污泥减量工艺:HA-A/A-MCO的好氧脱氮机制分析

针对污泥减量技术存在对氮、磷去除能力低的问题,开发了一种具有强化脱氮除磷功能并可实现污泥减量化的HA-A/A-MCO工艺。在该工艺取得同步脱氮除磷和污泥减量优异效果的条件下,采用其处理校园生活污水,当进水TN平均为47 mg/L时,出水TN为10.9 mg/L,系统的总脱氮率为76.8%,其中好氧脱氮量占总脱氮量的50%,缺氧脱氮量占26%;HA-A/A-MCO系统存在着在好氧条件下具有反硝化能力的菌属,对好氧脱氮有一定贡献,且DO浓度对其反硝化能力没有抑制作用;好氧池中的DO浓度梯度有利于在污泥絮体内形成缺氧环境,从而促进同步硝化反硝化(SND)的发生,但减小污泥絮体尺寸会削弱絮体内部缺氧区域比例、降低SND的脱氮效率。     

导流板厌氧/限氧循环反应器的污泥减量效果研究

基于弧形导流板厌氧/限氧混合液半循环反应器,进行了不同工况条件下污泥减量效果的正交试验。结果表明,反应器中污泥混合液的循环速度对污泥减量效果的影响相对较大,且污泥减量反应器的较佳运行条件为:循环速度为0.2 m/s,限氧区DO为1.0 mg/L,HRT为8 h。将减量反应器嵌入A/O脱氮系统的污泥回流旁路,进行了处理生活污水的连续流试验。嵌入减量反应器前后,A/O系统对COD的去除率相差不大,对TN的去除率增加,对TP的去除率受排泥量减少的影响而略微下降。嵌入减量反应器后A/O系统的污泥产率为0.23 gMLSS/gCOD,较对照系统减少约34.0%,污泥脱氢酶活性的平均值提高了约5.6%。经分析,污泥减量反应器的污泥减量机制主要为解偶联作用,其次为污泥在缺乏营养物时进行的代谢衰竭与溶胞。减量反应器中特殊的厌氧/限氧混合液循环,可使其在相对较短的停留时间下就能取得较好的污泥减量效果。     

低溶解氧控制状态下污泥减量系统除磷脱氮特性

通过控制曝气量的方式研究了溶解氧对污泥减量系统除磷脱氮过程的影响。发现在低剂量2,4,5三氯苯酚（TCP）作用下,活性污泥的内源SOUR值增加,SBR系统的低DO状态持续时间增长,周期平均DO降低,形成了有利于同时硝化反硝化SND脱氮的低DO环境。综合考虑TCP浓度对污泥减量、除磷脱氮和污泥性能的影响,TCP浓度建议为2 mg/L,SBR周期平均DO值控制为2 mg/L。与对照系统相比,2 mg/LTCP污泥减量系统的曝气量增加了23%,剩余污泥排放量减少34.6%,出水水质与对照系统相当,实现了达标排放。表明低DO控制状态下、辅以排富磷污水除磷方式,TCP系统可以同时获得优异的除磷脱氮和污泥减量效果。     

LSP＆PNR工艺的脱氮除磷和污泥减量性能研究

在工艺调控的基础上，发现限氧曝气、连续流A／O工艺在长污泥龄条件下融合外排厌氧富磷上清液的侧流除磷技术可以解决污泥减量工艺对氮、磷去除能力低的问题，以此为基础开发了具有脱氮除磷功能的污泥减量LSP＆PNR工艺。应用该工艺处理校园生活污水的试验结果表明，在SRT=50d、DO=0．5～1．5mg／L以及进水COD=332～420mg／L、NH，-N=30～40mg／L、TN=34～51mg／L、TP=6～9mg／L的条件下，出水COD≤23mg／L、NH3-N≤3．2mg／L、TN≤17mg／L、TP≤0．72mg／L；表观污泥产率为0．155gMLSS／gCOD。研究还发现，在LSP＆PNR工艺中同步硝化反硝化是最主要的脱氮形式，约占反硝化脱氮总量的60％；代谢BOD，的需氧量为1．38～1．57kgO2／kgBOD5；进入化学除磷池的侧流液量相当于处理水量的10％～15％。     

