预变形和烘烤对超高强度冷轧钢板二次变形特性的影响

以两种强度均在980MPa以上的超高强钢为研究对象,研究预变形和烘烤对不同马氏体含量钢的力学行为和断裂方式的影响。结果表明,随着预应变量的增加,两种试验用钢的烘烤硬化值均先增加,当达到最高点后又发生转折、下降;弯曲—烘烤—二次弯曲试验表明,在较大的预变形条件下,二次弯曲性能下降;超高强钢经较大的预变形和烘烤后,屈强比大大提高,延伸率明显下降;断口分析发现,在预应变量不同的情况下,烘烤后的拉伸断口明显不同,较大的预应变量对应的断口韧窝较浅,局部解理微区较多,尺寸也相对较大。     

Effect of prestrain on aging and bake hardening of cold-rolled, continuously annealed steel sheets

To understand the bake hardening (BH) behavior in an actual automotive part, 40 tensile specimens were machined from the actual press-formed outer-door panel of a compact car and both bake and work hardenability distribution data were determined. Strain applied by actual press forming was estimated from the work hardening data. Finally, the effects of prestraining mode and amount on ambient aging and BH response were also investigated. The BH widely ranged from 10 to 54 MPa and the work hardenability was between 17 and 82 MPa, depending on panel location. Bake hardening in the outer-door panel decreased as the work hardening increased, indicating that the BH steel must be applied to the shallow drawn parts in order to maximize the BH effect in dent resistance. In order to establish the effects of prestrain and ambient aging time on the age and subsequent BH, the specimens were prestrained and aged at ambient temperature for various time intervals, and then baked at 170 °C for 20 minutes. In the as-temper-rolled and press-formed condition, the steels were extremely resistant to ambient aging. However, it was found that a 0.3 pct tensile prestrain was sufficient to initiate ambient aging within 1 day, and the effect was accelerated with greater prestrain. With 8 days of ambient aging, all prestrained steels exhibited 20 to 25 MPa of age hardening. Irrespective of prestrain amount in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 pct, the BH decreased as the aging time increased.     

Effect of annealing parameters on mechanical properties of cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets

Cold-rolled martensitic steel sheets produced on continuous annealing lines with water quenching facility,have advantages of high strength and low alloying element contents.These are in good accordance with the trend of light-weighting and fuel saving for automotive steel.In this article,a cold-rolled martensitic steel is studied to investigate the effect of annealing parameters on its mechanical properties.It is found that the quenching temperature and the slow cooling speed as well as the overageing temperature have significant influence on the strength of the experimental steel.The temperature zone at which the austenite decomposition is slow or has not started may be chosen as the quenching temperature to ensure the steel’s strength stability.The slow cooling speed also influences the steel’s strength greatly.A high cooling rate will lead to significantly higher strength.Tempering would decrease the steel’s tensile strength but would increase its yield strength.     

Effect of prestrain on the mechanical properties of eutectoid steel

This investigation was designed to study the effect of prior compressive deformation and temperature on the subsequent dynamic fracture toughness, K,_Id, of fully pearlitic 1080 rail steel. Charpy instrumented impact tests on precracked specimens were performed at room temperature at a variety of prior strain levels from 0 to 20 pct. In addition, transition temperature tests were performed on specimens of zero, low (5 to 10 pct), and high (15 to 20 pct) prior strains. Dynamic fracture toughness (K,_Id) and energy absorbed per fractured area (W/A) were obtained from instrumented impact data. It was found that, at room temperature, compressive strain had no effect on either K_Id or W/A. In the transition temperature range, W/A decreased with increasing prior strain, while there was no effect on K_Id. At temperatures in the upper shelf region, prior strain decreased both K,_Id and W/A. There was no effect on the transition temperature as the amount of prior strain was increased. Thus, while both dynamic fracture toughness and impact properties can be significantly changed by varying temperature, cold working the material has at best a modest effect on impact energy and then primarily only in the upper shelf region.     

