Crude oil aggregation by microscopy and dynamic light scattering

This research is focused on establishing a methodology to evaluate the aggregation state of Mexican crude oil solutions from two different sources and SARA compositions, by using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Different crude oil concentrations were established and monitored through time in order to determine their effects on the aggregation state. DLS results indicate that the aggregation state of the studied solutions is influenced by crude oil composition, specifically by the amount of resins. Particle size and elemental analysis of the aggregates were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Results from these techniques reveal particulated low-porosity smooth surfaces due to the presence of resin, as well as the determination of the characteristic elements found in asphaltenes. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HTEM) indicated the presence of asphaltene aggregates constituted by nanometric particles and asphaltene stacking as well as ultrafine nanocrystalline-oriented structures.     

Characterization of the isolated wetting crude oil components with infrared spectroscopy

To improve the understanding of wettability, especially the influence of different crude oil colloids, wetting experiments on quartz sand and kaolin were performed with an asphaltene rich oil. A two-step procedure was developed to investigate the wetting behavior. In the first step, those crude oil components were extracted, which preferentially wet solid surfaces. The extracted crude oil components were characterized in a second step. The composition of the fractions extracted with different solvents are different. The acetone fractions extracted from quartz sand are rich in compounds containing nitrogen, whereas the compounds containing sulphur predominate in the chloroform fraction extracted from quartz sand. IR spectroscopy of the extracted fractions shows that carbonyl compounds are abundant in the methanol/chloroform and acetone/chloroform fractions extracted from quartz sand. The chloroform fraction is poor in carbonyl group-containing compounds. In agreement with elemental analysis, a strong signal for C–N groups in the IR spectra is found for acetone/chloroform and methanol/chloroform fractions, extracted from the quartz sand system. On the other hand, a significant, strong IR-peak representing S=O containing components is observed in the acetone and acetone/chloroform fractions, extracted from quartz sand.     

DRY－500碟片式离心机的原油脱水试验

ＤＲＹ－５００碟片式离心机对高含水原油实施脱水处理效果较好，原油处理前含水率为９３．８％，处理后含水率为０．４４％，脱水效率高，且不受含水原油的温度和含水率的影响。根据试验情况，建议改造离心机机型，采用不同比重环，使之适应高、中、低含水原油的分离脱水要求和污水处理要求，同时要适应井液中油、气、水、砂并存的情况，能连续清除固相。     

Structural Aspects of Crude Oil Derived Asphaltenes by NMR and XRD and Spectroscopic Techniques

Asphaltene samples obtained from crude processed at two Indian refineries were characterized for chemical composition and structure by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, and chromatographic (column and GPC) techniques. Estimation of NMR average structural parameters were obtained by combined ¹H, NMR ¹³C, NMR DEPT-45, and QUAT pulse sequence spectral editing techniques. The macrostructure and crystalline parameters of these samples were obtained by XRD. The nature of the functional groups have been obtained by IR technique. A combined NMR and XRD parameters were used to estimate the size of average aromatic structural units. Asphaltenes from one of the crudes (ASP-A) was found to be highly pericondensed, highly substituted, and higher molecular size compared to ASP-B asphaltene molecules. The number of aromatic sheets per unit sheets are 3.7 and 2.5 in the sample ASP-A and ASP-B, respectively. Both the asphaltene molecules in the samples have periodically and systematic arrangement of aromatic sheets in the unit sheet. The number of aromatic rings per unit sheet in ASP-A and ASP-B are 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. The fluorescence spectral studies has also exhibited λ_max (the wavelength of maximum intensity) at 505 and 509 nm confirming to pericondensed higher polycondensed aromatic ring system in both the samples. The analysis of liquid chromatographic fractions of these samples show that each sample is composed of several polycondensed aromatic systems where unit sheet of ring sizes vary from 1.8 to 6.3 with varying molecular sizes. These structural parameters allowed a model structure of the asphaltenes to be constructed.     

