Laser vibrometry measurements of an optically smooth rotating spindle

Laser doppler vibrometry (LDV) is a well-established non-contact method, commonly used for vibration measurements on static objects. However, the method has limitations when applied to rotating objects. The LDV signal will contain periodically repeated speckle noise and a mix of vibration velocity components.In this paper, the crosstalk between vibration velocity components in laser vibrometry measurements of a rotating dummy tool in a milling machine spindle is studied. The spindle is excited by an active magnetic bearing (AMB) and the response is measured by LDV in one direction and inductive displacement sensors in two orthogonal directions simultaneously. The work shows how the LDV crosstalk problem can be avoided if the measurement surface is optically smooth, hence the LDV technique can be used when measuring spindle dynamics.     

VIBRATING VELOCITY RECONSTRUC-TION USING IBEM AND TIKHONOV REGULARIZATION

The inverse problem to determine the vibrating velocity from known exterior field measurement pressure, involves the solution of a discrete ill-posed problem. To facilitate the computation of a meaningful approximate solution possible, the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) code for investigating vibration velocity reconstruction and Tikhonov regularization method by means of singular value decomposition (SVD) are used. The amount of regularization is determined by a regularization parameter. Its optimal value is given by the L-curve approach. Numerical results indicate the reconstructed normal surface velocity is a good approximation to the real source.     

Enhancing the reconstruction of acoustic source field using wavelet transformation

This paper shows the use of wavelet transformation combined with inverse acoustics to reconstruct the surface velocity of a noise source. This approach uses the boundary element analysis based on the measured sound pressure at a set of field points, the Helmholtz integral equations and wavelet transformation for reconstructing the normal surface velocity field. The reconstructed field can be diverged due to the small measurement errors in the case of nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) using an inverse boundary element method. In order to avoid this instability in the inverse problem, the reconstruction process should include some form of regularization for enhancing the resolution of source images. The usual method of regularization has been the truncation of wave vectors associated with small singular values, although the order of an optimal truncation is difficult to determine. In this paper, a wavelet transformation is applied to reduce the computation time for inverse acoustics and to enhance the reconstructed vibration field. The computational speed-up is achieved, with solution time being reduced to 14.5%.     

利用声场空间分布特征诊断滚动轴承故障

基于振动信号分析的特征提取是目前最主要的机械故障诊断方法,而振动信号的获取受到接触式测量的限制,基于声学测量的故障诊断能够克服这一缺点,但传统基于单通道测试的声学诊断技术存在测点选择难和局部诊断的不足。基于近场声全息技术提出一种用于滚动轴承故障诊断的声场分布特征提取方法。不同轴承故障能产生不同的振动特性,进而产生相应的声场分布,鉴于轴承状态与声场分布特性的对应关系,利用近场声全息算法重建声源附近各轴承运行状态下的声场,得到反映声场分布的二维声像图,再从声像图中提取故障相关的灰度共生矩阵特征,建立声场分布特性与轴承运行状态间的内在联系,结合支持矢量机模式分类,用于轴承的故障诊断。研究表明所提出的声场分布特征提取方法能够有效地用于滚动轴承的各类故障诊断,为机械故障诊断提供了新的参考。     

How to measure actual tire shape in the rolling condition using Scanning LDV

This work presents the development of a new method which makes use of Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) for the indirect measurement of the shape of the tire sidewall in the rolling condition.Scanning LDV is widely adopted for the measurement of vibrational Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) in rolling tires using either the Eulerian or the Lagrangian approach. Residual effects of geometry are usually removed by an AC coupling.This paper presents a new approach in LDV velocity data processing that allows the processing of the velocity data obtained with a Scanning LDV in the Eulerian approach on a rolling tire in order to obtain not only ODS but also static shape.This technique does not require additional sensors or systems since it is based only on signal processing.The uncertainty of the obtained result is also evaluated and a comparison with a state-of-the-art solution in shape measurement is presented.     

Sound visualization of smartphone-radiated noise using nearfield acoustic holography

A smartphone contains electronic components that can inadvertently act as sources of unwanted vibration and noise. Also known as the “buzz,” the noise is produced primarily by multilayer ceramic capacitors, the piezoelectric pulsation of which drives the circuit board into vibration, hence sound radiation. Given the close proximity of the smartphone to the ear, the audible noise, albeit low in amplitude, can be a nuisance and degrade the call quality. Thus accurate measurement and analysis of the noise are needed as the first step toward resolving the problem. The popular farfield-based techniques, however, are not applicable to smartphone-radiated noise because of its low sound pressure level (∼20 dB). This paper presents an alternative method based on nearfield acoustic holography (NAH), here tailored for a small mobile device radiating low-intensity noise. The NAH method is shown to be capable of visualizing sound pressure and intensity anywhere near the smartphone as well as the vibration of the circuit board, which could lead to an effective design strategy for a quieter smartphone.