连续退火工艺对低硅型冷轧低合金高强钢板力学性能的影响

利用多功能连续退火模拟器Multipas对屈服强度为380MPa的低硅型冷轧低合金高强钢板连续退火生产工艺进行了模拟,研究了在820,800,780℃三种不同退火温度和60,120,160m·min^-1三种不同退火速度下,连退工艺对冷轧低合金高强钢板组织、力学性能的影响.结果表明,在不同的退火温度、退火速度下钢板退火组织的晶粒度基本相同,采用较低的退火温度和较高的退火速度时,可获得较好的强化效果.同时指出,在较高的连续退火温度下,退火速度对力学性能的影响较为显著.     

Properties of cold-rolled high-strength steel sheets

For high-strength steel sheets, a new concept has become necessary,viz, the relation between strength and formability. When the relation between tensile strength and elongation is appraised for ranking in terms of the strengthening mechanism, it is found that the substitutional solid-solution hardening type is excellent and the precipitation hardening type is inferior. In batch annealing, the phosphorus-added aluminum-killed steel sheets are representative of the former type having excellent formability as indicated by a highr values despite their tensile strength of 450 N/mm². The titanium-added aluminum-killed steel sheets, which are representative of the latter type, have a tensile strength of 600 N/mm² and a relatively highr value. Continuous annealing of the highstrength steel sheets of the same chemical composition causes higher yield stresses and combinations of yield stress and elongation. Alternatively with continuous annealing the same level of strength can be achieved with smaller additions of alloying elements than with batch annealing. An additional advantage of continuous annealing is the uniformity of properties along the length of the coil. The rapid cooling possible after continuous annealing allows production of high strength steel sheets having excellent mechanical properties that are unobtainable in the batched annealed steels. For example, steel sheets of 0.4 pet Si and 1.4 pet Mn after continuous annealing, haven values and Erichsen values as higher than conventional low-carbon rimmed or capped steel sheets even while they have a tensile strengths of 550 N/mm².      

Properties of cold-rolled high-strength steel sheets

For high-strength steel sheets, a new concept has become necessary,viz, the relation between strength and formability. When the relation between tensile strength and elongation is appraised for ranking in terms of the strengthening mechanism, it is found that the substitutional solid-solution hardening type is excellent and the precipitation hardening type is inferior. In batch annealing, the phosphorus-added aluminum-killed steel sheets are representative of the former type having excellent formability as indicated by a highr values despite their tensile strength of 450 N/mm². The titanium-added aluminum-killed steel sheets, which are representative of the latter type, have a tensile strength of 600 N/mm² and a relatively highr value. Continuous annealing of the highstrength steel sheets of the same chemical composition causes higher yield stresses and combinations of yield stress and elongation. Alternatively with continuous annealing the same level of strength can be achieved with smaller additions of alloying elements than with batch annealing. An additional advantage of continuous annealing is the uniformity of properties along the length of the coil. The rapid cooling possible after continuous annealing allows production of high strength steel sheets having excellent mechanical properties that are unobtainable in the batched annealed steels. For example, steel sheets of 0.4 pet Si and 1.4 pet Mn after continuous annealing, haven values and Erichsen values as higher than conventional low-carbon rimmed or capped steel sheets even while they have a tensile strengths of 550 N/mm².     

退火工艺对超高强冷轧马氏体钢板力学性能的影响

以C-Mn-Si系冷轧马氏体钢为研究对象,分析了退火工艺对超高强马氏体钢强度和冷弯性能的影响。由于碳含量高,试验用钢淬透性良好,当水淬入口温度在710℃及以上时,都能获得极高的抗拉强度和稳定的马氏体组织。随过时效温度升高,马氏体钢抗拉强度降低、延伸率升高;而屈服强度和冷弯性能则先升后降,在180℃过时效时具有最高的屈服强度和最优的冷弯性能。经扫描电镜和显微硬度分析发现,过时效温度的变化会直接影响马氏体钢中的碳化物析出及粗化,当过时效温度大于200℃时,试验用钢碳化物开始粗化,降低了马氏体钢的宏观冷弯性能。     

硫含量和夹杂物控制对冷轧马氏体钢板冷弯性能的影响

冷轧马氏体钢主要用于汽车安全件,成形以冷弯或辊压为主,因此,马氏体钢的冷弯性能至关重要。以宝钢工业产线轧制的980 MPa级冷轧马氏体钢为研究对象,研究了不同S含量水平和Ca处理对冷轧马氏体钢弯曲性能的影响,分析了不同S含量水平下钢中的夹杂物数量和级别。通过控制S含量和采用Ca处理,可以明显降低马氏体钢中的夹杂物数量、尺寸,最终明显提高冷弯性能。宝钢开发的980 MPa级冷轧马氏体钢已经成功应用于乘用车安全部件的制造。     

