(Ti,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)金属陶瓷的烧结致密化过程研究

本文研究了(Ti,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷材料烧结致密化过程、烧结过程中金属陶瓷的成分、组织结构和性能的变化,初步探讨烧结工艺控制对成分、组织结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明：(Ti,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷致密化过程中,合金因烧结而引起的质量损失在液相出现前的固相烧结阶段基本结束;而1340℃以后,由于液相的出现,合金的体积收缩和密度急剧上升。烧结过程中氮含量的变化趋势与合金磁性能的变化趋势一致,金属陶瓷合金成分中氮含量的变化对合金固溶体的形成有显著的影响。在1490℃烧结温度下,(Ti,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)金属陶瓷的综合力学性能最佳,而通过合适的N₂分压烧结工艺,可以实现对(Ti,W,Mo,Ta,Nb,Zr)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷强韧性的进一步提升。     

烧结气氛对Ti（CN）基金属陶瓷饱和磁化强度的影响

用X射线衍射、电子背散射像、钴磁仪和矫顽磁力计分析研究了烧结气氛（真空，N2，Ar）对Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷合金的化学成分、饱和磁化强度和矫顽磁力的影响。结果表明：金属陶瓷混合料压坯在Ar气、真空、N2气等3种不同的气氛中烧结后，相应合金的碳、氮、氧总量依次增加，相应合金中粘结相的晶格常数依次减小，饱和磁化强度依次增大。Ar气和N2气烧结造成金属陶瓷合金的组织结构不均匀，N2气烧结影响更大，矫顽磁力出现异常。钴磁和矫顽磁力可以作为金属陶瓷合金化学成分和组织结构变化的一个判据。     

固相阶段烧结气氛对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷成分、组织和性能的影响

在Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷固相烧结阶段,进行了烧结气氛分别为真空、低压氩气及不同压力氮气气氛的实验。研究了固相阶段烧结气氛对合金微观结构、碳氮氧含量、物理力学性能和切削性能的影响。结果表明,固相阶段进行氮气氛烧结对金属陶瓷最终氮含量有显著的影响,从而影响合金成分、微观结构和各项性能。相比真空烧结工艺,在固相烧结1 100~1 300℃阶段通入30~50 mbar N_2气进行气氛烧结,能抑制Ti(C,N)分解脱N,提高合金的N/C比,合金抗冲击性能得到提升。     

纳米Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷烧结过程中的组织结构演变

用分段真空烧结、背散射扫描电镜、透射电镜和能谱分析等手段研究纳米Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷在烧结过程中的组织结构演变。结果表明:纳米Ti(CN)粉末金属陶瓷在1 200℃以后开始发生剧烈的固相反应,纳米Ti(CN)粉末与M反应形成富M(M=Mo,W,Ta)的(Ti,M)(CN)固溶体为核,贫M的(Ti,M)(CN)固溶体为环的“亮芯黑环结构”,在1 350℃即可获得致密的合金。而微米金属陶瓷中Ti(CN)粉末颗粒很少参与固溶反应而成为核,富钨和富Mo的固溶体为环,形成“黑芯亮环结构”,烧结温度在1 400℃以上才能获得致密合金。     

纳米Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷烧结过程中的结构和相变

用分段真空烧结、X射线衍射和背散射扫描电镜研究了纳米Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷在烧结过程中的结构和相成分的演变.结果表明:纳米Ti(CN)基金属陶瓷在900℃以后,Mo2C和TaC开始由于扩散,与Ti(CN)发生固溶反应,在1200℃以前,Mo2C和TaC固溶反应结束,两相均消失.WC在1100℃以后,开始由于扩散,与Ti(CN)发生固溶反应,在1250℃以前消失.在1250℃以后,合金中只有Ti(CN)和Ni(Ni+Co)两相存在.纳米Ti(CN)粉末与M(M=Mo,W,Ta)反应形成富M的(Ti,M)(CN)固溶体为核,贫M的(Ti,M)(CN)固溶体为环的"亮芯黑环"环形结构,在1350℃即可获得致密的合金.     