     

Experimental Comparison of Load/Unload Slider Dynamics For Two Different Pico-Slider Designs

A comparison of Laser-Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and acoustic emission (AE) data is presented for two different slider designs during load/unload (L/UL). The behavior of the slider is measured for three different vertical load/unload velocities using a transparent glass disk with the slider flying at the bottom surface of the disk. The LDV laser spot can be positioned on the slider alrbearing surface during the complete load/unload process with the help of a so-called “periscope.” A characteristic velocity peak during unloading is observed that is caused by the slider pull-off force.     

提高近场声全息重建精度方法

在近场声金息中利用扫描法进行全息面测量时,全息面上的测点信号与参考信号会不可避免地受到一些噪声的影响,降低重建精度,影响重建的实现.在噪声与声源信号以及噪声相互之间非相关的假设下,首先引入两种传递函数估计方法求解全息面复声压,然后再进行近场声全息重建.仿真和实验结果表明,该方法可以有效抑制非相关噪声对全息面复声压计算的影响.近场声全息重建结果表明,该方法减少了测量噪声带来的误差,提高了扫描法近场声全息的重建精度.     

An acoustooptic method for sound velocity measurements in strongly sound-absorbing materials

An acoustooptic method for determining the velocities of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in a 10⁵ to 10⁸-Hz range in strongly absorbing (scattering) materials, when methods based on the sound transmission through a sample are unfit, is described. This method employs the acoustooptic determination of the acoustic impedance of the studied sample by measuring the reflection coefficient from the boundary between two contacting substances, namely, a liquid with the known (or measured) acoustic impedance and the studied solid sample. The method features the following advantages: (i) it is acceptable, when standard methods do not work due to the sound attenuation (scattering); (ii) there is no need for exact knowledge of sample sizes, the operating frequency, and the electromechanical coupling factor, and also for using reference samples; and (iii) the sound attenuation in a liquid and the distance from the sample surface to measurement points (required for calculations of the sound velocity) are easily measured. In this case, the velocity measurement error is usually 5–10%.     

Anti-Personnel Land Mine Detection and Discrimination Using Acoustic Data

An acoustic-based land mine detection system was field-tested by the University of Mississippi with promising results. This system uses a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) to measure the velocity of the vibration at the surface of the soil induced by acoustic energy in various frequency bands. In this paper, automated methods for detecting and discriminating Anti-Personnel (AP) mines from clutter objects are presented. Pre-processing methods rely on nonlinear filters realized as Choquet integrals. These filters are robust to the non-Gaussian, impulse type noise in this type of data. Detection follows pre-processing and relies on adaptive thresholding over each frequency band and three-dimensional (3D) connected component analysis. Features are extracted from the 2D frequency slices of the 3D connected components. The features are adaptively aggregated over frequency and used for discriminant analysis. Experiments are performed using anti-personnel mines, clutter objects, and blank areas (background samples with no mines or clutter objects). The algorithm detects 92% of the mines for a wide range of parameters. For some threshold values, 100% of the mines are detected and 92% of the mines are classified as mines with no false alarms.     

一种新型筛分机的开发与设计

介绍一种新型筛分机的结构、原理及特点.该筛分机采用两套激振系统分别以不同频率对筛面进行激振，高频激振用来加大筛面的振动强度及自清洗能力，提高筛面的筛透能力，低频激振用来提高物料在筛面上的输送速度。     

A new method for processing impact excited continuous-scan laser Doppler vibrometer measurements

A scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) can acquire non-contact vibration measurements from a structure with high spatial detail in an automated manner; one only need redirect the laser via computer-controlled mirrors to acquire measurements at additional points. However, since most LDV systems are only capable of measuring one point at a time, conventional scanning vibrometry cannot be effectively employed in some situations, for example when the time record is long at each measurement point or when the structure changes with time. Conventional scanning LDV systems are also difficult to employ with impact excitation because there is considerable variation in the impact location, angle and the character of the impacts, which leads to errors in the mode shapes that are extracted from the measurements. This paper presents a method by which one can determine the mode shapes, natural frequencies and damping ratios of a structure from as little as one response record by sweeping the laser continuously over the vibrating structure as the measurement is acquired. A novel resampling approach is presented that transforms the continuous-scan measurements into pseudo-frequency response functions, so they can be processed using standard identification routines to find the modal parameters of the structure. Specifically, this work employs a standard multi-input–multi-output identification routine and the complex mode indicator function to the continuous-scan laser Doppler vibrometry (CSLDV) measurements. The method makes no assumptions regarding the shape or properties of the surface and only requires that the laser scan periodically and that the structure vibrate freely. The method is demonstrated experimentally on a free–free beam, identifying the first nine mode shapes of the beam at hundreds of points from a few time histories. For this system, this represents a two-order of magnitude reduction in the time needed to acquire measurements with the LDV.     

