桩-土-承台共同作用的模型试验研究

通过带承台单桩及双桩基础的模型试验,对低承台桩基桩间土变形发展及其与承台板板底应力、桩侧摩阻力及桩端阻力间的相互影响进行较为细致的研究。试验表明:在相同基础荷载作用下,桩数的增加使桩端刺入变形量占基础沉降的比例降低。双桩基础桩体的存在对板底应力体现出增强作用,在相同桩间土变形量下,双桩基础板底应力大于带承台单桩基础。桩土相对位移的发展从桩端部位开始,逐步向承台板扩展,同一部位基础外侧的桩土相对位移要大于基础内侧。靠基础内外,桩的不同侧面表现出不同的侧阻发挥过程及极限值。同样桩间土变形量下,带承台双桩基础在桩端平面上土体的竖向应力要大于带承台单桩基础,从而发挥出较大的桩端阻力。     

Numerical evaluation of effects of nonlinear lateral pile vibrations on nonlinear axial response of pile shaft

Axial and lateral dynamic pile analyses are generally handled separately; and consequently, dynamic soil reactions are assumed to be uncoupled. However, pure loading is rarely encountered as combined loading occurs in many situations (offshore piles, pile driving as well as pile groups and pile rafts). In this study, the effects of nonlinear lateral pile vibrations on the in-phase nonlinear axial pile response of a pile shaft are studied. New approximate nonlinear solutions for both axial and lateral pile behavior, developed from general elastodynamic equations, are presented. The solutions are obtained by extending the elastodynamic solution for plane strain cases with a view to model soil nonlinearity. Since axial soil resistance depends on the confining stress around the pile shaft, the effect of the lateral soil behavior on the confining pressure of the pile circumference is investigated and the axial soil reaction from coupled in-phase vibrations is derived. It is concluded that the axial unit shear strength significantly increases when lateral soil vibrations involve plasticity, which in turn results in an increase in the axial dynamic resistance of the pile shaft.     

桩身残余应力的机理分析与测试方法

桩基静载试验中,忽略桩身残余应力,虽然不会影响桩基极限承载力的大小,但会影响桩侧摩阻力和端阻力的真实值。分析了残余应力产生的原因、机理和效果,分析和总结了残余应力的现场测试方法,并通过现场试桩实例分析了忽略桩身残余荷载对桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的影响。结果表明,忽略残余荷载的存在,竖向抗压桩静载试验结果会高估中性点以上桩段侧摩阻力和低估中性点以下桩段侧摩阻力和桩端阻力,会高估桩的竖向刚度。为了很好地了解和洞察桩基的荷载传递机理,在桩基静载试验中,建议在试桩前后系统地采集桩身测试元件读数,不能在试桩前人为地将测试元件读数设置为零。     

基于极限载荷试验的扩底抗拔桩承载变形特性的分析

结合天津于家堡南、北地下车库项目开展了2组各3根扩底抗拔桩的极限承载力试验,其中一组试桩有效桩长19 m,另一组试桩有效桩长30 m,试桩均加载至极限破坏状态。载荷试验过程中,两组试桩均对桩顶、有效桩长桩顶以及桩端位置进行了位移测试;其中有效桩长为19 m的试桩还开展了桩身轴力测试。对2组试桩成果从荷载位移曲线、桩身轴力分布、桩侧摩阻力分布规律等方面进行了分析。结合有限元数值模拟分析表明,扩底抗拔桩的承载力由等截面段桩侧摩阻力与扩大头抗力共同组成,首先由等截面段桩土侧摩阻力提供抗拔力;当上拔荷载进一步增大后,扩大头开始逐渐发挥作用,并且扩大头抗力占总承载力的比例逐步上升。极限状态下,有效桩长为19,30 m的试桩,扩大头提供的抗力占总抗拔承载力的比例分别约为50%和35%。扩大头的存在对于等截面段桩侧摩阻力的发挥影响较小。扩大头受周边土体法向力的竖向分量是扩大头抗力的主要组成部分,极限状态下,其可占扩大头抗力的70%左右。     

