The Parlay network API specification

New business opportunities have emerged for network operators to offer a new generation of interfaces directly to solution providers that expose information and control in various intelligent networks. The paper describes the commercial rationale and operational benefits of these application level interfaces. The Parlay Group has defined application programming interfaces (APIs) to expose network capabilities including wireline, mobile, IP QoS, and messaging to external enterprises. The Parlay Group and the API specification are described, together with an illustration of how the API could be used to create an enterprise workflow solution that integrates capabilities in different networks.     

The Parlay Network API Specification

New business opportunities have emerged for network operators to offer a new generation of interfaces directly to solution providers that expose information and control in various intelligent networks. The paper describes the commercial rationale and operational benefits of these application level interfaces. The Parlay Group has defined application programming interfaces (APIs) to expose network capabilities including wireline, mobile, IP QoS, and messaging to external enterprises. The Parlay Group and the API specification are described together with an illustration of how the API could be used to create an enterprise workflow solution that integrates capabilities in different networks.     

Supporting real-time and multimedia applications on the Mercuritestbed

This paper describes the distributed system, network and software architecture, the application development environment, the performance, and the early lessons learned on the ATM LAN testbed Mercuri established at the Honeywell Technology Center, to develop distributed multimedia technologies for real-time control applications. We have developed a client-server-based software architecture on Sun Sparcstation-2s connected by a Fore Systems' ASX-100 ATM switch, with video processing handled by Parallax's X Video cards. The architecture enables network-transparent applications and provides simple primitives for multimedia capture, display, transmission, storage, and retrieval. A real-time multimedia-in-the-loop control application was developed as the vehicle for testing the capabilities and performance of the network. Our test measurements focus on the end-user-level performance metrics such as message throughput and round-trip delay as well as video-frame jitter under no-load and load conditions. Our results show that the maximum burst throughput that can be supported at the user level is 48 Mb/s using AAL 5, while round-trip delays for 4-kbyte messages are about 3 ms. Our experience reveals a number of performance bottlenecks and open issues in using commercial ATM switches for practical applications. Our conclusions are outlined     

A 622 Mb/s LAN/WAN gateway and experiences with wide area ATMnetworking

The use of similar technology in local and wide area networks enables geographically distributed high-performance applications. Key elements in achieving high performance are the appropriate use of traffic control and the development of efficient gateways between LANs and WANs. Even though the basic technology used on both sides of a gateway may be similar, the operational aspects of these elements are significantly different. A gateway has been developed and implemented not only to support communications between an ATM LAN and WAN at 622 Mb/s, but also to provide a platform for conducting network control and traffic research. In addition, the performance of the MAGIC WAN was evaluated, and bottlenecks were identified and analyzed. Techniques were developed and implemented, specifically ATM cell-level pacing, to eliminate these bottlenecks. Throughput performance close to the theoretical maximum was demonstrated. This article describes experiences with ATM over a WAN and how the gateway was developed, implemented, and evaluated. The results included show how high-speed LAN/WAN internetworking can be achieved and applied in many environments as appropriate control techniques and interfaces become ubiquitous     

Performance evaluation of TCP extensions on ATM over high bandwidthdelay product networks

Practical experiments in a satellite network environment assist in the design and understanding of future global networks. This article describes the practical experiences gained from TCP/IP on ATM networks over a high-speed satellite link and presents performance comparison studies of such networks with the same host/traffic configurations over local area and wide area networks. These comparison studies on the LAN, WAN, and satellite environments increase our understanding of the behavior of high-bandwidth networks. NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), with its special characteristics and high data rate satellite channels, and the ACTS ATM Internetwork (AAI) were used in these experiments to deliver broadband traffic. Network performance tests were carried out using application-level software (Netspec) on SONET OC-3 (155.52 Mb/s) satellite links. Finally, we experimentally study the performance, efficiency, fairness, and aggressiveness of TCP Reno, TCP New Reno, and TCP SACK end hosts on ATM networks over high BDP networks     

计算机与话音通信集成中的应用程序接口技术

对现有的几类CTAPI的特性和关键技术进行了分析。在此基础上，针对目前国内ATM技术的广泛应用情况，提出了一种基于NativeModeATMAP的CTAPI开发基础，这对于CTI技术应用推广具有现实的意义。     