(Ti,W)C固溶体基金属陶瓷的研究进展

本文概括了(Ti,W)C固溶体基金属陶瓷的性能及优势,分析了(Ti,W)C固溶体粉末的制备方法如碳热还原法、燃烧合成法(自蔓延高温合成法)、机械合金化和机械诱发自蔓延反应;讨论了已经应用的(Ti,W)C基金属陶瓷的烧结方法如真空烧结,自蔓延高温合成,高频诱导加热合成和放电等离子体烧结等方法,并指出有可能应用的其它烧结方法如微波烧结、选择性激光烧结、二阶段烧结、等离子体活化烧结等方法;系统地综述了不同成分粘结剂(Ni、Co/Ni、Fe、Fe Al、NiAl_3)、第二类碳化物(Mo_2C、WC)和组元含量(C、Mo、W、W与Ti的量之比)以及粉末状态(纳米粉末或固溶体形状)对(Ti,W)C基金属陶瓷组织和性能的影响,最后对(Ti,W)C基金属陶瓷未来的研究进行了展望。     

纳米Ti（CN）基金属陶瓷烧结过程中的结构和相变

用分段真空烧结、X射线衍射和背散射扫描电镜研究了纳米Ti（CN）基金属陶瓷在烧结过程中的结构和相成分的演变。结果表明：纳米Ti（CN）基金属陶瓷在900℃以后，Mo2C和TaC开始由于扩散，与Ti（CN）发生固溶反应，在1200℃以前，Mo2C和TaC固溶反应结束，两相均消失。WC在1100℃以后，开始由于扩散，与Ti（CN）发生固溶反应，在1250℃以前消失。在1250℃以后，合金中只有Ti（CN）和Ni（Ni＋Co）两相存在。纳米Ti（CN）粉末与M（M=Mo，W．Ta）反应形成富M的（Ti，M）（CN）固溶体为核，贫M的（Ti，M）（CN）固溶体为环的“亮芯黑环”环形结构，在1350℃即可获得致密的合金。     

烧结温度对(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)金属陶瓷组织结构和性能的影响（英文）

以(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷材料为研究对象,研究烧结温度对金属陶瓷的成分、微观组织和力学性能的影响,初步探讨成分、微观组织与材料强度的关系。结果表明:烧结温度对(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷组织特征有显著的影响;合金的总碳含量随着烧结温度的提高而降低,当烧结温度达到1490℃时,合金总碳的急剧降低,导致合金组织中出现脱碳相(η相),从而使得合金的硬度(HV30)、断裂韧性(KIC)和抗弯强度(TRS)降低;1470℃烧结温度下,(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷合金的HV_(30)、K_(IC)和TRS的匹配最佳,在实际应用工况下的综合切削性能最优。     

烧结工艺对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,利用金相图像分析系统和扫描电镜观察陶瓷表面孔洞和微观组织形貌,分析了热处理和烧结气氛工艺对不同碳氮比的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷性能的影响.结果表明:真空烧结后的热处理工艺可使Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的横向断裂强度提高10%以上,硬度也有不同程度的提高,其中Ti(C0.5 N0.5)基金属陶瓷适合采用低压工艺处理,Ti(C0.7 N0.3)基金属陶瓷适合采用热等静压工艺处理.氮气气氛烧结中,Ti(C0.5 N0.5)基金属陶瓷在氮分压值为2kPa时的横向断裂强度达到最大值,而硬度变化不明显,这可归因于合适的氮分压阻碍了金属陶瓷内氮化物的分解,提高了材料的致密度,细化了晶粒组织.     