海上四桩导管架基础水平受荷离心模型试验

导管架基础广泛应用于海上风力发电和油气开发,水平向风、浪、流、地震等作用是导管架基础发生失效破坏的主要原因。通过离心模型试验针对饱和砂土地基中四桩导管架基础,研究其在沿边长方向和沿对角线方向水平静力作用下各基桩的内力分配、桩周土反力差异和变形特性。导管架基础沿对角线加载时基桩最易被拔出,其下压基桩的桩顶剪力、桩顶负弯矩和桩身最大正弯矩均较上拔基桩大,但二者的桩身水平位移相差不大。对于本文桩间距为5.8倍桩径的导管架基础,由于群桩效应及桩身上拔力降低了桩周土有效应力,沿边长加载时上拔桩在泥面下2.5倍桩径深度范围内的桩周土反力约为下压桩的60%,而沿对角线加载时上拔桩在该深度范围内的桩周土反力仅为下压桩的40%。沿对角线加载时下压桩与上拔桩在桩顶剪力、桩顶最大负弯矩、桩顶轴力及桩身最大正弯矩等参数之间的差别也明显大于沿边长加载情况。与单桩水平加载离心模型试验结果对比发现,同一深度处单桩的桩周土反力介于导管架基础上拔桩与下压桩的桩周土反力之间。     

高速铁路桥桩在轴向循环荷载长期作用下的承载和变形特性试验研究

针对高速列车通过小跨度桥梁时列车活载对桥桩的影响分析来获得动力加载参数,进而对位于软粘土地层中的钻孔灌注桩进行了轴向循环荷载长期作用下的动力试验,测试和研究了循环荷载长期作用下桩的动位移幅值、桩顶沉降、桩身轴力、桩侧动摩阻力和单桩极限承载力等参数的发挥和变化情况。试验结果表明:列车循环荷载长期作用下,灌注桩的桩身轴力发生了局部调整,砂性土层的桩侧摩阻力具有增强效应,淤泥质粘性土的桩侧摩阻力具有退化效应;列车循环荷载对软土地区单桩的承载能力和桩基的工后沉降影响甚微,但会使单桩竖向刚度降低。     

软土地区大吨位超长试桩试验设计与分析

温州350 m超高层中超长桩加载2800 t的试桩静载试验设计与分析表明：在地表土质承载力较低场地进行大吨位堆载试验时,可选择桩梁式堆载支墩–反力架装置来完成试验。对超长桩来说,在最大加载条件下,实测桩端阻力仅为桩顶荷载的25%左右,超长桩表现为端承摩擦桩性状。在使用荷载下,桩顶沉降的90%以上来自桩身压缩,在进行超长桩设计时,要充分考虑桩身质量对试桩沉降的影响。同时,桩底沉渣清除的干净与否,也直接影响超长桩的沉降。超长桩桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有较弱的强化效应,因此在超长桩承载力计算时,不同深度土层的桩侧阻力和桩端阻力都应乘以相应不同的修正系数。试验结果显示淤泥土、淤泥质黏土、淤泥夹粉砂土中极限侧阻充分发挥所需的桩土相对位移阀值分别约为5～7 mm、6～8 mm和8～10 mm。     

Uplift Capacity of Belled and Multi-Belled Piles in Dense Sand

This paper evaluates the uplift capacity of belled and multi-belled piles in dense sand. A two-dimensional distinct element (DE) analysis was applied in pullout tests on single piles to investigate the uplift resistance of the piles, the soil behavior around the piles, and the interaction between the soil and the pile surface. It was observed from the DE analysis that the soil mass adjacent to the projections of the belled and multi-belled piles moved vertically, and that the soil movements leaned slightly with the occurrence of relative displacement between the soil and the pile surface. A theoretical solution for predicting the uplift capacity of belled and multi-belled piles was derived from an upper bound limit analysis based on the soil movements in the DE analysis. The solution was able to reproduce the ultimate uplift resistance in the DE analysis using the friction angles in the aggregates and on the pile surface that were evaluated from a simulation of direct and simple shear tests. In addition, a continuity equation that satisfied the relationship between the displacement vector of the soil mass adjacent to the projections and the change in volume around the soil mass was proposed for predicting the uplift capacity of actual piles under axisymmetric conditions. The theoretical solution obtained with the continuity equation was in good agreement with the pullout resistance of the belled and multi-belled piles in centrifuge model tests and full-scale tests conducted in situ.     

