Supercritical water gasification of a heavy fuel oil

In this research, the supercritical water gasification for a sort of heavy fuel oil, Mazut, has been investigated. Mazut was modeled with a 33-pseudo-component using the corresponding distillation curve. In a reactor, the equilibrium reactions were simulated using the Gibbs free energy minimization method. A parametric study was performed on this system. The parameters were included mass fraction of fuel and pressure and temperature of the gasifier. Two approaches were investigated, one with constant pressure (P = 22.1 MPa) and the other with constant temperature (T = 600°C), varying the other two parameters. H₂ production efficiency reaches a maximum at fuel mass fraction about 30 percent and gasifier temperature in the range of 500°C to 700°C.     

预测凝析油气体系蜡沉积热力学模型

根据实验研究结果,提出了一个可以预测凝析油气体系蜡沉积的热力学模型。该模型把蜡沉积视为多固相过程,沉积出的蜡由几个固相组成,每个固相都由一个拟组分构成,固相之间彼此互不混合。根据这一认识,提出了气- 液- 多固相物料平衡方程。采用适合凝析油气体系计算溶解热经验方程,结合考虑固相沉积的多相闪蒸数值算法,模型能对析蜡量进行量化模拟计算。模型中气- 液相参数通过状态方程计算获得。通过对凝析油蜡沉积的计算表明,用该模型计算蜡的沉积量和析蜡温度与实验结果非常吻合。     

煤炭地下气化是我国化石原料供给侧创新方向

中国能源需求量巨大,在富煤、贫油、少气、可再生能源总量有限且增速较慢的能源格局下,如何安全、清洁、高效开采和利用煤炭已成为讨论的焦点。为此,剖析了当前煤化工及整体煤气化联合循环发电系统(IGCC)等煤炭利用方式所面临的问题,提出煤炭地下气化技术是一种符合现实需求的选择。研究结果认为,煤炭地下气化技术在安全与环境、优势资源综合利用、经济可行性等多个方面都具有优势,可作为煤化工和IGCC的前端支撑和保障。在当前的发展形势下,应从以下几个环节入手,推动煤炭地下气化技术的发展:(1)加强技术产品的研发,建立可行性研究综合评价体系,制订产业化行业的相关标准;(2)给予煤炭地下气化产品精准的市场定位,关注产品全流程综合经济指标,先技术可行,后经济优化;(3)建立完善的运作及管理模式,严格把控高效、环保、安全、和谐、简洁的产业链目标。结论认为,实现煤炭地下气化的规模化将有力推动我国化石原料供给侧的优化创新。     

Effects of residence time and heating rate on gasification of petroleum residue

Gasification of petroleum residue has been considered as the potential technology due to the advantages of converting the liquid fuels into syngas using partial oxidation. In this paper, we developed a one-dimensional kinetic model to simulate the effects of residence time and heating rate on the gasification characteristics. Results showed that gasification under higher heating rate improves the hydrogen yield and carbon conversion efficiency. It was also found that the residence time plays a major role in the process; higher residence time improves the hydrogen yield and gasification efficiency. The model was validated against the reported data and found to be in good agreement.     

稀油作动力液射流泵技术在旅大稠油油田的应用

旅大27-2油田是一个多含油层系,各油组原油黏度差异大。东营组为稀油,地面原油黏度4.8~6.0 mPa.s,适合采用电潜泵开采;而明化镇组稠油油藏地面原油黏度1 052.0~5 369.2 mPa.s,地面原油密度0.968~0.989 g/cm3,常规的电潜泵难以正常开采,若采用常规热采方式开采,将会花费巨大的成本。因此尝试以同一油田的下部东营组稀油作为射流泵的动力液,对上部明化镇两口稠油井选择射流泵试验开采。经对该油田两口稠油井A14h、A15h现场应用,油井产量达到ODP配产,生产稳定。这为该类型油田的后续开发积累了经验。     