The production and practice of cold-rolled steel sheets for automobile

Shougang Group has carried out a strategic structure adjustment in order to realize the promise of Chinese people to the Olympic Games.Automotive sheets are chosen as a type of strategic product and an engine to upgrade enterprise management,technology and operation to reach the top international level during the transition from long products to steel sheets in Shougang Group.Since 2006,Shougang Group has made an elaborate preparation on steel sheet culture,production line construction,technology import,pilot plant and talent reserve.It lays the foundation for the development of automotive sheets.The developing history of cold rolled automotive sheets is reviewed and the research and development of cold rolled automotive sheets, tackling key problem of defect on surface and the latest progress of automotive sheets construction are described in this paper.The main contents were given as follows:①The products of automotive sheets realize zero breakthrough in Shougang Group.Monthly output was 300 ton in January,2009 and it increased to 48 000 ton in June,2010.The ratio of IF steel sheets increases to 70%from 40%.The proportion of outside panel in automotive sheets occupys more than 15%.②A high emulational pilot plant is used as a product developing platform to develop successfully automotive sheets with 1 000 MPa and below.It guarantees that the industrial development of DP and TRIP sheets gets success at a time.It covers continuous annealing sheets with tensile strength≤780 MPa and galvanizing sheets with tensile strength≤590 MPa.③Individual design is used to meet special requirement of customer.Shougang owns 23 inner brands of LCAK and IF steels.It insures that the grades of yield strength cover whole range from 120 to 270 MPa.It keeps the stabilization of steel performance by means of chemical composition control and high accuracy rolling technology.For example,the strength of soft steel fluctuates within±15 MPa.④The steel sheets with surface grade O5 are produced steadily by solving forming striation of IF steel,grain coarse on surface,edge curling skin and mountains - and - waters painting defects.⑤The safeguard mechanism on quality of products is improved steadily and the output of automotive sheets and outside panel increases greatly by building consistency quality management system、information - system and customer service system.     

铌微合金化对高Al冷轧TRIP钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用二段式盐浴热处理、金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和拉伸实验等方法,研究了添加0.025%微合金元素Nb对高Al(1.5%Al)冷轧相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP)组织与性能的影响规律.结果表明:Nb微合金化使高Al冷轧TRIP钢在连续退火后组织得到细化,残余奥氏体含量及其碳含量比无Nb钢均有所升高.含Nb钢在370℃和400℃等温后抗拉强度均大于650MPa,且总伸长率达到35%,具有优异的综合力学性能.Nb微合金化,将本实验所研究的高Al冷轧TRIP钢的最优贝氏体区等温温度由400℃左右扩大到370~400℃,提高了生产的工艺稳定性.     

退火温度对430不锈钢冷轧板组织和力学性能的影响

针对现场生产的430不锈钢冷轧板,通过高温连续退火实验研究了退火温度对材料显微组织、强度、塑性以及各向异性性能的影响.通过实验得到了合理的两段式加热连续退火工艺:选取中间温度为600℃,加热II段的加热速率为2.3℃·s-1,最高加热温度为840℃.随着退火温度的升高,薄板的屈服强度和硬度呈明显的两阶段降低趋势,延伸率呈"S"型趋势增加,平均塑性应变比基本保持不变（1.25左右）,而轧制平面各向异性指数有一定的降低.针对430不锈钢冷轧板分别建立了屈服强度与退火软化率和延伸率之间的定量关系.      

Characterization of formability in cold-rolled steel sheets using electromagnetic acoustic tranducers

An ultrasonic technique for evaluating the formability of cold-rolled steel sheets is developed. The technique is based on the generalized dispersion relation, which correlates the velocity anisotropy of ultrasonic plate modes guided in the sheet plane to the texture defined by orientation distribution coefficients. Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT’s), constructed of permanent magnets and meander-line coils, allow the accurate and easy measurement of transit times of theS _o (fundamental symmetric) mode. The planar average of the transit times shows a close correlation with both the planar average of plastic strain ratios (r value), obtained through tensile tests and the pole intensities, measured with the X-ray diffraction method. These favorable comparisons with the destructive tests indicate a good possibility of texture monitoring with the noncontacting EMAT’s.     