污泥减量工艺OSA系统的影响因素研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验的方法分别研究了城市污水污泥减量OSA工艺中解偶联池中污泥浓度(MLSSj)、污泥在解偶联池反应时间(tj)、解偶联池温度(Tj)对污泥减量效果的影响,发现增加解偶联池污泥浓度或延长污泥在解偶联池的反应时间或增加解偶联池温度都将导致解偶联池ORP线性下降,且污泥表观产率系数Yobs与ΔORP或各因素之间分别遵循Yobs=-0.000 7ΔORP 0.452,Yobs=0.384-0.026 5 MLSSj-0.001 55tj-0.002 38Tj 0.001 32tj.Tj。通过对比试验的方式进一步验证了城市污水处理系统的污泥减量效果,结果表明在进水负荷在0.42 kg COD/Kg MLSS.d-1,解偶联池中温度为40℃、污泥浓度为11 g/L、停留时间为11 h时,OSA工艺的污泥产率比普通活性污泥法低58%。     

改良型A~2/O工艺在低温不同污泥负荷下的运行研究

以城市污水为研究对象,重点考察了分点进水改良型A2/O工艺在温度11.5℃时的除污性能,原水按1∶1的比例分配给厌氧池和缺氧池,以合理分配厌氧池和缺氧池所需的碳源;厌氧池和缺氧池出水均进入好氧池。试验结果表明,在HRT为14~8 h、SRT为15 d左右、MLSS为3 000~4 000 mg/L、好氧池DO为2 mg/L左右、污泥回流比为75%、硝化液回流比为200%的条件下,采用0.22、0.31和0.39 kgCOD/(kgMLSS·d)三种不同污泥负荷时,系统对COD的去除率随着负荷的增大而减小,平均去除率由87.2%下降到80.7%,出水COD值均达到一级B排放标准;低温对脱氮影响较大,而负荷变化对脱氮的影响较小;随着温度降低和污泥负荷的增大,硝化/反硝化作用减弱,系统中出现了亚硝态氮的积累,且在缺氧池发生了反硝化除磷现象;低温高负荷条件下,好氧池发生了非丝状菌污泥膨胀。     

同步硝化反硝化在污水处理系统中的生产性应用

某城镇污水处理厂的A系统采用传统活性污泥法,其出水的氮指标不能达到GB18918—2002的一级B标准,鉴于此对其进行技术改造,将原工艺改造为两级A/O工艺模式,并控制在低溶解氧水平下运行,以期能够实现同步硝化反硝化。生产性试验结果表明,在进水量为2 000 m3/h左右、HRT约为6 h、MLSS为4 000 mg/L左右、污泥负荷为0.19 kgBOD5/(kgMLSS.d)、水温为28℃左右的条件下,将好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的DO浓度分别控制在1、0.5和0.2mg/L左右,生化反应池内可实现同步硝化反硝化,脱氮效果显著改善,二沉池出水氨氮和总氮浓度可稳定达到GB 18918—2002的一级B标准。另外,由于两级A/O工艺所需的HRT较短、气水比较小、构筑物简单,可节约直接投资费用及运行费用,具有推广应用价值。     

改进AB工艺强化脱氮运行实践与分析

通过将少量A曝混和液不经沉淀直接引入B曝对AB工艺进行改进,使设计不具备脱氮能力的AB工艺在较短HRT(好氧区HRT:3~3.7 h)内获得62%~81%的硝化效率,出水氨氮低于15 mg/l,但由于碳源不足等原因系统反硝化效率没有明显提高.将B段剩余污泥排到A段曝气池,系统剩余污泥完全由A段排出,可起到对A段微生物接种等作用,还可以预防污泥在重力浓缩池内因发生反硝化反应而导致污泥上浮的隐患,污泥浓缩和脱水性能更好.     

单级自养脱氮生物膜SBR工艺的启动研究

于生物膜SBR反应器中接种普通好氧活性污泥和厌氧污泥,在温度为(30±2)℃、pH值为7.5~8.5、DO值为0.8~1.0 mg/L和HRT为24 h的条件下,进行了处理中低浓度氨氮(60~120 mg/L)废水的单级自养脱氮工艺的启动研究。结果表明,经过污泥驯化期、亚硝化选择期和污泥适应期三个较为典型的阶段后,亚硝化率达到了77%,脱氮能力为40%。异养菌被淘汰而自养型细菌开始富集时的特征污泥絮体为杆状,而稳定的亚硝化系统建立并具一定自养脱氮功能时的特征污泥絮体则呈花瓣状。     