Structural Aspects of Crude Oil Derived Asphaltenes by NMR and XRD and Spectroscopic Techniques

Abstract

Asphaltene samples obtained from crude processed at two Indian refineries were characterized for chemical composition and structure by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, and chromatographic (column and GPC) techniques. Estimation of NMR average structural parameters were obtained by combined ¹H, NMR ¹³C, NMR DEPT-45, and QUAT pulse sequence spectral editing techniques. The macrostructure and crystalline parameters of these samples were obtained by XRD. The nature of the functional groups have been obtained by IR technique. A combined NMR and XRD parameters were used to estimate the size of average aromatic structural units. Asphaltenes from one of the crudes (ASP-A) was found to be highly pericondensed, highly substituted, and higher molecular size compared to ASP-B asphaltene molecules. The number of aromatic sheets per unit sheets are 3.7 and 2.5 in the sample ASP-A and ASP-B, respectively. Both the asphaltene molecules in the samples have periodically and systematic arrangement of aromatic sheets in the unit sheet. The number of aromatic rings per unit sheet in ASP-A and ASP-B are 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. The fluorescence spectral studies has also exhibited λ _max (the wavelength of maximum intensity) at 505 and 509 nm confirming to pericondensed higher polycondensed aromatic ring system in both the samples. The analysis of liquid chromatographic fractions of these samples show that each sample is composed of several polycondensed aromatic systems where unit sheet of ring sizes vary from 1.8 to 6.3 with varying molecular sizes. These structural parameters allowed a model structure of the asphaltenes to be constructed.     

高精度脉冲雷达在原油罐中的应用

介绍了高精度脉冲雷达液位计的特点，并将其平面天线的版本应用于原油外浮顶罐，有效地 解决了原油在导波管内的挂壁现象对雷达测量的影响。     

Web近红外光谱原油快评技术开发与应用

开发了Web版原油快评软件,在软件构架层面,由原油快评系统用户应用模块、原油快评近红外光谱库管理模块、原油快评建模模块、原油快评模型库管理模块和用户管理模块构成。该软件实现了模型库的统一维护和统一发布、光谱数据库和评价数据库的统一管理,对现有的原油快评算法进行了升级,经过对升级算法的综合调试使用,可明显提高预测结果的计算速度和识别准确率。收录石化企业A、B常加工原油并分别建立了石化企业A、B原油近红外光谱数据库,将石化企业原油近红外光谱数据库与中国石化石油化工科学研究院原油近红外光谱数据库进行合并,建立快评分析模型,对常加工油种进行监测分析,结果表明近红外光谱快评结果较为准确。     

自然伽马能谱测井在西部油气勘探中的应用

在西部区块勘探密度较低，探井较少的情况下，自然伽马能谱测井曲线在油气田勘探和开发中有着十分重要的意义，它主要用来寻找高放射性储集层、计算泥质含量、研究沉积环境和粘土矿物类型、生油岩评价以及油田开发中研究流体流动情况等。     

脱除含酸原油中金属离子的研究

通过对含酸原油中金属离子存在形式和脱除原理的探讨,研究了脱除含酸原油中的金属离子增脱剂,试验证明该增脱剂脱除Ca和Mg离子的效果较好。在模拟工业放大试验条件下,对实验用油中的Ca离子的脱除率可达75%～82%,对Mg离子的脱除率可达到51%～71%。     

中红外光谱和近红外光谱在油品分析中的技术比较

介绍了美军对中红外和近红外光谱的对比情况,并对两种红外光谱的本质区别作了详细阐述,总结了中红外和近红外的技术性能比较,同时对两种红外光谱未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

加工陆上混合原油及进口高硫原油设备的腐蚀与防护技术

总结了加工陆上混合原油及进口高硫原油装置存在的的设备腐蚀问题及防腐蚀经验,对典型的腐蚀案例及防护措施进行了重点分析。提出了解决上述装置设备腐蚀问题的有效措施。     

原油快速评价技术在原油调合中的应用

我国炼油化工企业加工的原油品种多、性质波动大,原油调合已经成为必不可少的手段。为了确保原油调合的效果,关键要解决原油性质预测的问题。文中阐述了原油快速评价系统的应用,采用近红外光谱分析技术及时准确的获取原油性质,为优化原油配方提供依据,确保调合后原油性质稳定。     

混炼原油的评定与研究

将大庆原油与俄罗斯原油按不同比例混合，并分析实沸点切割的宽馏分性质，结果表明：随着进口油比例的增加，混炼原油的粘度和凝点都随之降低，有利生产低凝的煤油，柴油。混合比为50：50时轻质油收率最大，60：40时总拔出率最高。     

轻质油中总硫含量的测定方法

文中阐述了现用企业标标准Q/SY DH0327-2006<轻质油中总硫含量的测定(紫外荧光法)>在2010年8月修订过程中,考虑1 200 kt/a乙烯工程改扩建完成时,分析仪器设备的相互依托、分析方法的连续性和数据前后对比等原因,同时参考SH/T0689-2000<轻质烃及发动机燃料和其他油品的总硫含量测定法(紫外荧...     

