血管周围;经MSCs治疗后,大鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞增殖均受到抑制,与未经治疗的模型大鼠相比,差异有显著意义。结论小鼠MSCs可迁徙至异基因肝移植大鼠免疫器官内,并具有抑制淋巴细胞增殖的作用。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对异基因肝移植模型大鼠移植区域组织损伤的修复作用

目的观察小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)注入后在异基因肝移植模型大鼠移植区域的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用,探讨MSCs诱导异基因移植免疫耐受的可能性。方法将昆明小鼠肝组织块埋入Wister大鼠肝脏切口,制备异基因肝移植大鼠模型;体外分离、纯化并培养昆明小鼠乳鼠MSCs;经DAPI标记后,尾静脉注入模型大鼠,通过激光共聚焦显微镜,分别在24h、5d及10d观察MSCs在肝脏移植区域的迁徙及定居;采用HE染色观察肝移植区域组织损伤情况。结果MSCs尾静脉注入后,24h即出现在肝移植区域,5d时分布于血管周围,10d时扩散至移植区域血管及周围组织;MSCs治疗5d,HE染色显示移植区域浸润的炎性细胞减少,可见肝组织结构。结论小鼠MSCs可在大鼠体内存活,并参与损伤区血管及组织的修复。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在脊髓损伤模型大鼠体内的转化

目的观察静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)在脊髓损伤模型大鼠体内向神经样细胞转化的情况。方法体外扩增培养MSCs,流式细胞仪检测表面标志CD34和CD44的表达;采用击打法制备大鼠脊髓损伤模型;Brdu标记的MSCs经尾静脉移植入脊髓损伤模型大鼠体内,输注后21d,取脊髓组织进行免疫组化染色,检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的表达。结果体外扩增的MSCs经流式细胞仪检测不表达CD34,表达CD44;激光共聚焦显微镜下观察可见,移植Brdu标记的MSCs组在大鼠损伤的脊髓组织中可同时表达Brdu和NSE。结论移植的MSCs可迁移到损伤的脊髓组织,并可转化为神经样细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠胰腺损伤组织的修复作用

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对大鼠胰腺损伤组织的修复作用。方法应用贴壁法分离、纯化、扩增大鼠MSCs,经流式细胞仪检测其细胞周期及表面标志后,用DAPI标记,经尾静脉注入胰腺损伤模型大鼠体内,15d后,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察MSCs在大鼠胰腺组织的定位,组织病理切片观察胰腺损伤组织的病理改变,PCR检测胰腺损伤区组织的Sry基因。结果体外纯化、扩增、富集的MSCs经流式细胞仪检测,86.67%的细胞处于G0/G1期,细胞表面CD34呈阴性表达,CD44呈阳性表达。DAPI标记的MSCs移植治疗15d后,激光共聚焦显微镜下可见,MSCs在损伤的胰腺组织中多见,在正常胰腺组织中偶见;组织病理切片可见损伤的胰腺组织结构开始恢复,胰岛再建;PCR结果显示,治疗组胰腺组织可扩增出Sry基因。结论MSCs对大鼠胰腺损伤组织可能具有修复作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对辐射诱发胸腺损伤修复中cyclin-D1和p53基因mRNA转录水平的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)对辐射诱发小鼠胸腺损伤修复过程中cyclin-D1和p53基因mRNA转录水平的影响,为阐明BMSCs在肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用提供理论依据。方法全骨髓贴壁法体外分离、培养C57BL/6小鼠BMSCs。将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组、辐射组和辐射+BMSCs组,辐射组和辐射+BMSCs组行1.75 Gy X线全身照射,每周1次,连续4周,复制电离辐射诱发的胸腺损伤模型;辐射+BMSCs组末次照射后,经尾静脉注入BMSCs,0.2 ml/只,细胞浓度为2.0×106个/ml。3个月后处死各组小鼠,取胸腺组织,采用RT-PCR法检测各组小鼠胸腺组织cyclin-D1和p53基因mRNA的转录水平,流式细胞术检测细胞周期。结果辐射组小鼠胸腺组织cyclin-D1基因mRNA的转录水平高于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而p53基因mRNA的转录水平明显高于正常对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。辐射+BMSCs组小鼠胸腺组织cyclin-D1和p53基因mRNA的转录水平低于辐射组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。辐射组小鼠胸腺G1期细胞百分比(29.81%)明显低于正常对照组(55.39%),辐射+BMSCs组小鼠胸腺G1期细胞增多(72.08%)。结论 BMSCs可通过抑制cyclin-D1的过度表达和p53基因的突变,使损伤小鼠胸腺细胞停留在G1期进行修复,进而促进组织的修复,抑制肿瘤的增殖。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在脑缺血模型大鼠脑组织中的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植后,在缺血性脑损伤大鼠脑组织中的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用。方法体外分离、纯化及培养MSCs。线栓法制备Wester大鼠脑缺血模型,经颈动脉移植DAPI标记的MSCs,通过激光共聚焦显微镜,分别在24h、5d及10d观察MSCs在脑组织内的迁徙及定居。采用三苯四氮唑活组织脑片染色方法,观察MSCs治疗对脑组织损伤的修复作用。结果MSCs经颈动脉移植后,在24h即出现在脑损伤区域血管内,第5天在血管周围组织内开始弥散,第10天在损伤区域可见广泛弥散。MSCs治疗20d后,脑片染色显示坏死区域减少。结论动脉移植MSCs后,MSCs首先出现在大鼠缺血性脑损伤区域血管内,然后在周围组织弥散,并可能参与损伤区血管及组织的修复。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对豚鼠皮肤光老化的修复作用