水解酸化/AAO工艺的同步脱氮除磷及污泥减量研究

针对传统活性污泥法脱氮除磷效率低、污泥产量高的缺点，提出了水解酸化／缺氧-厌氧-好氧（HAAO）污水、污泥一体化处理工艺，研究了该工艺去除COD、氮、磷和污泥减量的效果及其主要影响因素。试验结果表明，在进水COD为286-425mg／L、NH4^＋ -N为36-58mg／L、PO4^3- -P为4-12mg／L、总水力停留时间为11．5h及无外加碳源和碱度的条件下，系统对COD、NH4^＋ -N、TN、PO4^3- -P的去除率分别可达95％、98％、84％、87％。好氧段的DO浓度、固体停留时间（SRT）和剩余污泥回流比对系统的运行效果有重要影响。将污水和剩余污泥同时进行水解酸化，既可有效地改善污水的可生化性，提高系统对碳源的利用效率，又可实现污泥的减量化，试验条件下系统的污泥减量率达56．5％。     

LSP＆PNR污泥减量工艺的污泥特性研究

通过研究分析LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺在不排泥与排泥两种运行条件下的污泥特性和除污效果,结果发现:系统不排泥运行时,COD去除效果逐渐变差,最终导致出水不达标,且污泥活性逐渐降低;当污泥龄控制在50 d时,系统的沉降性能不是特别理想但并无污泥膨胀之忧,且系统中单位体积污泥总耗氧速率T-SOUR较高,均值为66.1 mgO2/(L·h),表明系统污泥整体活性很强.     

排泥水处理系统污泥负荷优化的中试研究

针对水厂排泥水处理系统处理负荷较低的问题,利用中试装置研究了不同排泥水浓度负荷和流量负荷条件下系统的运行状况,在此基础上确定了排泥水的最佳浓度范围、流量范围以及对应的最佳投药量,以保证排泥水处理系统高效、安全、稳定的运行.     

Variation of sludge volume index with activated sludge characteristics

Activated sludge samples from 2 laboratory units and 12 sewage treatment plants were examined to determine the effect of filamentous microorganisms, floc size and suspended solids concentration on SVI. An attempt was also made to correlate SVI to zone settling velocity. At a suspended solids concentration range of 700–4800 mg 1⁻¹ there was no effect of filamentous microorganisms at filament length concentrations below 10⁷μm (mg SS)⁻¹. However, when it was over 10⁷ μm (mg SS)⁻¹ SVI increased sharply with increasing concentrations of filamentous microorganisms.At all suspended solids concentrations examined SVI varied with floc size at filament length concentrations below 10 μm (mg SS)⁻¹. But, at filament length concentrations higher than this level, no effect of floc size on SVI was observed.The effect of suspended solids concentration on SVI was examined at different levels of filament lengths. It was found that the shape of SVI-suspended solids concentration curve varied with the level of filament lengths. A well defined relationship was found between SVI and zone settling velocity at all suspended solids concentrations examined.     

The activated sludge process—3 single sludge denitrification

The general aerobic bi-substrate active-site death-regeneration activated sludge model including nitrification of Dold et al. (Prog. Wat. Technol.12, 47–77, 1980) is extended to include the kinetic behaviour of the denitrification process in single sludge systems. The extension requires a change in the value of only one of the kinetic constants (K′_mp) in the expression for the particulate substrate utilization rate when the environment becomes anoxic. The extended model simulates very closely the response of the multi-reactor nitrification-denitrification process configurations under both constant and cyclic flow and load conditions. Under constant flow and load conditions, the denitrification response predicted can be reduced to that approximated by a zero order reaction dN/dt = ?KX_a with two rates in the primary and one in the secondary anoxic reactor respectively.     

Effect of low ORP in anoxic sludge zone on excess sludge production in oxic-settling-anoxic activated sludge process

This paper studied the effect of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the anoxic sludge zone on the excess sludge production in the oxic-settling-anoxic process (OSA process), a modified activated sludge process. Two pilot-scale activated sludge systems were employed in this study: (1) an OSA process that was modified from a conventional activated sludge process by inserting a sludge holding tank or namely the "anoxic" tank in the sludge return line; and (2) a conventional process used as the reference system. Each was composed of a membrane bioreactor to serve the aeration tank and solid/liquid separator. Both systems were operated with synthetic wastewater for 9 months. During the operation, the OSA system was operated with different ORP levels (+100 to -250 mV) in its anoxic tank. It has been confirmed that the OSA system produced much less excess sludge than the reference system. A lower ORP level than +100 mV in the anoxic tank is in favor of the excess sludge reduction. When the ORP level decreased from +100 to -250 mV the sludge reduction efficiency was increased from 23% to 58%. It has also been found that the OSA system performed better than the reference system with respect to the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and sludge settleability. The OSA process may present a potential low-cost solution to the excess sludge problem in an activated sludge process because addition of a sludge holding tank is only needed.     

