High-speed power-efficient indoor wireless infrared communication using code combining .II

For pt.I see ibid., vol.50, no.7, p.1098-1109 (2002). We examine an infrared link composed of a multibeam transmitter and a direction-diversity receiver, employing code combining. The latter represents an added dimension to the conventional diversity concepts, which are limited to combining the individual received symbols. Rate-compatible punctured convolutional codes are used to encode intensity-modulated on-off keying (OOK) optical power, to create an adaptive environment for efficient utilization of channel spectral bandwidth, to provide a means for accurate channel estimation, and to maintain a guaranteed bit error rate (BER) performance at all receiver positions. It is shown that a BER not exceeding 10/sup -9/ with 99% probability can be achieved at bit rates up to a few hundreds of megabits per second, at very low transmitted power levels.     

Carrier synchronization for 3- and 4-bit-per-symbol optical transmission

We investigate carrier synchronization for coherent detection of optical signals encoding 3 and 4 bits/symbol. We consider the effects of laser phase noise and of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), which can arise from local oscillator (LO) shot noise or LO-spontaneous beat noise. We identify 8- and 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes that perform well when the receiver phase-locked loop (PLL) tracks the instantaneous signal phase with moderate phase error. We propose implementations of 8- and 16-QAM transmitters using Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators. We outline a numerical method for computing the bit error rate (BER) of 8- and 16-QAM in the presence of AWGN and phase error. It is found that these schemes can tolerate phase-error standard deviations of 2.48/spl deg/ and 1.24/spl deg/, respectively, for a power penalty of 0.5 dB at a BER of 10/sup -9/. We propose a suitable PLL design and analyze its performance, taking account of laser phase noise, AWGN, and propagation delay within the PLL. Our analysis shows that the phase error depends on the constellation penalty, which is the mean power of constellation symbols times the mean inverse power. We establish a procedure for finding the optimal PLL natural frequency, and determine tolerable laser linewidths and PLL propagation delays. For zero propagation delay, 8- and 16-QAM can tolerate linewidth-to-bit-rate ratios of 1.8/spl times/10/sup -5/ and 1.4/spl times/10/sup -6/, respectively, assuming a total penalty of 1.0 dB.     

Code hopping - direct sequence spread spectrum to compensate for intersymbol interference in an ultra-wideband system

We propose code hopping - direct sequence spread spectrum (CH-DSSS) with binary phase shift-keying (BPSK) modulation to compensate for intersymbol interference (ISI) in an Ultra-wideband system. The central idea is that code hopping (CH) affects ISI amplitudes that are produced by both the cross- and the auto-correlation properties of spreading codes for codewords; not just by the latter as occurs without CH. We also propose a low complexity CH pattern search algorithm to find good CH patterns. To evaluate the performance of the CH-DSSS system, a bit error rate (BER) expression is derived for a Rake receiver by applying the Beaulieu series method. Computational results show that significant gains can be obtained by CH for both the average BER and the outage probability (e.g. a 6 dB gain in outage probability for a non-line of sight channel).     

软扩频Multi-h CPM信号设计方法及其性能

为解决传统多调制指数连续相位调制(Multi-h CPM)实现复杂度高和调制指数同步困难的问题,提出一种软扩频Multi-h CPM信号设计方法。利用单调制指数软扩频获得Multi-h CPM类似的相位轨迹和性能增益,伪码捕获的同时实现调制指数同步;推导了软扩频Multi-h CPM欧氏距离表达式,搜索获得了h=5/7时的最小欧氏距离,与直接序列扩频单调制指数CPM(DSSS Single-h CPM)信号相比,至少可获得0.5 dB的欧氏距离增益。基于极大似然序列检测(MLSD)的同步解扩解调算法,仿真了h=5/7的软扩频Multi-h CPM误码性能,与DSSS Single-h CPM信号相比,在BER=10–5时,可获得1.5 dB性能增益,且性能优于美军WGS系统和ARTM Tier II系统采用的Multi-h CPM信号。     

A 22-gb/s PAM-4 receiver in 90-nm CMOS SOI technology

We report a receiver for four-level pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM-4) encoded data signals, which was measured to receive data at 22 Gb/s with a bit error rate (BER) <10/sup -12/ at a maximum frequency deviation of 350 ppm and a 2/sup 7/-1 PRBS pattern. We propose a bit-sliced architecture for the data path, and a novel voltage shifting amplifier to introduce a programmable offset to the differential data signal. We present a novel method to characterize sampling latches and include them in the data path. A current-mode logic (CML) biasing scheme using programmable matched resistors limits the effect of process variations. The receiver also features a programmable signal termination, an analog equalizer and offset compensation for each sampling latch. The measured current consumption is 207 mA from a 1.1-V supply, and the active chip area is 0.12 mm/sup 2/.     