静压敞口预应力高强混凝土管桩界面剪切性状试验研究

桩土界面剪切行为对静压敞口预应力高强混凝土(PHC)管桩沉贯性状及长期承载力特性具有至关重要的作用。通过成层土地基中桩身预埋光纤光栅(FBG)传感器的静压桩足尺试验,分别对敞口PHC管桩贯入及静载荷试验中的桩土界面剪切行为进行研究。结果表明：在贯入阶段,桩身轴力及侧摩阻力沿桩的深度方向逐渐传递,传力幅值与桩周土体性状密切相关,土层界面处轴力传递效率依次为98.2%、92.2%、96.3%、83.8%、80.5%。随着压桩循环次数的增加,同一深度土层摩阻力呈逐渐减小趋势。经历5个压桩循环后,深度6 m处的砂质粉土层摩阻力减小幅度约为46.25%,深度10m处的粉质黏土层经历3个压桩循环后摩阻力减小幅度约为12.1%;载荷试验过程中,桩侧摩阻力随着桩顶荷载施加自上而下逐步发挥。摩阻力完全发挥所需的桩土相对位移,粉质黏土层的最大,约为6.96~7.46mm,淤泥质黏土层的次之,约为6.05mm,砂质粉土层的最小,约为4.23mm;与原状土相比,重塑区土体含水量、孔隙比参数指标降低,重度、黏聚力及内摩擦角增大。桩周重塑区土体物理力学指标变化是贯入及载荷试验阶段桩土界面剪切行为不同的重要原因。     

考虑塌孔的随钻跟管桩承载性能物理模拟试验研究

随钻跟管桩(DPC桩)是一种新型的非挤土管桩基础,在钻进-成孔-沉桩的过程中桩侧塌孔会影响桩侧注浆液的流动路径和注浆效果,最终影响桩侧摩阻力的发挥.开展了DPC桩桩侧塌孔条件下的注浆及静载物理模型试验,分析了塌孔对DPC桩承载性能、荷载传递特性、桩侧摩阻力分布规律的影响,定量表征了注浆体的三维几何尺寸和空间点位信息,揭...     

砂土中静压桩沉桩过程试验研究与颗粒流模拟

采用室内模型试验及颗粒流数值模拟研究了密实砂中静压桩沉桩过程,对桩周土体宏细观力学响应进行了分析研究。通过模型试验对浅层土体、桩身周围、桩端处土体的不同位移模式进行了比较分析,揭示了桩周不同位置土体的变位规律,并将孔隙变化场与宏观位移场进行相互印证,发现桩端土体位移模式与压密区基本呈圆孔扩张。对桩体贯入过程中的动端阻力、动侧摩阻力的发展规律以及临界深度等问题作了揭示。以室内模型试验为基础,建立了静压桩沉桩颗粒流模型,将数值结果与试验结果对比分析,通过分析土体细观变化模式揭示沉桩过程中宏观响应的内在机理。研究成果对于进一步明确沉桩挤土效应内在机理和沉桩阻力的发展规律都具有意义。     