烧结温度对(Ti, W, Mo, Nb)(C, N)-(Co, Ni)金属陶瓷组织结构和性能的影响

本文以(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷材料为研究对象,研究烧结温度对金属陶瓷的成分、微观组织和力学性能的影响,初步探讨成分、微观组织与材料强度的关系。研究结果表明：烧结温度对(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷组织特征有显著的影响;合金的总碳(Ct%)随着烧结温度的提高而降低,当烧结温度达到1490℃时,合金总碳的急剧降低,导致合金组织中出现脱碳相(η相),从而使得合金的硬度(HV₃₀) 、断裂韧性(KIC)和抗弯强度(TRS)降低;1470℃烧结温度下,(Ti,W,Mo,Nb)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)基金属陶瓷合金的硬度(HV₃₀) 、断裂韧性(KIC)和抗弯强度(TRS)的匹配最佳,表现为在实际应用工况下的综合切削性能最优。     

On the use of TiO2 in Ti(C,N)-WC/Mo2C-(Ta,Nb)C-Co/Ni cermets

In this study, Ti(C,N)-WC/Mo₂C-(Ta,Nb)C-Co/Ni cermets with varying [Mo]/([W] + [Mo]) mole ratios and constant [W] + [Mo] content were prepared by using TiO₂ and carbon as substitutes for a part of Ti(C,N). In situ carbothermal reaction took place with subsequent liquid phase sintering. The thermal behavior and outgassing behavior were conducted using differential thermal analysis/thermal gravity analysis (DTA-TG) and mass-spectrometric evolving gas analysis (MS-EGA). The microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After being sintered in N₂ atmosphere, cermets without TiO₂ additions generally showed rimless microstructures with black grains independently distributed from other phases, whereas the cermets with TiO₂ addition showed complete core-rim microstructures. The average grain size generally decreased with increasing Mo content, and increased with increasing TiO₂ substitution. Moreover, the average grain size increased with decreased N₂ pressure from 50 mbar to 10 mbar at any [Mo]/([Mo] + [W]) ratio. The most interesting result was for the Mo-free cermets with 5 mol% TiO₂ and 10 mol% TiO₂ addition sintered in 50 mbar N₂: both the hardness and fracture toughness increased compared with the cermets without TiO₂ addition. The HV-K_IC behavior of the majority of the cermets was superior to the industrial grades.     

Influence of Mo on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC-based cermets

The microstructures and mechanics properties of TiC-based cermets composed of TiC, WC, Ni, Co, Mo, and Cr₃C₂ were investigated. The results show that Mo has a great effect on the sintering densification, microstructures, and mechanical properties. The microstructures and distribution of Mo and Ti in the TiC-based cermets were analyzed. It was indicated that a new phase with Ti, Mo, W, and C was formed on the rim of (Ti,W)C grains by means of an addition of Mo into the TiC-based cermets. The new phase with a surrounding structure was of great aid to improve the wettability of the liquid phase on the solid phase surface of TiC, decrease the porosity and refine the grains of the hard phase, which gave rise to the increase in strength and hardness. The properties of the TiC-based cermets could be further improved to some extent by adding WC, Cr₂C₃, and Co.     

Mo对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷包覆相结构与性能的影响

研究了不同Mo含量对高镍Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷包覆相的组织结构与性能的影响。在Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷中添加3%～15%不同含量的Mo,分别于1420℃、1430℃、1440℃温度下,进行真空烧结制备试样,通过扫描电镜观察组织结构与断口形貌,用三点弯曲法测试抗弯强度,用洛氏硬度计测得试样硬度。结果表明:当Mo含量为9%时材料的组织均匀,形成的包覆相厚度适中;在1430℃真空烧结时,比在1420℃及1440℃烧结时材料的力学性能好;当真空烧结温度为1430℃、Mo含量为9%时,试样的综合性能最好。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti,W,Ta)C-xMo-Ni cermets

(Ti,W,Ta)C-xMo-20Ni (x = 0–20 wt.%) system cermets were prepared by using (Ti,W,Ta)C solid solution as hard phase, without adding secondary carbides in this work. The microstructures exhibited two kinds of carbide grains observable in the BSE mode: one had a dark core–gray rim structure; the other had a dark core–white inner rim–gray outer rim structure. Several (Ti,W)C white particles with high W content were also observed in the microstructures. Results showed that molybdenum has completely dissolved in the Ni binder and mainly was found in the rims of the carbide particles. As the Mo content increased, the wettability between (Ti,W,Ta)C particles and metallic phase was improved, and the shrinkage of cermets increased, the porosity decreased. Results also revealed that finer microstructures were obtained with the increase of Mo addition. But excess Mo addition caused the aggregation of particles. Mechanical properties such as hardness and TRS improved with the increase of Mo content, but the TRS of cermets reached a peak value at the 15 wt.% Mo addition, then declined with the further increase of Mo addition.     

