A study on the efficiency of a capped hardening elasto-plastic model for soft clays

It is well known that the deformation and stress-resistant characteristics of fine-grained soils, especially soft clays, are significantly influenced by the soil softness. It is therefore very important to employ a model which can accurately simulate the effects of this phenomenon. A constitutive model must be able to create a balance among stress paths, the number of parameters, the process of parameter determination, and finally, the simplicity of the computational calculations.The current study investigates the performance of a two-yield surface (cone and cap yield surface) model for soft soils. The efficiency of the cap yield surface has been studied as well. The model has been calibrated by employing the data derived from previous researches for Bangkok clay. The incorporated data have been obtained from the results of CD triaxial, CU triaxial, and oedometer tests. The proposed method for the model calibration can accurately predict the triaxial test results and oedometer test stress path simultaneously. This method for predicting the soil behavior is based on the main soil characteristics taken from common soil mechanics tests. It can be widely employed for engineering practices, especially when complicated soil behavior is encountered.     

Strength and stiffness parameters for hardening soil model of rockfill materials

In recent years, an increasing number of rockfill dams have been constructed in many developing countries around the world. One difficulty in the engineering design and construction of rockfill dams is the characterisation of the rockfill materials. Thanks to advancements in computational geomechanics, a finite element analysis is usually employed in geotechnical engineering design. To perform such analyses, a proper constitutive model with relevant parameters that reflect the stress–strain-strength characteristics of rockfill materials are required. This study presents a procedure to determine the strength and stiffness parameters of rockfill materials that can be used with the Hardening Soil (HS) model to characterise the behaviour of rockfill materials. Based on triaxial and oedometer test results, a set of HS model parameters can be determined. To implement and validate the procedure, six rockfill materials from the Nam Ngum 2 Dam construction project in Laos PDR are employed in this study. The influences of stress level and particle breakage on the stress–strain/volumetric-strain behaviours of rockfill materials are discussed. Finally, the procedure to determine the material parameters for rockfill materials presented in this study can also be applied to other rockfill materials.     

K0固结结构性软黏土的旋转硬化规律研究

从Wheeler等S-CLAY1本构模型出发,在软黏土结构性和塑性各向异性性状前期研究成果的基础上,综合考虑软黏土的塑性各向异性、结构性及其演化规律,将传统本构模型发展为更适用于K0固结结构性软黏土的本构模型。在考虑土体结构性及其演化的基础上,进一步研究土体塑性各向异性及其演化规律,引入旋转极限曲线的概念,通过增加一个表征软黏土各向异性演化速率的参数b,分析旋转硬化对K0固结结构性软黏土受力变形性状的影响,各向异性的初始值则可由常规试验参数获得。选取典型的浙江温州软黏土和Bothkennar软黏土,对比K0固结三轴压缩和三轴拉伸的计算和试验结果,揭示结构性软黏土屈服面旋转硬化的规律,同时对旋转演化速率参数的取值方法和取值范围进行研究。     

结构性软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型

为了研究结构性软黏土一维压缩变形的时效特征和结构破坏特征的耦合效应,首先,基于Bjerrum的等时间线体系,提出等黏塑性应变率线概念,建立非结构性软黏土的新型一维弹黏塑性模型;然后,在大量试验结果的基础上,揭示了一维压缩过程中压缩指数随孔隙比的变化规律,并提出了土体结构渐进破坏的新型描述模式;仿照特征体积,定义了"本征体积"和"本征应变"的概念,得到了结构性软黏土的"本征压缩定律",并推导了结构性软黏土的蠕变方程,构建了结构性软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型。最后,阐述了模型参数的确定方法,所有参数均可通过试验直接确定,并用本文模型对宁波天然软黏土的常规压缩试验和长期蠕变试验、Berthierville clay、Ariake clay的一维等应变率压缩试验进行模拟,验证了该模型的有效性。研究结果表明,该模型能很好地模拟结构性软黏土一维压缩变形的时间效应和结构破坏效应,为建立结构性软黏土三维时效本构模型奠定了基础。     

水泥加固软土的室内试验研究

以某工程的软土为原料，进行了一系列水泥土的物理、强度试验，分析了含水量、水泥用量和龄期对水泥土强度的影响，提出了水泥加固该种软土的最小水泥用量值，该结论对我国其他地区软土的加固具有重要的借鉴意义。     

浅表层软黏土不排水强度的原位测试方法

提出了一种新的条形探头,该探头不仅具有全流动探头的优点,并缩小了已有的全流动探头的端部效应,可较好地测定浅表层软黏土的不排水强度。开展了条形探头浅层贯入室内模型试验,分析了探头贯入过程中土体的运动规律。应用数值方法进一步研究了探头贯入过程中的土体破坏模式,建立了深、浅破坏模式转换深度的下限解。依据试验结果和土体破坏形态,提出了条形探头在浅层软土中贯入时的虚拟应力场和机动场,基于极限分析理论求解了土体贯入阻力与土体强度关系的上下限解。根据试验得到的贯入阻力计算出土体强度的上下限值,十字板强度均位于极限分析上下限解之间,证明了条形探头探测浅表层软土强度的适用性。     

