水平螺旋槽管油膜燃烧的实验研究

柴油水平螺旋槽管降膜蒸发机理可实现柴油的快速均匀蒸发,应用于燃烧室中可实现燃料与空气的迅速良好混合,有利于提高燃烧室燃烧效率并有效降低污染物排放。实验样机已实现工作过程的自动控制,体现出了优良的性能,与传统的基于转杯雾化机理燃烧室作了对比实验。并对实验结果进行了理论分析。研究结果表明,由于具有更均匀的混合气形成,柴油水平螺旋槽管降膜燃烧比传统燃烧方式具有更高的燃烧效率和更低的CO和NOx排放量。     

生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的雾化蒸发性能研究

生物柴油是典型的绿色能源,与石化柴油理化性质相似.生物柴油对推进能源替代,减轻环境压力,控制由汽车尾气引起的城市大气污染具有重要的意义.文章通过实验研究了生物柴油与石化柴油混合燃料在不同掺混比例下的雾化和蒸发性.结果表明:随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,混合燃料的密度、运动黏度、闪点和馏出温度均呈不同程度上升趋势,在某些掺混比例下都略微超出标准规定,也就是说,掺混比例增大使调和油的蒸发性和雾化性变差.     

海水淡化中降膜蒸发过程的实验研究

由于横管降膜蒸发具有传热系数高、热耗低、可利用低品位能源等优点,横管降膜蒸发技术成为低温多效海水淡化技术中应用最广泛的方法.搭建了单管横管降膜试验台,观测了横管降膜蒸发的流动过程,研究了横管降膜蒸发过程中的流动特性和传热特性,归纳了管间距、喷淋密度对横管降膜蒸发过程中流动特性和传热特性的影响.实验结果表明:喷淋密度的增...     

WDH型气泡雾化油枪的流量特性研究

WDH型气泡雾化柴油、重油、渣油及奥里油燃烧器已在各行业的工业炉窑上得到广泛的应用。本文对WDH型气泡雾化喷嘴的流量特性进行了实验研究,此项研究结果对进一步开发WDH型气汇雾化喷嘴的应用领域将发挥重要的作用。     

R410A/R404A/R407C在T型翅内螺纹水平管外的降膜蒸发换热研究

为分析R410A、R404A、R407C在T型翅内螺纹水平强化管外降膜蒸发的换热特性,分别在变喷淋密度(0. 047～0. 113 kg/(m·s))、变蒸发温度(0～16℃)以及变热流密度(10～40 k W/m~2)条件下进行了实验,采用"Wilson"图解法以及热阻分离法进行实验数据处理,得到了3种制冷工质在管外降膜蒸发时的换热特性。结果表明:随着喷淋密度的增加,R410A、R404A和R407C 3种制冷工质的管外降膜蒸发传热系数先增加后减少,存在最佳喷淋密度,分别为0. 092、0. 088和0. 095 kg/(m·s);随着蒸发温度的升高,R410A和R404A的管外降膜蒸发传热系数先减小后增大,而R407C的管外降膜蒸发传热系数则一直在增大,但均小于R410A和R404A;随着热流密度的增加,3种制冷工质的管外降膜蒸发传热系数也随之增大,其中,R410A的换热性能最好,R404A次之,R407C最差。通过传热分析以及实验数据拟合,得到了3种制冷剂的降膜蒸发传热关联式。     

利用激光技术研究液态燃料燃烧器的雾化及其流场特性

燃烧技术关键之一是必须有良好的燃烧器,而液态燃料燃烧器的优劣取决于雾化效果及其流场分布特性.由于液滴表面积与滴径成反比,例如1cm~3的燃油雾化成平均直径为1m/m时,表面积为60cm~2,当雾化成平均滴径为50μ时,则表面积约增至1200cm~2,表面积增大的结果是使燃烧速度迅速提高并使燃烧效率递增.但是鉴于雾化过程非常复杂,即使单相液滴的雾化尚未建立起系统的理论,只有半经验阐述.     

生物柴油热重分析及柴油机试验研究

利用热重分析仪在氮气及氧气气氛下,对生物柴油和0#柴油进行热分析,考查了样品的挥发热解及氧化特性,并计算热分析特性参数.对两种燃料进行了柴油机台架对比试验,并对燃烧特性数据进行分析.结果表明:生物柴油有良好的替代性;生物柴油的燃烧性能更加优越,使用在柴油机上时,较为提前的着火延迟期可以使柴油机工作柔和,不粗暴.热重法对燃料蒸发性能的研究对发动机缸内雾化蒸发和燃烧过程有着指导意义.     