Co-conditioning and dewatering of chemical sludge and waste activated sludge

The conditioning and dewatering behaviors of chemical and waste activated sludges from a tannery were studied. Capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and bound water content were used to evaluate the sludge dewatering behaviors. Zeta potentials were also measured. Experiments were conducted on each sludge conditioned and dewatered separately, and on the sludge mixed at various ratios. Results indicate that the chemical sludge was relatively difficult to be dewatered, even in the presence of polyelectrolyte. When the waste activated sludge was mixed with the chemical sludge at ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, the dewaterability of chemical sludge improved remarkably while the relatively better dewaterability of the waste activated sludge deteriorated only to a limited extent. As the mixing ratios became 4:1 and 8:1, the dewaterability of the mixed sludge was equal to that of the waste activated sludge. The optimal polyelectrolyte dosage for the mixed sludge was equal to or less than that of the waste activated sludge. It is proposed that the chemical sludges act as skeleton builders that reduce the compressibility of the mixed sludge whose dewaterability is enhanced. Bound water contents of sludge decreased at low polyelectrolyte dosage and were not significantly affected as polyelectrolyte dosage increased. Advantages and disadvantages of co-conditioning and dewatering chemical sludge and waste activated sludge were discussed.     

Anaerobic sludge granulation

This paper reviews different theories on anaerobic sludge granulation in UASB-reactors that have been proposed during the past two decades. The initial stages of the formation of anaerobic granules follow the same principles as biofilm formation of bacteria on solid surfaces. There exist strong evidence that inert carriers play an important positive role in granulation. Most researchers conclude that Methanosaeta concilii is a key organism in granulation. Only the Cape Town Hypothesis presumes that an autotrophic hydrogenotrophic organism, i.e., Methanobacterium strain AZ, growing under conditions of high H(2)-pressures, is the key organism in granulation. Many authors focus on the initial stage of granulation, and only a few contributions discuss the latter stages in granulation: granule maturation and multiplication. Granule enhancing factors in the latter stages predominantly rely on manipulation of the selection pressure, through which selectively heavier sludge particles are retained in the UASB reactor.     

High-speed sludge freezing

The investigation examined the feasibility of applying a "high-speed freezing technique, using liquid nitrogen freezing, to condition activated sludges and alum sludges. Experimental results indicate that the freezing speed is much faster than that adopted in most previous works on sludge freezing. Although the filterability and settleability of the alum sludge is improved by 3-min liquid nitrogen freezing, no similar improvement is observed for activated sludge. Moreover, curing affects neither sludge after liquid nitrogen freezing, but affects the slow-freezing activated sludge.     

Morphological characterisation of ATAD thermophilic sludge; sludge ecology and settleability

Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) is a biological wastewater treatment process used for stabilisation of domestic, animal, food and pharmaceutical sludges, and wastewater. It produces a high-quality effluent due to thermophilic processing conditions, however the stabilised sludge has poor settling characteristics, a high water content, low compaction capacity and is difficult to dewater by mechanical processes alone. These factors impact transport and disposal of processed ATAD sludge. We have carried out a detailed morphological characterisation of ATAD sludge at all stages of the ATAD process in an attempt to determine key characteristics of the sludge that might be responsible for its poor dewatering and settleability. A number of microscopic techniques including electron, optical, wide field and laser scanning confocal microscopy were applied to fresh, fixed or embedded sludge taken at various stages during a full scale ATAD process treating domestic sludge. The spatial distributions of structural sludge matrix components were determined and suggested a highly dynamic sludge morphology during the overall process. Large amounts of fibres were observed in the feed sludge, whereas thermophilic sludge liquor with low settleability was shown to have a lower protein to polysaccharide ratio (1:0.9) compared to the easily settled fraction where ratio values were in the range of (1:1.14-1:1.7) with a prevalence of protein constituents. ATAD sludge was also shown to contain colloids, slime, cellulose micro-particles and multiple hydrophobic droplets in the bulk liquor, factors that may markedly impact on sludge dewaterability characteristics. Laser scanning confocal microscopy demonstrated a superior ability to identify composition and spatial localisation of structural constituents in such a dispersed, high water content sludge.     

污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术政策解读

随着城镇污水处理厂建设和运营,其污水处理厂的污泥处理处置凸显出它存在的问题,已直接影响污水处理厂的正常运行,迫切解决污泥处理处置问题是当前各个污水处理厂普遍存在的难点和热点。