酸性土腐蚀对钢桩基础承载性能的影响

土质酸性是导致钢桩腐蚀的主要原因之一。服役于酸性土中的钢桩将会被侵蚀,导致桩身材料劣化,影响了桩基的安全性和耐久性。为了了解腐蚀桩的承载性能,通过中性和模拟酸性土两种环境下的桩基室内模型试验,测得腐蚀前后承台沉降量和桩端阻力值随桩顶加卸载的变化规律以及地面堆载固结过程中各土层沉降量、桩端阻力值、桩身轴力值以及桩侧摩阻力的变化情况。研究表明,由于腐蚀钢桩表面产生大量疏松的锈蚀产物,使桩–土界面的黏着力大大降低。桩顶承台的沉降量较未腐蚀桩大,腐蚀桩的桩端阻力值比未腐蚀桩大。而在堆载固结条件下,由于堆载作用不仅加速了桩间土体的固结,桩–土界面再次挤密,单桩以及群桩中各桩的桩端阻力值减小。腐蚀桩的中性点位置明显下移,腐蚀率越大的桩,桩侧负摩阻力的增加值越大,腐蚀前后中性点位置处桩身轴力变化率越大。研究成果可以为腐蚀条件下各类桩基载荷性能研究提供参考。     

Effects of cyclic vertical loading on bearing and pullout capacities of piles with continuous helix wing

Laboratory and field tests were conducted to investigate the bearing and pullout capacities of steel piles with a continuous helix wing during cyclic loading. Both continuous helix and straight-sided piles were subjected to monotonic compressive, monotonic tensile, and cyclic reversal loading in the laboratory, while only the continuous helix pile was tested in the field. Both the laboratory and the field tests showed that the bearing and pullout capacities of the continuous helix pile under cyclic reversal loading decreased to approximately 60–80% of those of the pile under monotonic loading, with a larger reduction seen in the laboratory tests. The decrease in resistance was mainly due to the reduction in shaft friction, which was likely to be the result of soil disturbance and loosening around the pile with cyclic loading. The laboratory tests also showed that the tip resistance of the straight-sided pile under cyclic reversal loading was reduced, similarly due to the loosening of the soil, particularly underneath the pile tip. The tip resistance of the continuous helix pile, in contrast, did not degrade with cyclic loading, owing to the presence of the wing immediately above the pile tip that inhibited the loosening of the soil. These findings were supported by similar field test observations.     

主动侧向受荷桩模型试验与颗粒流数值模拟研究

分别采用室内模型试验与颗粒流数值模拟的方法,对砂土中受水平荷载的桩顶自由短桩桩周土体在加载过程中的应力和位移的发展变化规律以及桩土相互作用性状进行了较系统和深入的研究。在室内模型试验中,研究了短桩在松砂、中密砂、密砂中的位移荷载规律,桩前、桩后土压力的分布和发展规律;并重点通过数字图像无标点量测技术密切关注桩周土体的位移产生和发展变化过程。通过开发颗粒流程序模拟室内模型试验在加载过程中的桩土相互作用过程中应力和位移的发展变化规律,与模型试验的结果进行了对比。给出了砂土中受水平荷载的桩顶自由短桩较完整的变形和破坏模式及极限土压力分布形式。     

Influence mechanism of vertical-horizontal combined loads on the response of a single pile in sand

Pile foundations are used to support both vertical and horizontal loads in many geotechnical projects, such as the coastal and offshore engineering. The responses of piles under vertical-horizontal combined loading are separately analyzed and then superposed in current design practice. This simplified analysis approach does not take the coupling effect of the combined loads into consideration. The research on this topic is limited and the results reported to date are inconclusive with regard to the influence of vertical loads on the horizontal response of piles. In this paper, a series of centrifuge model tests under different vertical-horizontal combined loading conditions was performed to investigate the influence rules and mechanism of the combined loads on the response of piles in sand. The vertical load is shown to densify the soil near the pile and therefore decrease the horizontal displacement and bending moment of the pile: this is termed the “soil densification effect”. The vertical load induces an additional bending moment of the pile due to the lateral deformation of the pile: this is termed the “P-Δ effect”. The soil densification effect plays a dominant role in the early horizontal loading while the P-Δ effect is strengthened as the horizontal loads increases. These compound effect of these two seemingly opposing effects is a decrease in the bending moment of the pile decrease first then increase as the horizontal load increases. Additional settlement of the pile is caused by horizontal loading and isa positively correlated with the pre-vertical loads.     