Slurry-phase catalytic hydrocracking of mazut (heavy residual fuel oil) using Ni-bentonite

Abstract

In this work, Ni-bentonite catalyst was synthesized through exchange method. The synthesized catalyst and the pristine clay were characterized by XRD, XRF, TGA/TDA, TEM, EDX-mapping, nitrogen adsorption-desorption at ?196?°C, H₂-TPD and NH₃-TPD. The catalytic efficiency of the dispersed nickel catalyst toward the hydrocracking of mazut (heavy residual fuel oil) under reduced pressure has been evaluated. The experimental results showed increasing yield of middle distillate fraction to 71?wt.% as the reaction temperature raised to 430?°C under pressure 2.0?MPa.     

An artificial neural network framework for gasification of liquid fuels under oxy-fuel conditions

Gasification is a clean thermochemical process which converts carbon-based fuels into syngas. In this work, an artificial neural network model of heavy oil gasification under different gasifying agents was developed. Model was validated with the experimental data from literature. Effect of important parameters such as equivalence ratio and oxygen ratio (OR) on the higher heating value (HHV) of the produced syngas, gasification efficiency (GE), carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) was studied. With OR increasing from 0.366 to 0.41, GE and syngas HHV decreased, but CCE increased.     

油溶性枝型稠油降粘剂的合成与性能评价

针对目前油溶性稠油降粘剂存在的选择性强和降粘效果差等问题,研制了一种油溶性枝型稠油降粘剂,该降粘剂分子结构中含有极性基团和烷基。极性基团可以降低稠油中胶质和沥青质的氢键作用,烷基可以增加油溶性枝型稠油降粘剂的溶解能力,从而提高其降粘效果。油溶性枝型稠油降粘剂通过2步法合成得到,通过对其合成条件的讨论发现,该油溶性枝型稠油降粘剂的最佳合成条件为:乙二醇、环氧氯丙烷和十八酰氯的摩尔分数之比为4∶4∶1.5;第1步主链反应温度为110℃,反应时间为8h,促进剂N的质量分数为1.4%;第2步接枝反应温度为110℃,反应时间为14h。研制的油溶性枝型稠油降粘剂降粘率可达49%;红外光谱对其结构的表征结果显示,其结构与设计结构一致。     

二甲醚自热重整制氢热力学分析及实验

用GIBBS最小自由能法对二甲醚(DME)自热重整制氢过程进行了热力学分析,在绝热条件下计算了反应产物中各组分的体积含量随水醚比(1～6),氧醚比(0.2～0.8)和压力(0.1MPa～0.6MPa)的变化关系。结果表明:H2的体积含量随压力的增加呈降低趋势;在标准大气压下,H2的体积含量随水醚比和氧醚比的增大都呈先增后降低趋势。氧醚比不变的条件下,随着水醚比的增加,CO与CH4的体积含量呈降低趋势,CO2的体积含量呈增加趋势。最后,在自制实验台上进行二甲醚自热重整制氢的实验研究,将该实验结果与热力学分析结果进行了对比分析,结果证明用GIBBS最小自由能法分析得到的H2,CO,CH4和CO2的体积分数随水醚比的变化趋势与实验结果较为一致。     

合成气甲烷化热力学计算分析

探讨了合成气甲烷化过程中各反应的热力学平衡常数与温度的关系,并使用CHEMKIN软件计算了反应温度、压力对CO转化率、CO2和甲烷选择性和收率的影响。结果表明:温度在550K~630K之间,压力为1MPa,是甲烷化反应的优化条件。     

