Al2O3包覆LiNi0.03Co0.05Mn1.92O4正极材料的制备及其电化学性能

以Al(NO3)3?9H2O为包覆原料,通过燃烧法制备得到LiNi0.03Co0.05Mn1.92O4@Al2O3正极材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD),场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等表征手段对材料的结构和形貌进行分析,并通过恒电流充放电、循环伏安(CV)、交流阻抗(EIS)等测试分析材料的电化学性能。结果表明,Al2O3包覆没有改变LiNi0.03Co0.05Mn1.92O4的尖晶石型结构,包覆层厚度约10.6nm。LiNi0.03Co0.05Mn1.92O4@Al2O3正极材料电化学性能得到了明显改善,1 C和10 C倍率下初始放电比容量分别为119.9 mAh?g-1和106.3 mAh?g-1,充放电循环500次后容量保持率分别为88.4%和78.2%,而未包覆的LiNi0.03Co0.05Mn1.92O4在1 C和10 C倍率下初始放电比容量分别为121.2 mAh?g-1和104.0 mAh?g-1,500次循环后容量保持率分别为84.1%和67.6%。LiNi0.03Co0.05Mn1.92O4@Al2O3活化能为32.92 kJ?mol-1,而未包覆材料的活化能为36.24 kJ?mol-1,包覆有效降低了材料Li+扩散所需克服的能垒,提高了材料的电化学性能。     

掺杂Pr3+的尖晶石LiPrxMn2-xO4的合成及电化学性能

采用溶胶凝胶法合成掺杂稀土镨离子的锂锰尖晶石LiPrxMn2-xO4,并对其结构和电化学性能进行初步研究.结果表明,当掺入的Pr3+含量较低(x≤0.02)时,得到的产物能保持完整的尖晶石结构,并表现出极佳的电化学性能.Pr3+的掺入使材料的循环稳定性能大幅度提高,而这种提高是源于Pr3+对尖晶石结构的稳定作用.电极材料LiPr0.02Mn1.98O4显示了最优的电化学性能,在0.2 C放电速率下,其初始放电容量为118 mAh·g-1,100次循环后仍能保持初始容量的98%.     

Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1-xCrx]O2-yCly富锂正极材料的合成及电化学性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成富锂正极材料,900℃煅烧12 h得到产物Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1-xCrx]O2-yCly。X射线衍射光谱(XRD)测试表明,材料均具有层状α-NaFeO2结构;扫描电镜(SEM)观察材料颗粒均匀,粒径达到纳米范围;充放电测试显示,Cl-、Cr3+共掺材料在2~4.8 V电压范围及0.1 C倍率下,20℃时,首次放电比容量达到239.8 mAh·g-1,首次库伦效率为81.2%;55℃时,首次放电比容量和首次库伦效率分别为308.3 mAh·g-1和92.7%。并且40个循环之后在1 C倍率下,材料在20和55℃时放电比容量仍分别达到173.5和207.7 mAh·g-1。     

锂离子电池富锂材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2的制备及掺杂改性

以乙酸盐为原料,采用喷雾干燥法制备层状α-NaFeO2结构的富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2及掺杂Cr的Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Cr0.1Mn0.55]O2。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、半电池充放电和电化学阻抗谱等方法研究材料的物相、结构、形貌及电化学性能。结果表明:Cr掺杂使材料的颗粒变粗,但不改变材料的结构,而使材料的层状特征更为明显;Cr掺杂后材料的电化学性能得到明显改善,电荷转移阻抗Rct从275.0降低到105.0,循环稳定性和倍率性能均有所改善,Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Cr0.1Mn0.55]O2材料1C倍率下的放电比容量为140.0 mA.h/g,循环50次后放电比容量为133.7 mA.h/g,远高于未掺杂Cr材料的比容量,未掺杂Cr材料在1C倍率下放电比容量为107.1mA.h/g,循环50次后放电比容量为102.1 mA.h/g。     

Li1.05Ni0.05Mn1.9O4正极材料脱锂过程中的结构变化

与未掺杂的尖晶石LiMn2O4进行比较,用固相混合合成法制得的结晶良好的尖晶石Li1.05Ni0.05Mn19O4正极材料在室温和55℃下的循环性能都能得到较大改善,首次放电容量在室温和55℃分别保持理论容量的92.6%和91.5%.在常温条件下,以0.5 C充放电倍率循环50次,容量保持为首次放电容量的95.3%.采用非原位X射线衍射的方法对不同脱锂状态的Lix[Li005Ni005Mn19]O4(0.1＜x＜1)试样进行了结构分析.结果表明:Li、Ni的协同掺杂明显减小了晶格参数的变化,稳定了试样的结构及改善了电池循环性能.     