上海地区静钻根植桩承载特性现场试验研究

静钻根植桩是一种绿色环保的新型桩基，具有低噪声、无挤土、少排泥等优势，可应用于高层建筑、桥梁等工程中。基于现场抗压和抗拔静载试验及桩身内力测试，分析了上海地区静钻根植桩的竖向承载变形特性以及桩身轴力和侧摩阻力分布。研究结果表明：静钻根植桩在上海典型地层条件下具有较好的适用性，抗压试桩和抗拔试桩的承载力均大于规范估算值，采用目前的承载力计算方法有一定的安全储备；抗压试桩在加载初期，桩身轴力可以直接传递到桩端，在极限荷载下桩端（扩大头）承载力约占总荷载的25%；静钻根植桩极限侧摩阻力主要与土的特性和埋深有关，上部土层（埋深30m以上）接近规范建议的预制桩侧摩阻力上限值，下部土层（埋深30m以下）较规范建议的预制桩侧阻上限高约14%~28%。     

小型桩基竖向循环加载模型试验系统研制与应用

介绍了一种小型桩基竖向循环加载模型试验系统,包括加载系统、压力室、起吊装置、模型桩、数据采集系统。该系统通过伺服电机驱动联轴器带动滚柱丝杠转动,进而带动加载板对模型桩施加竖向位移荷载;通过水压加载法对土样进行围压加载,模拟不同深度土层的应力状态及固结情况。可针对不同固结状态的地基土和多种桩基型式,开展不同荷载组合下桩基竖向循环加载模型试验研究,适用于饱和软土、一般黏性土、粉土、砂土等均质或非均质地基。应用该设备进行了单桩竖向循环加载模型试验,并与数值模拟进行对比。研究结果表明,动荷载幅值、地基土固结压力对桩基承载力特性影响很大;动荷载幅值较小时,桩基承载力几乎没有弱化;地基土固结压力升高时,桩基承载力提高显著,桩基承载力弱化速度减慢;随着振次及振幅的增加,桩顶轴力逐渐弱化至残余值;位移循环荷载作用下,桩周土的弱化导致桩基产生了负摩阻力,进一步降低了桩基承载力。模型试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。通过初步应用,证明了该试验系统弥补了常规1g小比例尺模型试验中低围压的不足,可以较好地反应出桩顶荷载和位移的非线性关系和承载力循环弱化现象。同时该系统输出荷载波形精确,量测系统灵敏度高、稳定性好...     

砂土中桩端阻力随位移发挥的内在机理研究

通过模型试验及颗粒流程序数值模拟,较为系统地从桩端周围土体位移场、应力场、孔隙率变化场等角度,对砂土中桩端阻力随位移发挥的内在机理进行了研究。结果表明:不同密实度砂土扩张影响范围的不同是相同位移下桩端阻力存在差异的原因。在桩端阻力发挥的起始阶段,土体位移以竖向变形及斜向下挤出扩张为主。当桩端阻力呈现极限阻力态势时,土体位移以水平及斜向上扩张滑移为主。通过桩端周围土体位移场、应力场、孔隙变化场的相互印证,揭示了随端阻力的发挥,桩端周围土体的球孔状压密-扩张过程。采用颗粒流程序进行数值模拟研究,模拟结果与模型试验具有良好的一致性。     

不同地层DX桩盘周土体附加应力分布研究

通过4组24根DX桩的破坏性模型试验,对承力盘分别位于砂土、粘土层中的DX桩进行静载试验对比,系统研究了DX桩盘周土体竖向附加应力分布规律及上下承力盘位于不同土层条件下DX桩盘周应力传递特性。结果表明：（1）加载过程中,DX桩盘周土层均承担了较大的荷载|（2）在砂土、粘土交互地层中对DX桩进行加载时,在上部砂层下部粘土层中上、下盘承担荷载近似相等|而在上部粘土层,下部砂性土层土层中上盘承担的荷载较小,下盘承担的荷载较大|（3）承力盘间距较小,会造成承力盘之间土体的整体剪切破坏,使DX桩桩身整体下移,大大降低其承载力。基于试验及理论分析,建议承力盘设计时竖向中心间距：当持力层为砂土时,不宜小于2倍盘径|当持力层为粉粘土时不宜小于1倍盘径。