用链状流体分子热力学模型计算常压流体混合物的黏度

在Eyring绝对速率理论的基础上,结合链状流体分子热力学模型,建立了一个常压流体混合物的黏度方程。该黏度方程的关键是采用了链状流体分子热力学模型,同时计算黏度方程中的压缩因子和过剩Gibbs自由能。对选择的若干常压二组分流体混合物的黏度数据的计算结果表明,采用一个与温度无关的可调参数时,黏度方程能关联二组分流体混合物的黏度数据,平均相对误差为3.18%;采用两个与温度无关的可调参数时,关联效果大幅度的改善,平均相对误差降至1.22%;采用与温度有关的可调参数时,单参数和双参数所得黏度计算结果的平均相对误差分别为2.79%和0.84%。实验结果表明,该黏度方程的预测结果稍差,误差一般为7%左右。因此,实际计算中,推荐使用与温度无关的可调参数的黏度模型。     

Aspen plus simulation of heavy oil gasification in a fluidized bed gasifier

Gasification is a clean technology to convert fuels to high-quality syngas in presence of a gasifying agent. In this study, an Aspen Plus model of heavy oil gasification was developed to produce the hydrogen rich syngas. Effect of some parameters such as gasification temperature and steam/fuel ratio on the hydrogen yield and was investigated. Results showed that the temperature plays a major role in the process; higher temperatures produce the higher hydrogen content. It was also found that the operation under high steam/fuel ratio can cause a significant increase in the hydrogen yield. The modeling results were compared with the experimental data available in the literature and found to be in good agreement.     

修复植物化学链气化中重金属迁移热力学平衡分析

采用热力学平衡计算的方法,研究了富集重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的修复植物在热解/气化和化学链气化过程中重金属的形态分布和迁移变化规律,考察了不同气氛、温度和载氧体的影响。结果表明：铁矿石载氧体的化学链气化明显促进了3种重金属氧化物和碳酸盐的形成,对重金属的氯化物、氢化物和氢氧化物的气态挥发也具有促进作用。在以SiO2、Al2O3分别作为惰性载体的钙基(CaSO4)载氧体化学链气化中,3种重金属几乎都以硫化物生成,高温下的重金属挥发态大幅度减少,其中以SiO2作为载体时有利于PbS的形成;2种载氧体的惰性成分SiO2、Al2O3能与重金属反应生成更加稳定且不易挥发的重金属硅酸盐和铝酸盐,达到固化的效果。在水蒸气气氛下铁矿石载氧体化学链气化中,3种重金属熔融态的生成受到抑制,气态挥发物更加容易生成,其中固态PbO与PbSiO3含量明显增加;而钙基载氧体下水蒸气明显促进了3种重金属熔融态的形成,抑制了高温下重金属的气态挥发,其中Zn的铝酸盐和硅酸盐的生成得到明显促进。与热解/气化相比,化学链气化对重金属固化率有一定的优势,特别是钙基载氧体下的化学链气化。     

曙一区超稠油油藏综合评价研究

依据岩心资料,运用统计学原理及测井评价技术,系统地建立了超稠油油藏储层参数解释模型及储层岩性划分标准,为曙一区超稠油油层分类评价和油藏的合理开发提供依据。曙一区超稠油油层划分为3类：I类占61．3％,Ⅱ类占33．4％,Ⅲ类占5．3％。运用该研究成果,设计实施的4口热采先导试验井均获成功。运用测井手段评价超稠油油藏可为油藏开发提供可靠的储层参数,对超稠油油藏合理开发、优化射孔井段具有很强的实用性和可操作性。     

Shell重油气化装置运行总结

某公司重油气化装置采用壳牌(Shell)新重油气化工艺,以脱油沥青为进料,设计硫质量分数6.8％,灰分0.18％,250℃ 动力黏度300.0 mPa·s,是Shell在运重油气化装置中进料性质最差、单炉负荷最高、总规模最大的装置.该装置高度自动化可实现"六年一修",其关键设备——气化主烧嘴寿命最长可达8736 h.对...     