Analysis of Transmit Antenna Selection/Maximal-Ratio Combining in Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, we investigate a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme combining transmit antenna selection and receiver maximal-ratio combining (the TAS/MRC scheme). In this scheme, a single transmit antenna, which maximizes the total received signal power at the receiver, is selected for uncoded transmission. The closed-form outage probability of the system with transmit antenna selection is presented. The bit error rate (BER) of the TAS/MRC scheme is derived for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) in flat Rayleigh fading channels. The BER analysis demonstrates that the TAS/MRC scheme can achieve a full diversity order at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), as if all the transmit antennas were used. The average SNR gain of the TAS/MRC is quantified and compared with those of uncoded receiver MRC and space-time block codes (STBCs). The analytical results are verified by simulation. It is shown that the TAS/MRC scheme outperforms some more complex space-time codes of the same spectral efficiency. The cost of the improved performance is a low-rate feedback channel. We also show that channel estimation errors based on pilot symbols have no impact on the diversity order over quasi-static fading channels.     

基于压扩变换的直接检测O-OFDM系统的实验研究

仿真研究并实验验证了直接检测光正交频分复用（O-OFDM）系统中引入压扩变换（CT）技术可降低OFDM信号峰值平均功率比（PAPR）和提高接收灵敏度。仿真结果表明,压扩系数μ越大,信号PAPR越低;随着μ的增大,系统误码率（BER）呈现先下降后上升的趋势。权衡PAPR的降低度和系统BER,选择μ=2时为最佳。实验研究表...     

A periodic switching diversity technique for a digital FM land mobile radio

A simple and efficient diversity technique is proposed for use in a digital FM land mobile radio communication system. This technique receives two RF signals periodically by switching two antenna branches at a rate moderately higher than the bit rate. The improved bit error rate (BER) performance resulting from the use of diversity is shown to be the effect of transforming the probability density function of the signal energy per bit to noise power density ratio to a sharper distribution. Laboratory simulation test results show that in a Manchester-coded frequency-shift keying (FSK) system with a bit rate of 600 bit/s and a frequency deviation of ±5 kHz, the diversity gain at an average BER of 1 × 10^-3is about 10 dB for an optimum switching rate of about 2 kHz. This diversity improvement is also verified by the field test performed in a suburban area.     

40-Gb/s NRZ wavelength conversion with 3R regeneration using an EA modulator and SOA polarization-discriminating delay interferometer

We propose and demonstrate, for the first time, to our knowledge, a 40-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero wavelength converter with 3R regeneration based on an electroabsorption modulator and semiconductor optical amplifier polarization-discriminating delay interferometer. The results show that the root mean square timing jitter and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of the regenerated signal are kept to 0.68 ps and higher than 40 dB/0.1 nm, respectively. In addition, the measured receiver sensitivity (BER=10/sup -9/) is improved from -19 to -25.2 dBm at the input OSNR of 26 dB/0.1 nm.     

Adaptive differential detection using linear prediction for M-aryDPSK

This paper proposes a novel adaptive differential detection scheme (adaptive DD), which can significantly reduce the irreducible bit-error rate (BER) of M-ary DPSK due to Doppler spread by the adaptive linear prediction of the reference signal. The predictor coefficient is adapted to changing channel conditions by using the recursive least-square (RLS) algorithm. A phase sequence estimation based on the M-state Viterbi algorithm (VA) and another based on the decision feedback algorithm (DFA) are presented. A theoretical BER analysis is presented for adaptive DD-DFA. BER performances of 2 and 4DPSK in Rayleigh fading channels are evaluated by computer simulations. When the RLS forgetting factor of β=1 is used, simulation results show that the irreducible BER of 4DPSK can be reduced to 7.2×10^-5 (3.9×10 ^-4) for VA (DFA) while conventional DD offers 3.9×10 ^-3 when f_DT_b (maximum Doppler frequency times bit duration)=0.01 and average E_b/N₀ (signal energy per bit-to-additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) power spectrum density ratio)=60 dB, where most errors are produced by Doppler spread. Adaptive DD is also effective in AWGN channels-simulations show that for the case of 4DPSK, a performance gain of 1.2 (0.7) dB is achieved over conventional DD for VA (DFA) at BER=10^-3     