Recrystallization and mechanical properties of microalloyed cold-rolled steel

Cold-rolled microalloyed steels have proven themselves in many applications. Here microalloying fulfills different metallurgical functions that can be used to produce high-strength or very mild deep-drawing steels. This article studies the recrystallization behaviour of microalloyed steels during anneals performed in the laboratory and in the production shop. The delay in recrystallization compared with unalloyed steels can be explained by the amount and distribution of precipitated carbonitrides and also by dissolved microalloying elements. The mechanical properties of the cold-rolled, high-strength steels are determined mainly by grain refinement and, depending upon the annealing process, to a smaller extent by precipitation hardening. With complete fixation of all the interstitial atoms and, at the same time, minimization of the amount of precipitates very mild special deep-drawing steels can be made.     

固溶处理对冷轧Cr-Mn-N奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响

对一种节镍型Cr-Mn-N奥氏体不锈钢(Fe-13.8%Cr-11%Mn-0.35%N)的固溶处理工艺进行研究,设计固溶温度为800~1 100 ℃,保温时间为10、20和30 s,冷却方式为水冷和空冷。结果表明,试验钢经过900 ℃保温30 s水冷后,综合力学性能最佳,其中断后伸长率为47.7％,抗拉强度为1 023 MPa,屈服强度为540 MPa,强塑积为48.8 GPa·%。当固溶温度为800 ℃时,塑性提升并不明显,主要由于该温度仍处于敏化温度区间,导致含铬碳化物析出于奥氏体晶界,这对试样的塑性具有不利影响。根据EBSD的统计结果,经过900 ℃保温30 s后,试样组织中晶粒十分细小且均匀,平均晶粒尺寸约为1.4 μm;而提高固溶温度会导致晶粒粗化,1 000 ℃保温30 s后试样平均晶粒尺寸约为2.1 μm,1 100 ℃保温30 s后平均晶粒尺寸约为9.2 μm。     

Effects of heat treatment and alloying elements on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 0.15 wt pct C transformation-induced plasticity-aided cold-rolled steel sheets

The main emphasis of this study has been placed on understanding the effects of manganese and silicon additions and of heat-treatment (intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment) conditions on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 0.15 wt pct C transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided cold-rolled steel sheets. The steel sheets were intercritically annealed and isothermally treated at the bainitic region. Microstructural observation and tensile tests were conducted, and volume fractions of retained austenite were measured. Steels having a high manganese content had higher retained austenite fractions than the steels having a low manganese content, but showed characteristics of a dual-phase steel such as continuous yielding behavior, high tensile strength over 1000 MPa, and a low elongation of about 20 pct. The retained austenite fractions and mechanical properties varied with the heat-treatment conditions. In particular, the retained austenite fractions increased with decreasing intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment temperatures, thereby resulting in the improvement of the elongation and strength-ductility balance without a serious decrease in the yield or tensile strength. These findings suggested that the intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment conditions should be established in consideration of the stability of austenite and the solubility of alloying elements in the austenite formed during the intercritical annealing.     

Effect of prestrain on the ductile fracture behavior of an interstitial-free steel

The effect of tensile prestrain on the ductile fracture behavior of an interstitial-free (IF) steel has been studied using primarily (1) the analysis of void density by optical microscopy, (2) characterization of the size of dimples by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and image analyzer, and (3) estimation of strain hardening behavior of a series of prestrained tensile specimens, loaded until fracture. The variation of void density with local plastic strain around the necked region of the specimens indicated the existence of two types of void nucleation pertaining to inclusions and precipitate particles. The critical strain for void nucleation (ε{inn}) for the precipitate particles initially increases and then decreases with the increase in percentage prestrain. This phenomenon has been explained using the strain hardening exponent and nature of dislocation-particle interaction. The nature of variation of the average size of the dimples and that of ε{inn} with prestrain are found to be similar. The dimple size thus bears a proportional relationship with the void, nucleation strain ε{inn} and hence the former can be used to predict (ε{inn}) for IF steel.