改进屈服面和旋转硬化准则的各向异性黏土弹塑性模型

基于临界状态理论和旋转硬化法则提出了改进的各向异性模型.首先从恒定应力比加载试验结果出发,采用对数型插值函数描述土体的变形特性,通过增加参数n,推导出可以呈现多种形状的各向异性土屈服面表达式.屈服面在n>1,n<1和n=1时分别呈现泪滴形、子弹头形和椭圆形.然后提出了恒定应力比加载时旋转硬化法则边界值表达式,在各向同性...     

K0超固结土的统一硬化模型

将所建立的超固结土模型推广为能够反映超固结土的初始应力各向异性的弹塑性模型。它是通过将潜在强度Mf、特征应力比M和状态应力比ηk引入到模型的统一硬化参数中,使模型具有预测超固结土的初始应力各向异性、剪缩、剪胀、硬化、软化和应力路径依赖性等基本特性的功能。采用SMP强度准则并结合变换应力方法对模型实现了三维化。通过与试验结果比较表明,提出的模型能够较好地描述初始应力各向异性超固结土的应力应变特性。     

基于扰动状态概念硬化参量的结构性黏土边界面模型

在临界状态理论和边界面模型的框架内,引入结构性扰动对弹性变形、结构性屈服面大小、胶结吸力和屈服面各向异性的影响,建立一个基于扰动状态概念硬化参量的结构性黏土边界面模型。首先,通过定义3个结构扰动度R_c,R_b和R_a来定量反映塑性变形对结构性黏土的结构性屈服面、胶结吸力和屈服面各向异性的扰动程度,并对弹性特性进行各向异性和结构性影响的修正。然后,通过对天然沉积上海黏土和Vallericca硬黏土的三轴不排水剪切试验和一维固结压缩试验的模拟验证模型的预测能力。最后,通过模型与有限差分法相结合,以简单的平面应变试验模拟为例,展示模型能够描述结构扰动度的变化及其在土体中分布的模拟能力。     

Comparison of retaining walls for basement construction in stiff clays

The selection of retaining walls supporting deep excavations for building basements on various factors such as soil types, permissible movements, construction methods, material and equipment availability etc. For excavations in soft soils, rigid walls such as diaphragm walls and contiguous bored pile walls are commonly used as they are more effective than the more flexible walls such as sheet pile walls, in limiting soil movements to an acceptable level. For excavations in stiff soils, the relative merits for the rigid and flexible walls become less clear. This paper compares the performance and cost-effectiveness of rigid and flexible walls. The relative merits between the rigid and flexible wall systems are discussed.     

饱和黏土不排水抗剪强度各向异性的热力学本构模型研究

基于饱和土体TTM（Tsinghua thermodynamic soil model）热力学本构模型分析研究了饱和黏土的不排水抗剪强度各向异性问题。模型及试验研究表明：非等向或固结历史是引起土体强度各向异性的重要原因,固结应力比越小,不排水强度各向异性越大。不排水加载过程中主应力轴的方向对土体不排水抗剪强度和变形有着重要影响。一般而言,当主应力轴方向从0°旋转到90°时,土体的不排水抗剪强度逐渐下降,峰值应变却逐渐增大。此外,非等向固结会导致土体主应力与主应变的非共轴性。利用TTM理论模型,对Kaolin Clay 和Boston Blue Clay的不同试验结果进行了模拟验证和预测。结果表明,TTM理论模型具有反映和预测应力引起的饱和黏土强度各向异性和应变软化等特性的能力,同时也具备精准描述主应力轴旋转等复杂路径下饱和黏土的强度和变形特征的能力。     

循环荷载作用下流变性软黏土的边界面模型

为了预测交通荷载作用下流变性软黏土的长期运行沉降,提出了一个能够描述循环加载条件下饱和软黏土流变特性的弹黏塑性本构模型。本模型以边界面弹塑性理论为基础,采用滞后变形理论。模型不仅能单独考虑土体的流变效应和循环加卸载效应,还能考虑交通荷载作用下软黏土在循环荷载和流变耦合作用下的变形特性。模型概念清晰,参数少。通过多组上海软黏土循环加载流变试验结果的模拟,初步验证了本模型的合理性和有效性。     

K0固结软土不排水抗剪强度

从临界状态土力学出发,考虑K0固结引起的诱发各向异性,推导了K0固结条件下三轴压缩和三轴拉伸不排水强度的理论计算公式。搜集对比现有的试验结果,发现本文提出的理论公式与国内外试验及失稳软基堤坝反分析结果更为符合,在大量土性分析基础上提出平均不排水强度的简化计算公式,以兹工程推广与应用。     