Expanse software for distributed call and connection control

The experimental ATM network services environment (EXPANSE) prototype provides an experimental testbed for multimedia multiparty telecommunications services over heterogeneous communications networks. The EXPANSE software architecture supports the functional separation of call and connection control. At the call control layer an object-oriented, transaction-based call model provides for the co-ordination of the negotiations among users for the establishment, modification and disconnection of telecommunications services. The connection control layer provides an object-oriented protocol for the dynamic establishment, modification and release of network connections which include the control and allocation of network resources required for multimedia multiparty services. The EXPANSE software includes an application programming interface (API) to the signalling protocol at the call control level. The API provides a uniform and powerful interface to the call model and allows different applications to co-ordinate the control of local resources and session state.     

Data communication in ATM networks

An increasing number of customers require LAN access with high bandwidth and low delay over long distances. To satisfy these needs, several high-speed network techniques have been developed. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is superior compared to other networking technologies, as it offers high bandwidth and is scalable in the sense that the bandwidth capacity of an ATM system is not fundamentally limited to the technology itself. Initial ATM installations will operate as subnetworks of existing networks and MAC layer protocols. One of the main challenges in ATM is the transparent support of existing connectionless LAN services. Several activities have been launched within international standard bodies and forums to specify ways of providing data communication services over ATM. Most notable examples are Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and the similar Connectionless Broadband Data Service (CBDS) supported mostly by public network service providers. But also other approaches such as IP over ATM, and LAN emulation that show more adherence to the existing local and campus area networking paradigms. The article presents the requirements and architecture of the LAN emulation service. It describes the alternative methods for carrying IP packets over ATM, a public broadband service architecture and CBDS. The traffic management aspects of the data communication services are also discussed     

Java call control, coordination, and transactions

Future telecommunications networks will consist of integrated packet-switched (IP and/or ATM), circuit-switched (PSTN), and wireless networks. Service providers will offer a wide portfolio of innovative applications over these integrated networks. Doing so rapidly and efficiently requires open network APIs, with a key API being that for call control, as well as for coordination and transactions. The JAIN community is defining an API for Java call control and Java coordination and transactions. The JCC API defines the interface for applications to initiate and manipulate calls, while JCAT defines the facilities for applications to be invoked and return results before or during calls. Note that in this context a call refers to a multimedia, multiparty, multiprotocol communications session. The JCC/JCAT Edit Group of JAIN is in the process of defining the first version of the JCC/JCAT API specification, which is expected to be released in early 2000. This article describes the background of and motivation for the design of the JCC/JCAT API. We describe the AIN and JTAPI call models on which the JCC/JCAT API is based. We then describe the scope of JCC/JCAT and its relationship to other JAIN Edit Groups defining facilities for enabling service creation. Finally, we describe the requirements and example service drivers for JCC/JCAT, as well as the initial proposed design and structure for JCC and JCAT     

Distributed parallel algorithms for online virtual network embedding applications

Network virtualization (NV) has ubiquitously emerged as an indispensable attribute to enable the success of the forthcoming virtualized networks (eg, 5G network and smart Internet of Things [IoT]). Virtual network embedding (VNE) is the major challenge in NV that allows multiple heterogeneous virtual networks (VNs) to simultaneously coexist on a shared substrate infrastructure. A great number of VNE algorithms have been proposed, but over the past decades, most of them are only targeting for VNE node mapping. In this paper, we propose two distributed parallel genetic algorithms, which are based on two versions of crossover and mutation schemes, for online VN link embedding problems with low latency and high efficiency. Furthermore, we conduct a time analysis on the executing time of independently distributed parallel computing machines in details. This comprehensive analysis validates the parallel computing scalability on an identical number of predefined parallel machines. Extensive simulations have shown that our proposed algorithms can achieve better performance than integer linear programming (ILP)–based solutions while meeting the stringent time requirements for online VN embedding applications. Our proposed algorithms yield superior performance in running time with 32.78% up to 1727.8% faster than existing popular VNE algorithms. Additionally, the theoretical analysis indicates that the execution time can be reduced to logarithmic times by applying proposed distributed parallel algorithms.     