基于单全息面三维声强测量的声场分离技术

在测量全息面三维声强和均方声压的基础上，根据平面上二维切向有功声强与复声压相位间的关系来间接获取复声压的相位，结合测得的均方声压，得到全息复声压；根据全息面上微粒法向振速的叠加原理和波数域的Euler公式，推导出基于单全息面三维声强测量的声场分离公式，将全息面两侧声源各自在全息面上产生的声压分离开来。在全息面两侧均有声源的情况下，实现噪声源的识别与定位，克服了近场声全息(NAH)和基于声强测量的宽带声全息(BAHIM)的应用局限性。数值仿真的结果证明了该技术的可行性和有效性。     

振动体声学灵敏度分析的边界元法

振动结构关于设计变量的声学灵敏度分析可以为机械系统的低噪声设计提供量化依据,为结构的优化设计提供方向。采用边界元法,推导了辐射声压关于频率、表面振速等设计变量的声学灵敏度公式。在对系数矩阵求导时,没有采用传统的有限差分法,而是直接求导,并利用不连续单元替换点法处理边界元法中的奇异积分问题。将数值解与理论值比较,证明了计算公式的准确性和有效性。该灵敏度计算方法为机械系统的低噪声设计打下了基础。     

考虑物料摩擦的振动输送系统动力学分析

不同振动条件下,由于物料的运动与振动面间的摩擦力不同,使得物料的平均速度及振动面对物料所做的功发生改变。振动输送机工作时振动面要对物料做功,所做的功主要用于在输送过程中振动面与物料间的摩擦及抛掷结束时物料对振动面的碰撞。在不同的振动面工作速度条件下物料作功的大小不同,这说明振动可以减小物料与振动面间的摩擦,体现了振动减摩机理在振动输送机械上的应用。     

车削加工中车刀磨损状态的监控方法

介绍了车削加工中对现有车刀状态监控所用的直接量法和间接量法以及各种方法的特点。直接量法主要介绍了图像处理技术,间接量法主要包括通过测量切削力、机床进给电机的电流和声发射技术等方法来间接测量车刀后面磨损。     

Vibration response of microcantilevers bounded by a confined fluid

Hydrodynamic predictions of fluid velocity and pressure distribution are made for fluid in a confined space bounded by a vibrating microcantilever and a fixed surface. The results are used to quantify damping factors and predict frequency response amplitudes of a microcantilever vibrating near a fixed surface. The theoretical predictions of vibration response compare favorably with experimental data.     

Demonstration of a laser vorticity probe in turbulent boundary layers

A laser-based probe for the nonintrusive measurement of velocity gradient and vorticity was demonstrated in turbulent boundary layers. Unlike most other optical methods, the current technique provides an estimate of the velocity gradient, without having to first measure velocity at multiple points. The measurement principle is based on the heterodyne of coherent light scattered from two adjacent particles. The beat frequency of the heterodyne is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. The probe is assembled from commercially available, inexpensive optical components. A laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) processor is used to analyze the heterodyne signal. A component of vorticity is obtained by using two appropriately aligned velocity gradient probes. The optical probes developed were used in turbulent boundary layers to measure local, time-frozen velocity gradients partial differential u / partial differential y, partial differential v / partial differential x, and partial differential v / partial differential y, as well as the spanwise vorticity. The measurements were compared to those inferred from LDV measurements in the same facility and to data available in the literature.     

Enhancing nearfield acoustic holography using wavelet transform

When there are low signal to noise relationships or low coherences between measured pressure and a reference sensor, a pressure field measured and estimated by NAH (Nearfield Acoustic Holography) becomes noisy on the hologram and source planes. This paper proposes a method to obtain the high coherent de-noised pressure signals from low coherent noisy ones by combining a wavelet algorithm with NAH. The proposed method obtains the de-noised field from acoustic fields on a noise source plane reconstructed through backward propagation of NAH. Thus this method does not need high coherent pressure signals on the hologram surface while the conventional nearfield acoustic holography requires high-coherent signals. The proposed method was verified by numerical simulation using noisy signals, composed of original signals and imposed noises distributed on the hologram surface.     

钻削监控传感及诊断

对有关钻削加工中的刀具磨损和失效的监控试验和报告作了综述.对监控中用到的间接测量方法有所涉及,如轴向切削力和扭矩、刀具振动、电机电流和功率以及加工中的声发射等.对所用的传感器和信号分析技术,包括统计方法和参数、快速傅里叶和小波变换以及倒谱技术均有所提及.对结果的诊断多数采用人工神经网络技术.