锰掺杂对锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2（PO4）3/C性能的影响（英文）

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成Li3V2-2/3xMnx(PO4)3(0≤x≤0.12)。采用XRD、SEM、XPS、恒流充放电和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究Mn掺杂对Li3V2(PO4)3/C结构和电化学性能的影响。XRD研究表明:掺杂少量的Mn2+不会影响材料的结构,所有样品均具有单一相态的单斜结构(P21/n空间群)。XPS分析表明:在Li3V1.94Mn0.09(PO4)3/C中,V和Mn的化合价分别为+3和+2,原料中的柠檬酸在煅烧过程中分解成C而残留在Li3V1.94Mn0.09(PO4)3/C中。电化学测试表明:掺杂Mn改善了电极材料的循环性能和倍率性能,正极材料Li3V1.94Mn0.09(PO4)3/C表现出最好的循环稳定性和倍率性能。在40mA/g的放电电流密度下,循环100次后,Li3V1.94Mn0.09(PO4)3/C的放电容量从158.8mA·h/g衰减到120.5mA·h/g,容量保持率为75.9%,而未掺杂样品的放电容量从164.2mA·h/g衰减到72.6mA·h/g,容量保持率为44.2%。当放电电流密度增加到1C时,Li3V1.94Mn0.09(PO4)3/C的初始放电容量仍能达到146.4mA·h/g,循环100次后,放电容量保持为107.5mA·h/g。EIS测试表明,掺杂适量的Mn2+减小了电荷转移阻抗,这有利于Li+的脱嵌。     

锂离子电池纳米Co3O4-PTFE复合负极材料的循环性能

采用在加温的水溶液中电沉积然后烧结方法制备锂离子电池的纳米Co3O4-PTFE复合负极材料.XRD分析表明,电沉积的物质在245℃真空热处理后转变为Co3O4-PTFE.SEM观察可以发现,Co3O4-PTFE中的Co3O4呈现蜂窝结构,其厚度为30～50nm;PTFE则形成交联的柱状体吸附在片状Co3O4两侧,其直径为50～100nm.这种纳米Co3O4-PTFE复合沉积层具有结构稳定、抗粉化的特点.充放电实验结果表明,Co3O4掺杂PTFE可明显提高负极材料的可逆比容量和循环性能,其首次放锂比容量为920.1mAh·g-1,20次循环后放锂比容量为685.6mAh·g-1;而没有掺杂PTFE的试样对应的数据分别为865.1mAh·g-1和180.4mAh·g-1.     

Ni2+替代对LiFePO4正极材料电化学性能的影响

利用炭热还原法合成了橄榄石型LiFe1-xNixPO4/C (x=0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5) 正极材料,并系统研究了Ni2+替代对材料电化学性能的影响。充放电循环、循环伏安和交流阻抗测试,结果表明Ni2+替代部分Fe2+可以显著改善LiFePO4材料的电化学性能。在0.2 C (1 C=170.0 mA·g-1)电流密度下,LiFe0.9Ni0.1PO4/C的放电比容量达到160 mAh·g-1。LiFe1-xNixPO4/C电化学性能的改善归因于材料电导率的提高和电荷传输电阻的降低。利用第一性原理对LiFe1-xNixPO4/C的电子结构进行了研究,结果表明Ni2+的铁位替代能够提高体系的电子电导性。LiFe0.875Ni0.125PO4的结构最稳定,带隙最小,导电性能最好     

LiMgxNi0.5-xMn1.5O4的制备和电化学性能

为改善LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的电化学性能,采用流变相法合成掺镁的锂离子电池正极材料LiMgxNi0.5-xMn1.5O4(x=0,0.05,0.1)。XRD测试结果表明所得材料仍为尖晶石结构。电化学性能测试结果显示:当x取值0.1,在3.5～4.9V电压范围内进行充放电循环时,材料LiMg0.1Ni0.4Mn1.5O4具有较好的循环性能,1C充放电时,初始放电比容量可达110.22mAh/g,30次循环后容量衰减率仅为7.7%。     

化学计量比对贮氢合金电极特性的影响

研究了化学计量比对AB4.8~AB5.2贮氢合金电化学性能的影响。结果表明:在本实验研究范围内,当x=0.1时,贮氢合金电极的0.2C,1C和5C放电容量、高倍率放电特性及3C循环寿命分别达到324mAh·g-1,301mAh·g-1,263mAh·g-1,0.81和530次。此外,化学计量比对贮氢合金的活化性能和温度特性均有较大的影响,当x分别为–0.2,–0.1,0.0,0.1和0.2时,贮氢合金电极在0.2C充放电的条件下活化次数分别为3次、4次、7次、5次和6次,且随着x的增大,贮氢电极的高温(45℃,1C)和常温(25℃,1C)放电效率下降,低温(–18℃,1C)放电效率则有增大的趋势。从合金活化性能、大电流充放电特性和循环稳定性来看,x=0.1时(AB5.1),能得到具有较佳的电化学性能的贮氢材料。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。