Fundamentals of liquid phase sintering for modern cermets and functionally graded cemented carbonitrides (FGCC)

Metallurgical reactions and microstructure developments during sintering of modern cermets and functionally graded cemented carbonitrides (FGCC) were investigated by modern analytical methods such as mass spectrometer (MS), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dilatometer (DIL), microscopy and analytical electronic microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The complex phase reactions and phase equilibria in the multi-component system Ti/Mo/W/Ta/Nb/C,N-Co/Ni were studied. The melting behavior models in the systems of TiC–WC/MoC–Ni/Co, TiC–TiN–WC–Co and TiCN–TaC–WC–Co have been established. By an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that govern the sintering processing and metallurgical reactions, new cermets and different types of FGCC with desired microstructures and properties were developed.     

Effects of molybdenum on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti（C,N）-based cermets with low Ni

The effects of Mo on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti（C,N）-based cermets with low Ni have been studied systematically. Different contents of Mo （4-12 wt.%） were added into Tl（C,N）-based cermets. Specimens were fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy and vacuum sintered at temperatures of 1440, 1450, and 1460℃ individually. The microstructure and fracture morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical properties such as transverse strength and hardness were measured. The results show that the microstructure is uniform and the thickness of rim phase is moderate when the content of Mo is 8 wt.%; the mechanical properties of the specimens sintered at 1450℃ are better than those sintered at 1440 and 1460℃. The integrated properties of transverse strength and hardness are the best when the content of Mo is 8 wt.% and the sintering temperature is 1450℃.     

Cr_3C_2对Ti(C，N)基金属陶瓷性能的影响

采用真空液相烧结法制备了添加微量TaC、NbC的(Ti,Ta,Nb)(C,N)-(Ni,Mo)- Cr_3C_2系Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷。对添加不同质量Cr_3C_2材料的力学性能、断口形貌和高温氧化过程进行了研究。结果表明:随Cr_3C_2加入量的增加,材料的硬度呈增加趋势,抗氧化性能逐渐提高,但抗弯强度降低;Cr_3C_2加入量为12.5wt%时,材料的综合性能最佳,其高温氧化机制为外界氧离子通过氧化层向反应界面的扩散。     

Microstructural investigation and machining performance of NbC-Ti(C0.5N0.5) matrix cermets

In this study, Ni or Co + Ni bonded NbC matrix cermets with secondary carbides (Mo₂C and WC) as well as Ti(C_0.5N_0.5) were prepared by liquid phase sintering at 1450 °C in vacuum. Detailed microstructural investigation was performed by SEM, EPMA and XRD analysis. The microstructure, mechanical properties as well as the C45 (HB140) steel turning performance of the cermets were investigated, and compared with a commercial Ti(C_0.5N_0.5) based cutting insert. The sintering results indicated that the partial substitution of NbC by Ti(C_0.5N_0.5) had a significant effect on the core-rim microstructure and refinement of NbC solution grains, as well as improved mechanical properties of the NbC-Ti(C_0.5N_0.5) cermets. The phase constitution and composition of the cermets were supported by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. All sintered cermets were composed of a fcc solid solution metal binder and a cubic core-rim NbC based solution phase, as well as an independent N-rich Ti(C,N) phase. The NbC-Ti(C_0.5N_0.5) and Ti(C_0.5N_0.5) matrix cermets had a comparable HV₃₀ of 1500–1600 kg/mm² and a similar fracture toughness of 8.0 MPa m^1/2.