Evaluation of Trace Metals and Physical Properties of Nigerian Crude Oil Saturate Fraction

Analyses of trace elements and physical properties of the saturate fraction of Nigerian crude oil were done in order to establish the characteristics that may aid the developmental processes of the natural resources. Crude oil samples were collected from three different oil fields in Niger-Delta area of Nigeria. The saturate fractions were eluted by column chromatography using n-hexane. The saturate fractions were investigated for functional groups using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT–IR); the elemental concentrations were determined using Atomic absorption spectrometry, while the physical properties (flash point, ash content, refractive index, and color) were determined using standard analytical methods. The results revealed that the infrared spectra of the saturate fraction of the Nigerian crude oil showed mainly the presence of C-H(CH₃) and C-H(CH₂) functional groups, indicating high purity of the samples. The concentrations of the analyzed elements (Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, V, Cr, and Ni) in the saturate fraction were generally low compared to other fractions of Nigerian crude oil. This study revealed that Co has the highest mean concentration of 1.81 ± 0.36 mg/L, while Mn has the lowest mean concentration of 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/L. The t test values for the comparison of the elemental concentrations of Nigerian crude oil /saturate fraction and crude oil asphaltene/saturate fraction showed significant difference (except Mn) with respect to Nigerian crude oil /saturate fraction. The cluster analysis for the elements showed two groups, which are fairly well correlated indicating similar source and similar chemical affinity. The cross-plot analysis of the Nigerian crude oil and its saturate using elemental concentrations as the variables showed a strong positive inter element correlation since (R² = 0.71), establishing a relationship between the Nigerian crude oil and the saturate fraction. The color of the saturate fraction ranged from off-white to colorless. The results of analysis provide useful information on its conversion mechanism and environmental implications of the development of the fossil fuel deposit.     

原油快速评价技术的应用研究

为了快速准确测量原油的密度、酸值、硫含量等重要性质,采用红外光谱技术结合化学计量学定量校正算法建立校正模型。结果表明,采用偏最小二乘算法(PLS)建模预测原油密度、酸值和硫含量的标准偏差分别为00085 g/cm3、031 mgKOH/g和035%,预测的重复性与再现性等同或优于标准方法,具有测量快速、操作简单、无需预处理、重复性好等优点。     

掺炼俄罗斯原油对重油催化裂化装置产品分布及质量的影响

俄罗斯原油属于高硫中间基原油,掺炼俄罗斯原油可以打破国内炼油厂加工原油的单一格局。文中从掺炼俄罗斯原油对催化裂化装置的产品分布、产品性质、对含硫污水、汽油烯烃等方面的影响进行分析和讨论,提出了掺炼俄罗斯原油后应增加催化剂、防腐剂的注入量等对策。     

YL-2025破乳剂用于管输原油破乳脱水研究

通过评价十多种油溶性破乳剂单剂对管输原油乳液的脱水效果,筛选出2种脱水性能较好的破乳荆,按一定比例复配出一种复合性油溶性破乳剂YL-2025。试验证明该破乳剂对管输原油具有良好的脱盐脱水效果。在中国石油化工股份有限公司武汉分公司联合装置上进行了工业应用,应用2个月后的检测结果表明,脱盐脱水合格率迭90％以上。     

基于化学计量的渤海原油组分检测方法

原油中沥青质、胶质及蜡3种组分的含量是油田开发、生产与输送工艺设计及运行方案制定的重要基础数据,其传统标准检测方法一般存在周期长、精度低、溶剂有毒等问题,这将严重影响原油组分的检测效率、生产工艺与操作方案的合理性。为此,基于化学计量学原理,对300组渤海地区的原油样品进行实验,建立红外光谱与原油组分的多元校正模型,提出了通过检测原油红外光谱来预测原油组分的方法。通过多次重复性实验对比分析发现,该方法的平均相对误差、绝对误差及标准差分别为5.3%、5.1%、6.1%,重复性小于3%、再现性小于15%,优于标准检测方法,且该检测方法比标准方法耗时短、成本低、可靠性与检测效率高。     

莺歌海盆地原油中微量元素分布特征及其地质意义

采用同步辐射X射线荧光分析技术 ,测定了莺歌海盆地海相原油和北部湾盆地陆相原油中的微量元素含量 ,结果是海相原油富集Cr、Mn、Fe元素 ,陆相原油Cr、Mn、Fe元素含量甚微 ,但却富集Cu元素。如此特征为判识原油的成因类型和源岩追踪提供了有意义的信息