Impact of spontaneous emission noise on the sensitivity of direct-detection lightwave receivers using optical amplifiers

A simple technique for analysing the sensitivity and bit-error rate performance of direct-detection lightwave receivers using optical amplifiers is presented. The analysis provides closed-form expressions for the system performance. For zero (negligible) linewidth, the theory predicts an average signal energy of 42.3 photon/bit at BER=10/sup -9/. In comparison, more accurate techniques predict an average signal energy of 38 photon/bit under the same conditions.<>     

Digital wireless sensor server using an adaptive smart-antenna/retrodirective array

A wireless sensor server is developed based on a reconfigurable active smart-antenna/retrodirective array. The system can serve as both a retrodirective array transponder and a smart-antenna receiver simply by changing the frequency of the local oscillator applied to the mixers, enabling it to utilize its hardware best to suit its communication environment. When operating as a direct-conversion receiver, the receiver array successfully demodulates a quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulated signal with circuit gain of 7 dB, and E/sub b//N/sub 0/ for BER=10/sup -4/ is approximately 12 dB without any error correction. In the retrodirective array mode, the system provides 20 dB circuit gain and 20 dB radio-frequency/intermediate-frequency isolation at the center frequency as well as phase conjugation, exhibiting excellent retrodirectivity. The mixers perform phase conjugation and modulation simultaneously, enabling the transmission of locally stored data. The local data is successfully extracted by an interrogator.     

Development of GPON upstream physical-media-dependent prototypes

This paper presents three new gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) physical-media-dependent (PMD) prototypes: a burst-mode optical transmitter, an avalanche photodiode/transimpedance amplifier (APD-TIA), and a burst-mode optical receiver. With these, point-to-multipoint (P2MP) upstream transmission can be realized in a high-performance GPON at 1.25 Gb/s. Performance measurements on the new burst-mode upstream PMD modules comply with GPON uplink simulations. The laser transmitter can quickly set and stabilize the launched optical power level over a wide temperature range with better than 1-dB accuracy. A burst-mode receiver sensitivity of -32.8 dBm (BER=10/sup -10/) is measured, combined with a dynamic range of 23 dB at a fixed APD avalanche gain of 6. Full compliance is achieved with the recently approved ITU-T Recommendation G.984.2 supporting an innovative overall power-leveling mechanism.     

A 2-GHz CMOS image-reject receiver with LMS calibration

This paper describes a sign-sign least-mean squares (LMS) technique to calibrate gain and phase errors in the signal path of a Weaver image-reject receiver. The calibration occurs at startup and the results are stored digitally, allowing continuous signal reception thereafter. Fabricated in a standard digital 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the receiver achieves an image-rejection ratio of 57 dB after calibration, a noise figure of 5.2 dB, and a third-order input intercept point of -17 dBm. The circuit consumes 55 mW in calibration mode and 50 mW in normal receiver mode from a 2.5-V power supply. The prototype occupies an area of 1.23 /spl times/ 1.84 mm/sup 2/.     

Link reliability for IS-54/136 handsets with different receiverstructures

We estimate link reliabilities for IS-54/136 digital cellular handsets operating with or without an equalizer in urban, suburban, rural, and mountainous environments. We define the reliability of a user's receiver as the probability that the bit error rate (BER) is less than some specified value. The probability is taken over all mobile positions in a cell area and the BER is averaged over multipath fading. Using a range of tools for modeling and simulation of the digital cellular link (transmitter, channel, and receiver), we present an extensive set of results showing the influence of: (1) receiver structures (differential detection with no equalizer, differential detection with selection diversity, or coherent detection with a medium-complexity equalizer); (2) joint distribution of the channel's RMS delay spread and average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (this distribution is based on an environment-specific model reported previously); and (3) vehicle speed (0-200 km/h). In all simulations, we assumed a two-path Rayleigh fading channel characterized by: (1) the delay between paths and (2) the ratio of power received from the first path to that from the second path (the RMS delay spread relates to these two parameters). For typical cell sizes, we find that imposing an equalization requirement in IS-54/136 handsets is overly stringent in all environments, except mountainous areas. For these environments, achieving high reliability requires either equalization or other measures, such as smaller cells, directional base-station antennas, or dual-diversity handsets     

Coherent orthogonal filter using pilot symbol-assisted channelestimation for DS-CDMA