Properties of very soft clays: A study of thixotropic hardening and behavior under low consolidation pressure

In a study on the properties of very soft clays, bender element testing was used to evaluate thixotropic hardening behavior; that is, to measure the stiffness with resting time under constant volume and water content. A laboratory vane test, which measures the undrained shear strength of the materials, was also carried out for comparison purposes. To investigate the mechanism of the thixotropic phenomenon, a consolidation test with very low pressure was also performed in a cell equipped with bender elements. The most important findings from this study are as follows: (1) regardless of soil types, the effect of thixotropy was significant around the liquid limit state and less remarkable at the lower and higher ranges; (2) the shear modulus at the liquid limit after 24 h resting is around 200 kPa; (3) the correlation between the shear modulus and the undrained shear strength of very soft clays is similar to that of cement-treated soil proposed by Seng and Tanaka (2011); (4) the increment of the shear modulus developed in the thixotropy process appears to be noticeably higher than that in the secondary consolidation process. It is believed that these findings are very useful to establish a new theory for the consolidation of ground filled by very soft clays or dredged soils with extremely high water content as well as to understand the effects of ageing on the consolidation properties of natural soils.     

K0固结软黏土的弹黏塑性本构模型

在修正剑桥模型基础上综合考虑了软黏土的各向异性及率相关性,建立了适用于K0固结软黏土的弹黏塑性本构模型。模型借鉴过应力理论的基本思想,定义了与动态加载面相对应的参考屈服面,应用径向映射准则将两者联系起来,流动函数通过分析一维情况下土体的体积蠕变速率得到。以黏塑性体积应变为硬化参数,将一维情况扩展到三维应力状态,直接用次固结系数描述土体黏性强弱,所有参数可通过压缩试验及三轴不排水剪切试验得到。分别计算了代表性等向和K0固结黏土的三轴不排水等应变率加载、不排水剪切蠕变及蠕变破坏过程,与试验结果进行对比,验证本文模型的有效可行性。     

等向强化–软化Drucker-Prager材料强度参数演化

Drucker-Prager屈服准则中压力相关系数α和黏聚剪切强度k的实测结果少有报道。根据同一组致密砂岩三轴压缩试验,同时测试Mohr-Coulomb准则中的内摩擦角φ和黏聚力c以及Drucker-Prager准则中的压力相关系数α和黏聚剪切强度k。测试结果显示,描述岩石内摩擦性质的参数φ和α随着塑性变形的增长而增长,但是增长速率逐渐减小;描述岩石胶结性质的参数c和k在岩石初始屈服后会先上升至峰值,然后随着塑性变形的增长从峰值逐渐下降。同时,从5种常用的Mohr-Coulomb准则与Drucker-Prager准则转换关系中,通过同一组三轴压缩试验结果寻找到吻合程度最高的换算关系。Drucker-Prager材料强度参数的变化将来可应用到岩土类材料的数值计算中来模拟材料的强化和软化性质,同时也可以为Mohr-Coulomb准则参数与Drucker-Prager准则参数转换提供一定参考。     

HSC-Ⅱ型水泥快硬高强配料在混凝土中的应用

阐述了HSG-Ⅱ水泥快硬高强配料的性能，结合具体实例，介绍了利用以工业废料为主配制的HSG-Ⅱ水泥快硬高强配料作为混凝土的掺合料在中低强度混凝土中的应用，达到了既节约水泥又提高混凝土早期强度的效果。     

用十字板强度推算软黏土抗剪强度指标的方法及应用

天津港区地基土上覆较厚的软黏土层,处于欠固结状态,含水率高,承载力低。在构筑物施工期稳定性分析中,需要采用不排水强度指标。常用的几种抗剪强度指标中,以十字板强度最为可靠。但由于十字板强度是土体各滑动面上的抗剪强度的较小值,用于计算土坡稳定性计算常得出过于保守的不合理的结果。同时,单一的十字板强度指标无法用于计算箱筒型基础的地基土压力及承载力。基于十字板强度随深度线性分布的规律及莫尔–库仑抗剪强度原理,结合收集的大量的十字板强度实测数据,通过回归统计分析推算出地基土的两个抗剪强度指标,并将其应用于软黏土土坡的稳定分析及新型箱筒型基础稳定性的计算,计算结果较为合理。 AbstractFilter('ChDivSummary','ChDivSummaryMore','ChDivSummaryReset');     

卸荷软土的应力路径及对强度影响的研究

分析了基坑开挖作用分区的特征以及坑底土体强度变化规律，比较了软土卸荷强度与常规取土试验强度间的差异，对于基坑稳定性评估与加固设计具有重要意义。