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对皮肤光老化的修复作用,为皮肤光老化的治疗提供新途径。方法每天UV-A和UV-B紫外线灯同时照射2 h,连续照射50 d,制备豚鼠皮肤光老化模型;体外分离培养豚鼠乳鼠MSCs;经DAPI标记后,局部多点皮内注入豚鼠皮肤紫外线照射区域,激光共聚焦显微镜下分别观察注入后24 h、5 d及10 d,DAPI标记的MSCs在紫外线照射区域皮肤组织的迁徙及定居;肉眼及HE染色切片观察MSCs对豚鼠光老化皮肤的修复作用。结果DAPI标记的MSCs经紫外线照射皮肤区域局部皮内多点注射24 h后,即出现在真皮层,5 d后出现在真皮层及毛囊组织,10 d后广泛弥散在皮肤各层。肉眼及皮肤HE染色切片镜下观察均显示,治疗组豚鼠较模型组明显延缓光老化进程,且在停止照射后,治疗组光老化症状比自然恢复组有更为显著的改善。结论MSCs对皮肤光老化有明显的延缓及修复作用。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离培养与鉴定

目的建立大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)体外分离培养及鉴定的方法 ,为MSCs的系列研究奠定基础。方法采用全骨髓直接贴壁筛选法分离培养MSCs并传代,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态,以MTT法检测细胞增殖水平并绘制生长曲线。取第3代MSCs,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞表型,应用成骨细胞诱导液和脂肪样细胞诱导液诱导MSCs定向分化,鉴定其分化能力。结果全骨髓细胞培养5d,镜下可见贴壁细胞增殖明显,细胞形态较均一,大部分呈梭形,7d左右可传代,经2～3次传代后细胞呈单一梭形的成纤维样细胞,即MSCs;细胞生长曲线呈S形;经流式细胞仪检测,MSCs细胞76.01%处于G0/G1期,7.13%处于G2/M期,16.86%处于S期;MSCs表面不表达CD34;在特定诱导液作用下,MSCs可分别向成骨样细胞及脂肪样细胞分化。结论已成功建立了分离培养及鉴定MSCs的方法 ,可用来评价体外培养的MSCs。     

人乳头状瘤病毒16亚型E6E7基因重组腺病毒的构建及其在小鼠骨髓源树突状细胞中的表达

目的 构建人乳头状瘤病毒16亚型(Human papillomavirus 16,HPV16)E6E7基因重组腺病毒,并在小鼠骨髓源树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC)中表达。方法双酶切质粒pET-32a(+)-E6E7获得E6E7,基因片段,插入腺病毒穿梭质粒pAd-Track-CMV中,转染HEK293细胞,扩增病毒,经同源重组、包装后获得重组腺病毒pAd-E6E7,转染体外培养的小鼠骨髓源DC,激光共聚焦显微镜观察转染的小鼠DC的形态,流式细胞术检测转染前后小鼠DC表面标志物(CD40、CD86、MHCⅡ和CD11C),Western blot检测E6蛋白的表达。结果双酶切及测序证实,重组腺病毒质粒pAd-E6E7构建正确,插入的E6E7基因片段序列正确;转染HEK293细胞48 h,倒置荧光显微镜下可见绿色荧光蛋白的表达,重组腺病毒的滴度为3×107 CCID50/ml;重组腺病毒pAd-E6E7感染后DC的状态与成熟DC表面标志物(CD40、CD86、MHCⅡ和CD11C)相符合,感染后的DC表面有许多树枝状、刺状突起,符合成熟DC的表面形态;感染后的DC中存在E6蛋白的表达。结论已成功构建了HPV16 E6E7基因重组腺病毒表达质粒,其能在小鼠骨髓源DC中表达。     