A coherent orthogonal filter (COF) using pilot symbol-assisted channel estimation is proposed for DS-CDMA cellular mobile radio. In the proposed scheme, a complex fading envelope in the multi-path environment is estimated using pilot symbols, and tap coefficients of orthogonal filter are controlled for maximising the signal to interference ratio (SIR) of a RAKE combined signal. Computer simulation results show that the required E_b/N₀ of the proposed COF is reduced by ~10.0 dB compared to conventional matched filter receiver at an average BER of 3×10² when there are 10 users and processing gain is 31     

On the performance of multicarrier DS-CDMA with imperfect power control and variable spreading factors

Multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple access (MC-DS-CDMA) becomes an attractive technique for the future fourth-generation (4G) wireless system because it can flexibly adapt transmission rates by changing both time and frequency spreading factors and possesses many physical-layer advantages in dispersive fading channels. However, power control errors (PCE) and the complete multiple access interference (MAI) from all the intersubcarriers may significantly degrade the performance of the MC-DS-CDMA system. In this paper, we propose an analytical method to evaluate the joint effects of the PCE and the complete MAI on the multirate MC-DS-CDMA system. From analysis and simulation, we obtain some important insights into the performance issues of the MC-DS-CDMA system. First, the effect of PCE can exacerbate the impact of the complete MAI on the MC-DS-CDMA system, or vice versa . For BER=10/sup -3/ in a considered case, the joint effect of the complete MAI and PCE further degrades the performance by 2.1 dB compared with the sum of the degradation from the complete MAI and the PCE individually. Second, increasing frequency or time-domain spreading gain can improve the performance of the MC-DS-CDMA system, but the system also becomes more sensitive to power control errors. Third, a larger PCE can possibly make the frequency-domain diversity diminish faster than the gain obtained from the time-domain spreading although an MC-DS-CDMA system with a larger frequency-domain spreading gain (M) is usually better than that with a larger time-domain spreading gain (G/sub o/). In our example, for the standard deviation of PCE (/spl sigma//sub e/) equal to 0 dB, the BERs with (M,G/sub o/)= (4, 16) and (16, 4) are 9.3/spl times/10/sup -4/ and 3.7/spl times/10/sup -5/, respectively, while for /spl sigma//sub e/=4 dB, the BER performances of the two cases are all in the order of 10/sup -3/.     

Power-adaptation strategies for DS/CDMA communications with successive interference cancellation in Nakagami-fading channels

In this paper, power adaptation for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access communications that employs a successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver is considered. The transmission power is adapted so that, with the channel variations, the received power levels of each user have appropriate disparities. Under the constraint of average transmission power, we consider two strategies in adjusting the disparity between received signal powers. With the first strategy, the average bit-error rate (BER) for a given user averaged over channel fading statistics is minimized, while with the other, the instantaneous BER is equal for all users. We find that the performance difference between the two strategies becomes negligible as the average transmission power or line-of-sight component increases. We also discuss the impact of appropriate disparity in received power levels on the BER performance of SIC receivers.     

Fluoride-based erbium-doped fiber amplifier with inherently flat gain spectrum

We successfully developed a fluoride-based Er/sup 3+/-doped fiber amplifier (F-EDFA). An average signal gain of 26 dB was achieved for 8 channel wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals in the 1532-1560 nm wavelength region with a gain excursion of less than 1.5 dB at an input signal power of -20 dBm per channel. Furthermore, we studied the amplification characteristics of the F-EDFA for WDM signals. The following experimental results were obtained. (1) For an 8-channel WDM signal in the 1532 to 1560 nm wavelength region, the gain excursion between channels can be suppressed to within 1.5 dB. However, the wavelength region allowing a gain excursion of 1.5 dB, is between 1536-1560 nm for the silica-based Er/sup 3+/-doped fiber amplifier. (2) F-EDFAs have a flat gain region between 1534-1542 nm. The gain excursion of this region is less than 0.2 dB for WDM signals.     

Transmitter Identification With Watermark Signal in DVB-H Signal Frequency Network

Transmitter identification (TxID) technique is used to diagnose the operating status of radio transmitters in DTV distributed transmission network. In this paper, a new kind of TxID method for DVB-H SFN(Single Frequency Network)system is proposed. We embed a signal (e.g. watermark) in the DVB-H signal to form the composite signal. The embedded signal will not alternate the system spectral efficiency. By watermarking theory, we demonstrate the required embedded level for watermarking signal to achieve a given bit error probability in different circumstance. Simulation results show that the receiver can distinguish the watermarking signal with low embedding strength even in wireless situation. At that embedding strength, BER performance degradation for the receiver can be ignored.