Design considerations for computer-telephony applicationprogramming interfaces and related components

Discusses computer telephony integration (CTI) architecture, including the application programming interface (API) and underlying operating system components and the benefits they can bring to all segments of the computer telephone industry. Although CTI APIs have existed in various forms for more than two decades, the work of crafting the ideal interface continues. As operating systems and telecommunications network technology evolves, so do the APIs and system components that bring together the computing and communications worlds. The author presents some of the considerations that have gone into the design of the Windows telephony application programming interface (TAPI) and which will continue to guide the further evolution of the interface     

Integrated Services over ATM/MAN-Based Personal Communication Networks

IEEE 802.6 metropolitan area networks (MANs) providean efficient architecture for supporting wirelesspersonal communication services (PCSs) overmetropolitan areas by interconnecting wireless basestations into personal communication networks (PCNs).They also serve as peripheral gathering networks totransport PCS traffic over a wide area broadbandintegrated services digital network employingasynchronous transfer mode (ATM), enabling integrationof PCNs in different cities into a global PCN. Bycombining the various access methods and employing adynamic bandwidth integration scheme, a MAN canfunction as a powerful distributed switch forintegrating different types of local traffic.Simulation results are presented to illustrate theadvantages of the integration scheme. To provideubiquitous PCS, we also propose a simplesuffix-dialing method for integrating telephone, fax,paging and email services over the ATM/MAN-based PCNsusing a single personal telecommunication number. Withthis method, the current practice of printing a longlist of phone numbers on one's business card will nolonger be necessary.     

ATM局域网性能测试与分析

异步传输模式（ＡＴＭ）常被认为是一种解决网络带宽瓶颈的技术，但是应用程序从ＡＴＭ网络获得的带宽受到许多因素的限制。本文通过在ＣＥＲＮＥＴ的ＡＴＭ测试床上的实验，对基于ＡＴＭＡＰＩ的数据交换和基于ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ／ＡＴＭ的数据交换进行了对比。结果表明，原始的ＡＴＭ信元交换其效率是非常好的，但在不同协议栈上的应用所能获得的带宽受系统软件、传统的网络协议和端系统等诸多方面的限制。通过调整这些因素，可以提高应用程序可获得的带宽。     

The IEEE P1520 standards initiative for programmable networkinterfaces

This article discusses the need for standard software interfaces for programming of networks, specifically for service and signaling control, through programming interfaces. The objective is to enable the development of open signaling, control, and management applications as well as higher-level multimedia services on networks. The scope of this effort includes ATM switches, circuit switches, IP routers, and hybrid switches such as those that provide for fast switching of IP packets over an ATM backbone. The basic ideas represented herein are in the process of development as a standard for application programming interfaces for networks under IEEE Standards Project IEEE P1520     

Gigabit networking research at Bellcore

A communication architecture appropriate for gigabit networks, the multimedia end-to-end communication architecture (MECA), is described. MECA provides multimedia applications with the service they require in a single communication system. MECA encompasses the network, host-network interface, and associated protocols. The architectural characteristics of MECA are compared with those of existing communication systems and the TP++ transport protocol used by MECA is compared to existing transport protocols. Three host-network interfaces built for AURORA, a five-gigabit testbed network that includes an experimental asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network running over a synchronous optical network (SONET), are described. The Sunshine ATM switch that supports MECA using a scalable Batcher-Banyan switching fabric and highly programmable port controllers is discussed     

Satellite ATM networks: a survey

Satellite ATM networks have significant advantages over terrestrial ATM networks. Satellites provide unique advantages such as remote coverage with rapid deployment, distance insensitivity, bandwidth on demand, immunity to terrestrial disasters, and offering broadband links. Satellite ATM networks will play an important role in the rapidly evolving information infrastructure. However, there are several obstacles which need to be overcome so that satellite ATM networks can operate in full service. The objective of this survey is to present the state of the art in satellite ATM networks and to point out open research problems. We explain the satellite ATM network architecture and cover the requirements and technical barriers for seamless integration of ATM and satellite networks. We describe the feasibility of the existing ATM cell transport methods, and deal with conventional and new satellite link access methods, and some error control schemes for the satellite environment. We then describe the problems of the proposed traffic and congestion control schemes, followed by the error performance of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol (SSCOP) for the satellite ATM network. We present basic requirements and a possible architecture for local area-metropolitan area network (LAN-MAN) interconnection using satellite ATM and then discuss the requirements for multimedia services in satellite ATM networks     