SB型雾化油燃烧器

一、简要说明及使用范围 SB型油燃烧器与国内设计或引进的各类低压空气型油燃烧器不同,它是一种低压空气高速射流多级雾化混合的新型节能油燃烧器。适用于轻、重柴油、原油、重油和渣油。在有350℃以下的预热空气使用劣质油的雾化燃烧有显著效果。该燃烧器经北京钢铁学院热能利用工程系     

水平强化管管外R407C降膜蒸发换热特性实验研究

搭建降膜蒸发实验台,对水平布置的强化管单管外的降膜蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究。实验强化管外径为19 mm,有效长度为2 500 mm。实验采用一种新型布液器,布液采用滴淋方式,以R407C为管外降膜蒸发工质,与管内热水进行热交换,分别在变蒸发管管内流速(1、1.5、2、2.5、3m/s)、变喷淋量(0.08~0.16 kg/(m·s))、变蒸发温度(2.5~16℃)和变热流密度(15~40 k W/m~2)的情况下进行实验,得到了R407C在管外降膜蒸发时的特性:随着热流密度的增加,传热系数不断增大;随着喷淋量的增加,传热系数先增大后减小,降膜蒸发存在一个最佳喷淋量;随着蒸发温度的升高,传热系数不断增大。同时分析了强化传热的原理。     

小桐子油及其生物柴油雾化特性实验研究

采用雾化喷吹实验,研究不同雾化压力条件对小桐子油及其生物柴油雾化特性的影响.首先对小桐子油及其生物柴油在不同温度下的运动黏度进行测定,并进行数据拟合.喷吹对比实验结果表明,随着雾化压力的升高,雾化贯穿距增大,雾化锥角变大.相同压力条件下,小桐子生物柴油的贯穿距和雾化锥角比小桐子油大,雾化效果好.小桐子油及其生物柴油雾化...     

Pulse combustion

Pulse combustors, first recorded in the literature in 1906, initially reached prominence as the propulsive engine for the V-1 in World War II. While various uses followed in small quantities, it was not until the successful marketing of the Lennox Pulse warm-air furnace and the Hydro-Pulse hydronic heating unit for residential heating in the early 1980's that the concept really gained credibility. This study first attempts to follow the meandering history of development through the years. Then several examples are presented of modern test results applicable to pulse combustion in general, to mechanically-valved units, and to aerovalved units. The concluding remarks concentrate on the large variety of possible uses of pulse combustors, including many that are in the developmental stage at the present time.     

Alcohol combustion chemistry

Alternative transportation fuels, preferably from renewable sources, include alcohols with up to five or even more carbon atoms. They are considered promising because they can be derived from biological matter via established and new processes. In addition, many of their physical-chemical properties are compatible with the requirements of modern engines, which make them attractive either as replacements for fossil fuels or as fuel additives. Indeed, alcohol fuels have been used since the early years of automobile production, particularly in Brazil, where ethanol has a long history of use as an automobile fuel. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of non-petroleum-based fuels made from biological sources, including alcohols (predominantly ethanol), as important liquid biofuels. Today, the ethanol fuel that is offered in the market is mainly made from sugar cane or corn. Its production as a first-generation biofuel, especially in North America, has been associated with publicly discussed drawbacks, such as reduction in the food supply, need for fertilization, extensive water usage, and other ecological concerns. More environmentally friendly processes are being considered to produce alcohols from inedible plants or plant parts on wasteland. While biofuel production and its use (especially ethanol and biodiesel) in internal combustion engines have been the focus of several recent reviews, a dedicated overview and summary of research on alcohol combustion chemistry is still lacking. Besides ethanol, many linear and branched members of the alcohol family, from methanol to hexanols, have been studied, with a particular emphasis on butanols. These fuels and their combustion properties, including their ignition, flame propagation, and extinction characteristics, their pyrolysis and oxidation reactions, and their potential to produce pollutant emissions have been intensively investigated in dedicated experiments on the laboratory and the engine scale, also emphasizing advanced engine concepts. Research results addressing combustion reaction mechanisms have been reported based on results from pyrolysis and oxidation reactors, shock tubes, rapid compression machines, and research engines. This work is complemented by the development of detailed combustion models with the support of chemical kinetics and quantum chemistry. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to and overview of recent results on alcohol combustion by highlighting pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly increasing body of information. As such, this paper provides an initial source of references and guidance regarding the present status of combustion experiments on alcohols and models of alcohol combustion.     