山奈酚对小鼠迟发型超敏反应的免疫抑制作用

目的探讨山奈酚(kaempferol,KA)对二硝基氟苯(dinitrofluorobenzene,DNFB)诱导的小鼠迟发型超敏反应(delayed type hypersensitivity,DTH)的免疫抑制作用。方法将BALB/c小鼠按体重随机分为6组:生理盐水对照组、DTH模型组、环磷酰胺(cytoxan,CTX)组(20 mg/kg)、KA低剂量(2 mg/kg)、中剂量(4 mg/kg)、高剂量(8 mg/kg)组,每组10只,用DNFB致敏,同时给药,连续给药7 d。致敏后第5天于小鼠右耳背涂1%DNFB 5μl诱发DTH,左耳涂等量的丙酮/橄榄油溶剂作为对照。连续给药7 d后,称量小鼠体重及脾脏和胸腺湿重,计算脾脏指数和胸腺指数;DNFB激发后48 h,剪下小鼠左右耳廓,称重,计算小鼠耳廓肿胀度,并将剪取的右耳耳廓制成冰冻切片,光学显微镜下观察小鼠耳廓局部组织的病理变化;无菌取脾,制备脾细胞,MTT法检测经ConA刺激的脾淋巴细胞的增殖活力。结果 KA高剂量组能显著降低DTH小鼠的脾脏指数和胸腺指数(P<0.01或P<0.05);KA中、高剂量组能明显抑制DNFB所诱发的小鼠耳廓肿胀度(P<0.05或P<0.01);KA能明显减少DTH小鼠耳廓局部组织淋巴细胞的浸润,并抑制脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 KA对DTH小鼠具有明显的免疫抑制作用,抑制淋巴细胞的增殖可能是其作用机制之一。     

Ionizing Radiation Induces Disc Annulus Fibrosus Senescence and Matrix Catabolism via MMP-Mediated Pathways

Previous research has identified an association between external radiation and disc degeneration, but the mechanism was poorly understood. This study explores the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on inducing cellular senescence of annulus fibrosus (AF) in cell culture and in an in vivo mouse model. Exposure of AF cell culture to 10–15 Gy IR for 5 min followed by 5 days of culture incubation resulted in almost complete senescence induction as evidenced by SA-βgal positive staining of cells and elevated mRNA expression of the p16 and p21 senescent markers. IR-induced senescent AF cells exhibited increased matrix catabolism, including elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 protein expression and aggrecanolysis. Analogous results were seen with whole body IR-exposed mice, demonstrating that genotoxic stress also drives disc cellular senescence and matrix catabolism in vivo. These results have important clinical implications in the potential adverse effects of ionizing radiation on spinal health.     

In Vivo Study of the Efficacy and Safety of 5-Aminolevulinic Radiodynamic Therapy for Glioblastoma Fractionated Radiotherapy

To treat malignant glioma, standard fractionated radiotherapy (RT; 60 Gy/30 fractions over 6 weeks) was performed post-surgery in combination with temozolomide to improve overall survival. Malignant glioblastoma recurrence rate is extremely high, and most recurrent tumors originate from the excision cavity in the high-dose irradiation region. In our previous study, protoporphyrin IX physicochemically enhanced reactive oxygen species generation by ionizing radiation and combined treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and ionizing radiation, while radiodynamic therapy (RDT) improved tumor growth suppression in vivo in a melanoma mouse model. We examined the effect of 5-ALA RDT on the standard fractionated RT protocol using U251MG- or U87MG-bearing mice. 5-ALA was orally administered at 60 or 120 mg/kg, 4 h prior to irradiation. In both models, combined treatment with 5-ALA slowed tumor progression and promoted regression compared to treatment with ionizing radiation alone. The standard fractionated RT protocol of 60 Gy in 30 fractions with oral administration of 120 and 240 mg/kg 5-ALA, the human equivalent dose of photodynamic diagnosis, revealed no significant increase in toxicity to normal skin or brain tissue compared to ionizing radiation alone. Thus, RDT is expected to enhance RT treatment of glioblastoma without severe toxicity under clinically feasible conditions.     