Hydrogen production via steam gasification of heavy oil: Effects of operating conditions

A heavy oil gasification model that can predict the hydrogen yield has been developed for a high pressure circulating fluidized bed. The model is based on the Aspen Plus package, which is a professional software for simulation of thermal process. To illustrate the effects of the steam/fuel ratio and temperature, several conditions have been examined. The results show that the gasification temperature plays a major role in the process. As gasification temperature increases from 600 to 800°C, the production of hydrogen increases dramatically. The influence of steam/fuel ratio (0.50–0.80) is also considerable, but shows a constant rate at the higher steam/fuel. Simulation results were validated against experimental data available in the literature.     

稠油油井幂律流体流动视黏度模型

与常规油井相比，稠油油井产出液黏度较高，致使生产过程中出现泵效较低、悬点载荷变化大和调参困难等问题。针对稠油抽油机井举升过程，选用胜利油田5口油井产出稠油，通过实验分析其在35～100℃温度下的流变性，用幂律模式回归稠油幂律指数与稠度系数随温度变化的经验计算公式。以非牛顿流体流变学理论和人工举升理论为基础，按照不同的流动规律，给出稠油油井从地层到井口垂直井筒流动的运动方程和边界条件，并对其进行求解，最终得到视黏度模型。应用结果表明，该模型能够提高设计结果的精度，为稠油油井的优化设计及参数调整提供理论参考。图6表2参13     

Steam gasification of oil sludge with calcined olivine

Abstract

Steam gasification of solid/liquid fuels is an efficient method for producing hydrogen and syngas. The purpose of this work was to examine the catalytic behavior of olivine in steam gasification of oil sludge. To achieve this, an Aspen Plus model was developed based on Gibbs free energy minimization. Results showed that the concentration of H₂, CO and CH₄ increased with adding the olivine particle, while CO₂ showed an opposite trend. With ER increasing from 0.12 to 0.36, H₂, CO and CH₄ decreased significantly, while CO₂ increased from 10.97 to 21.87. ER is an important parameter in the gasification process.     

关于石油成因“碳酸盐决定论”等之评论

在石油地质科学上,自从有石油成因学说争论以来,一些无机成因论者总是质疑和批判着有机成因的种种弊端与缺陷,并倡导无机成因;而有机成因论者没有侧重于地球化学全面系统地应对反驳,这是因为旧的有机成因本身确实存在一些问题。该文作者提出了一种新的石油成因理论——“湿封闭体系微生物和碳酸盐主导生油理论”,并对该理论作出了一种新的提升——“石油成因碳酸盐决定论”。文章分2部分：第一部分,对石油无机成因说提出了9点质疑性的评论;第二部分,在简要阐释了“湿封闭体系微生物和碳酸盐主导生油理论”中碳酸盐协同微生物主导生油作用的理论基础以后,列举实例论述了“没有碳酸盐古物源沉积物的任何沉积盆地都不可能有石油”的观点,简称“碳酸盐决定论”。     

串行流化床生物质气化动力学模拟

生物质是一种清洁、可再生能源,来源广泛。串行流化床气化工艺将生物质气化和燃烧过程分离,具有气化温度较低和合成气浓度高等优点,是国内外学者进行生物质能源利用研究的热点之一。为模拟其气化过程,针对松木和玉米秸秆这2种生物质原料,以水蒸气为气化介质,结合气化反应动力学方程,利用Aspen Plus系统(V7.2)对串行流化床生物质气化过程进行了动力学模拟,考察了进料水蒸气与生物质质量比(S/B)和气化温度对气化干气组成和产率的影响。模拟结果表明:①S/B值的变化、气化湿度的变化对松木和玉米秸秆气化所得干气组成及产率的影响趋势是一致的,但随着S/B增加,松木和玉米秸秆气化所得干气产率增加,CO_2和H_2含量升高,CO含量降低;②随着气化温度的升高,干气中H_2和CO_2含量逐渐降低,CO含量和干气产率增加;③在相同研究条件下,松木气化所得干气中的H_2含量与玉米秸秆气化相当,但产率优于玉米秸秆气化的产率。