Catalytically stabilized combustion

This paper has reviewed the background leading up to the development of the catalytic combustor, selected results of experimental studies, developments in modelling techniques, and some aspects of applications to gas turbines and furnaces. The future prospects of the technology are exciting. The design of catalytic combustors for gas turbines is underway. In fact, at least one U.S. manufacturer is believed to have a catalytic gas turbine ready for introduction in the near future. Retrofit designs for stationary gas turbines and for furnaces could be implemented readily. Significant economic benefits could stem from such applications. In addition, the demonstration that the catalytic combustor makes possible the burning of heavy oils for downhole generation of steam to increase oil production, is of importance beyond the merely economic potential. Thus, the catalytic combustor and other igneslytic burners are important developments not only because they permit complete combustion of fuels without significant NO_x formation and because they make possible designs yielding reduced fuel consumption, but also because such combustors are serviceable in applications in which conventional combustors cannot be readily employed.     

Sewage sludge combustion

In the current review paper, various issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge are discussed. After briefly explaining the formation and treatment of sewage sludge, current and future sludge production are discussed. Thereafter, the four sludge disposal methods which are currently used, i.e. recycling in agriculture, landfilling, dumping into sea and incineration, are examined, and the future trend presented showing the increasing role of sludge incineration. Thereafter, technologies for thermal processing of sewage sludge are presented. They are discussed in three groups, i.e. mono-combustion, co-combustion and alternative processes. Various mono-combustion incinerators, including multiple hearth, fluidized bed and smelting furnaces are briefly discussed, whereas for co-combustion, attention has been given to co-combustion with coals in pulverized and fluidized bed coal combustors, as well as co-incineration with municipal solid wastes in various furnaces. Where possible, data from large scale plants are presented. Currently being discussed in the sludge disposal cycles are the alternative thermal processes to sludge combustion. These include wet oxidation, pyrolysis, oil from sludge processes, and combinations of pyrolysis, combustion and gasification processes. Some of these alternative technologies are also briefly discussed. An important aspect during thermal processing of sewage sludge is its combustion mechanisms. Compared to coals, sewage sludge has very high contents of moisture and volatile matter which can affect the combustion process. The importance of the drying and devolatilization processes for sewage sludge combustion is thus examined. In a special case, the release and combustion of the volatiles during sludge combustion in fluidized bed combustors is analysed, and some information concerning the combustion of sludge char is presented. Another important issue of sludge combustion is the emissions of pollutants gases as well as the handling of solid by-products. Of concern include the heavy metals, mercury, dioxins and furans, acid gases, as well as NO_x and N₂O. These are also briefly discussed. A peculiar characteristic of sewage sludge is its high content of nitrogen, and attention has been given to see how this affects the N₂O and NO_x emissions. In a special case, emission performance of large scale combustors of sewage sludge is presented.     

A combustion model for IC engine combustion simulations with multi-component fuels

Reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for the oxidation of representative surrogate components of a typical multi-component automotive fuel have been developed and applied to model internal combustion engines. Starting from an existing reduced mechanism for primary reference fuel (PRF) oxidation, further improvement was made by including additional reactions and by optimizing reaction rate constants of selected reactions. Using a similar approach to that used to develop the reduced PRF mechanism, reduced mechanisms for the oxidation of n-tetradecane, toluene, cyclohexane, dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, and methyl butanoate (MB) were built and combined with the PRF mechanism to form a multi-surrogate fuel chemistry (MultiChem) mechanism. The final version of the MultiChem mechanism consists of 113 species and 487 reactions. Validation of the present MultiChem mechanism was performed with ignition delay time measurements from shock tube tests and predictions by comprehensive mechanisms available in the literature.A combustion model was developed to simulate engine combustion with multi-component fuels using the present MultiChem mechanism, and the model was applied to simulate HCCI and DI engine combustion. The results show that the present multi-component combustion model gives reliable performance for combustion predictions, as well as computational efficiency improvements through the use of reduced mechanism for multi-dimensional CFD simulations.     

A review on plasma combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines

In recent years, new ways of improving the combustion efficiency of fuel during gas turbine operations have been developed. The most significant has been the application of plasma technology for the combustion of fuel in gas turbine operations. Plasma is formed when gas is exposed to either high temperature or high‐voltage electricity. This technology is very promising and has proven to enhance the performance of gas turbines and reduce toxic emissions. Recent studies have shown the use of different types of plasma applications in gas turbine operations such as plasma torch, filamentary discharge, and nanosecond pulse discharge, whose results show that plasma technology has great potential in improving flame stabilization, the fuel/air mixing ratio, and flash point values of these fuels. These findings and advances have further provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical uses in plasma combustion of fuel for gas turbine operations. This article is a comprehensive overview of the advances and blind spots in the knowledge of plasma combustion of fuel during internal combustion engine operations. This review also focuses on applications, methods, and experimental results in plasma combustion of fuel in gas turbines.