小鼠多能干细胞对小鼠肝脏电离辐射损伤的作用

目的探讨小鼠多能干细胞(mouse pluripotent stem cells,miPS)对小鼠肝脏电离辐射损伤的作用。方法采用医用电子直线加速器进行单次全身性照射(电子辐射线源为6 MeV,照射总剂量为8 Gy,照射剂量率为1. 0 Gy/min)。辐射组于辐射后12和24 h,经小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水(200μL/只);治疗组于照射后12和24 h,经尾静脉注射mi PS细胞悬浮液[3×106个/(200μL·只)];对照组小鼠不进行辐射,仅注射生理盐水(200μL/只)。末次注射后1、3、7、14 d,记录小鼠体重、计算肝脏指数,并检测小鼠肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平;末次注射后14 d,观察小鼠状态,并采用组织病理学方法观察肝脏病理形态学变化。结果与对照组比较,辐射组小鼠精神状态和食欲状况均不佳,体重显著降低(P <0. 05),肝脏指数差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05),肝脏中SOD活性显著降低(P <0. 01),MDA水平显著升高(P <0. 05);与辐射组比较,治疗组小鼠体重明显升高(P <0. 05),肝脏指数差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05),肝脏中SOD活性显著升高(P <0. 05),MDA水平显著降低(P <0. 01)。对照组小鼠肝脏组织无明显病变;辐射组小鼠肝细胞发生明显肿胀及肝细胞索紊乱等明显病理变化;治疗组小鼠肝细胞索排列整齐,肝细胞轻度肿胀,病理变化得到改善。结论 miPS可通过其增殖分化减少小鼠体内氧化应激产生的细胞凋亡,对电离辐射造成的小鼠肝脏损害有明显的修复作用。     

Cobalt Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tracing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue: A Preliminary Study

Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is promising in many diseases. Evaluation of their efficacy depends on adequate follow-up of MSCs after transplantation. Several studies have shown that MSCs can be labeled and subsequently visualized with magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). We investigated the homing of MSCs labeled with magnetic cobalt ferrite NPs in experimentally induced acute kidney injury in mice. To explore the homing of MSCs after systemic infusion into mice, we developed a pre-infusion strategy for optimal tracing and identification of MSCs with polyacrylic acid-coated cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) NPs by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in various organs of mice with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and control mice. By correlative microscopy, we detected MSCs labeled with NPs in the lungs, spleen, kidney, and intestine of cisplatin-treated mice and in the lungs and spleen of control mice. Our results confirm that labeling MSCs with metal NPs did not affect the ultrastructure of MSCs and their ability to settle in various organs. This study demonstrates the usefulness of cobalt ferrite NPs in ex vivo visualization of MSCs and offers correlative microscopy as a useful method in routine histopathology laboratories for tracing MSCs in paraffin-embedded tissue.     

Synthesis of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) nanohydrogels by the template-assisted ionizing radiation

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP nanohydrogels were successfully synthesized by a nanotemplate-assisted ionizing radiation method. Steady-state ionizing radiation (γ-ray) was used to generate the gel-forming chemical crosslinking bonds on polymer molecules confined in the highly ordered cylindrical capillary well structure of the nanoporous membrane. The inter-molecular separation of PVP molecules by the capillary well promoted the inter- and intra-molecular carbon-centered PVP radical recombination reaction only within the same capillary pore upon irradiation and produced the nano-sized hydrogels. It was observed that size of the synthesized PVP nanohydrogel particles was determined by the diameter of nanocapillary pore.     

Therapeutic Effects of Insulin-Producing Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Type 1 Diabetes Mouse Model

In patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), compromised pancreatic β-cell functions are compensated through daily insulin injections or the transplantation of pancreatic tissue or islet cells. However, both approaches are associated with specific challenges. The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a potential alternative, as MSCs have tissue-forming capacity and can be isolated from various tissues. The human umbilical cord (hUC) is a good source of freely available MSCs, which can be collected through pain-free, non-invasive methods subject to minimal ethical concerns. We sought to develop a method for the in vitro generation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) using MSCs. We examined the potential therapeutic uses and efficacy of IPCs generated from hUC-derived MSCs (hUC-IPCs) and human adipose tissue (hAD)-derived MSCs (hAD-IPCs) through in vitro experiments and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced C57BL/6 T1D mouse models. We discovered that compared to hAD-IPCs, hUC-IPCs exhibited a superior insulin secretion capacity. Therefore, hUC-IPCs were selected as candidates for T1D cell therapy in mice. Fasting glucose and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test levels were lower in hUC-IPC-transplanted mice than in T1D control mice and hAD-IPC-transplanted mice. Our findings support the potential use of MSCs for the treatment of T1D.