ATM performance evaluation under transparencies of a distributedsystem environment (DSE)

Management architectures as well as protocols for accessing managed entities and exchanging management information are well developed in standards. On the other hand developments in open distributed processing (ODP) are of recognized importance for network and service management. Their generic features fit well into the geographically extended, multiple vendor and heterogeneous environment of communication networks. As a third ongoing development asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN) offer challenging problems for resource allocation, network performance and quality of service (QoS) evaluation in real time. The paper shows how performance monitoring and evaluation for ATM networks can greatly profit from the features of a distributed system environment (DSE). The extreme flexibility offered by the ATM principle requires a rich and reusable set of servers accomplishing coordinated performance evaluation tests. DSE transparencies are an excellent match to corresponding management applications (MA) requirements, so that tests can be performed in a distributed, flexible and adaptable way under a conceptually simple architecture. The paper draws extensively from a non-distributed counterpart, i.e. an existing sophisticated ATM test and analysis tool developed under the “Research for Advanced Communications in Europe” (RACE) program, R1083 PARASOL project     

Experience with PACS in an ATM/Ethernet switched networkenvironment

Legacy local area network (LAN) technologies based on shared media concepts are not adequate for the growth of a large-scale picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in a client-server architecture. First, an asymmetric network load, due to the requests of a large number of PACS clients for only a few main servers, should be compensated by communication links to the servers with a higher bandwidth compared to the clients. Secondly, as the number of PACS nodes increases, the network throughput should not measurably cut production. These requirements can easily be fulfilled using switching technologies. Here asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is clearly one of the hottest topics in networking because the ATM architecture provides integrated support for a variety of communication services, and it supports virtual networking. On the other hand, most of the imaging modalities are not yet ready for integration into a native ATM network. For a lot of nodes already joining an Ethernet, a cost-effective and pragmatic way to benefit from the switching concept would be a combined ATM/Ethernet switching environment. This incorporates an incremental migration strategy with the immediate benefits of high-speed, high-capacity ATM (for servers and high-sophisticated display workstations), while preserving elements of the existing network technologies. In addition, Ethernet switching instead of shared media Ethernet improves the performance considerably. The LAN emulation (LANE) specification by the ATM forum defines mechanisms that allow ATM networks to coexist with legacy systems using any data networking protocol. This paper points out the suitability of this network architecture in accordance with an appropriate system design     

ATDNet research at the National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a military support agency with a significant requirement to deliver timely, relevant information to the warfighter in a secure manner. In these austere budget times, the Department of Defense (DoD) can no longer afford to build and operate its own private networks to support this requirement. The Global Grid project is a fitting vehicle for researching those areas that NSA has identified as critical in enabling public networks to satisfy its information delivery requirement: asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interoperability, distributed computing, information security (INFOSEC), and high-speed network connections     

Self-configuring communication middleware model for clusters with multiple interconnections

Communication middleware such as MuniCluster provides high-level communication mechanisms for networked applications by hiding the low-level communication details from the applications. The MuniCluster model provides mechanisms to enhance the network performance properties through message separation and parallel transfer. However, the configurations of such services require various measurements and setups to efficiently utilize the availability of multiple network interfaces. In this paper we introduce and evaluate a self-configuring model that allows applications to transparently utilize the existence of multiple network interfaces and networks. Here we present enhancements to the MuniCluster model by adding the self-configuration mechanism. Using network resource discovery and deciding on how to efficiently utilize the multiple networks, the model enhances overall communications performance. The proposed techniques deal with the heterogeneity of interfaces and networks to enhance the communication performance transparent form the applications. The proposed techniques also deal with heterogeneity in the interfaces and networks in their numbers, latencies, and bandwidths.