Effect of nano titanium dioxide on heavy oil recovery during polymer flooding

In recent years, polymer flood of heavy oil has been extensively studied in laboratories and successfully applied in several fields. Polymer flooding is the most successful chemical enhanced oil recovery method. However, still, the need for a large amount of polymer, leading to high operational costs, presents a big challenge in technologies. This challenge can be addressed by considering the newly emerging nanomaterials. In this work, the author focuses on roles of TiO₂ nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and improve recovery in heavy oil recovery. He present the results obtained from a coreflood experiment with polymer injection in heavy oil at 1320 mPa.sec viscosity. Nanopolymer exhibits an outstanding flow behavior and enhanced oil recovery performance in coreflood displacement tests compared to base polymers. The results indicate that polymer flooding with higher viscosity can significantly improve oil recovery. Flooding test showed about 4% increase in oil recovery for nanopolymer solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

Effect of Nanoclay on Heavy Oil Recovery During Polymer Flooding

Polymer flooding for improving sweep efficiency has been studied extensively in laboratory and tested in fields for conventional oils. A novel nanofluid based on polyacrylamide clay has been developed and its properties have been experimentally tested as a suitable candidate in polymer flooding for oil field projects. This authors review the polymer flood fundamentals as they are applied to heavy oil recovery. In this study, they focus on roles of clay nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and improve recovery in heavy oil recovery. The theory is supported with coreflood and physical model results for several oils ranging in viscosity from 200 to 4200 mPa.sec. For some of these coreflood tests the nanopolymer flood was able to increase the oil recovery in comparison to a baseline polymer flood. These laboratory results will be helpful for the planning of nanoclay polymer flooding for heavy oil reservoirs. Also flooding test showed a 5% increase in oil recovery for nanoclay polymer solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

The Evaluation of a Technological Trend in Polymer Flooding for Heavy Oil Recovery

This work evaluated an emerging technological trend in polymer flooding for heavy oil recovery in the near future (i.e., the injection of polymer solution with higher viscosity [concentration] and larger slug size). The rheological properties and flow behavior in porous media of two typical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) polymers (a partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and a xanthan gum) and a novel hydrophobic polymer were first investigated to identify their potential functionality in displacing heavy oil. Tertiary oil recovery was then conducted by polymer flooding using a heavy oil of 1000 mPa·s. The results indicate that polymer flooding with higher viscosity and larger slug size can significantly improve oil recovery and produced water/oil ratio, which proves the technical and economic feasibility of this trend in oil fields. Xanthan gum exhibits an outstanding flow behavior and EOR performance in sandpack displacement tests compared to other polymers, making it a promising candidate for this trend.     

古城油田B125区块稠油油藏超高分子量聚合物驱技术

古城油田B125区块普通稠油油藏储层非均质性严重,原油平均黏度达1 000 mPa·s以上,进一步提高采收率难度大。为此,通过增黏性、流变性和驱油试验,评价了超高分子量聚合物提高普通稠油采收率的技术优势,考察了含硫污水对聚合物溶液性能的影响。试验表明,超高分子量聚合物增黏性优越,相同质量浓度下较常规聚合物溶液黏度高40%以上;黏弹性强,相同黏度下较常规聚合物采收率提高3.4百分点以上;含硫污水会造成聚合物溶液黏度降低10%以上、弹性明显减弱和采收率提高幅度降低3.0百分点。B125区块部署注聚井22口,截至2018年底,累计注入0.22倍孔隙体积的聚合物溶液,注入压力上升3.5 MPa,日产油量增加45.0 t,含水率降低9.0百分点,累计增产油量1.84×104 t,阶段采收率提高1.19百分点。研究与应用表明,超高分子量聚合物驱技术可以大幅提高较高黏度普通稠油油藏的采收率。      

稠油油藏污水活性碱/聚二元复合驱室内试验研究

羊三木油田碱/ 聚驱先导试验存在现场污水配制碱/ 聚二元复合驱体系时出现结垢堵塞地面管线、聚合物严重降解等问题，为此开展了污水配制新型碱/ 聚合物二元复合驱体系研究。采用抗钙镁结垢能力强、降低界面张力幅度大的活性碱与污水聚合物匹配，分析在污水配制条件下，不同碱型与聚合物匹配的驱油能力，以及在原油黏度高达530 mPa·s 时能否继续开展二元复合驱的问题。研究结果表明 :原油黏度为530 mPa·s，污水配制活性碱/ 聚合物二元复合体系溶液黏度为45 mPa·s 时，油水界面张力达到10－3 数量级，活性碱/ 聚合物二元复合驱比纯水驱提高采收率17% 以上；在原油黏度确定及油水界面张力已降至超低值时，超过碱/ 聚二元体系溶液浓度技术临界点后，即使继续增加溶液黏度，采收率也不会大幅度增加。该研究为普通稠油油藏注水开发后期化学驱提高采收率提供了新型有效的技术手段。     

Optimum effective viscosity of polymer solution for improving heavy oil recovery

Severe viscous fingering during waterflooding of heavy oil leaves a large amount of oil untouched in the reservoir. Improving sweep efficiency is vital for increasing heavy oil recovery. Polymer flooding, a widely recognized mobility control enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology for conventional oil, is generally not recommended for oils with viscosities higher than 200 mPa s according to the traditional EOR screening criteria. However, polymer flooding of heavy oil reservoirs is becoming increasingly feasible with the wide use of horizontal wells and because of relatively high oil price.This study investigated the relationship between the tertiary oil recovery by polymer flooding and the effective viscosity of polymer solution. Twenty-eight sandpack flood tests were conducted using oils with viscosities ranging from 430 mPa s to 5500 mPa s. Results showed that there existed a minimum value and an optimum value of effective viscosity for the injected polymer solution. Rapid increase in oil recovery was observed when the effective viscosity of the polymer solution was increased between these two values. Outside of this range, the increase in the effective viscosity of polymer solution resulted in only small incremental oil recovery. It was also found that both the minimum and optimum effective viscosities of polymer solution increased with increasing oil viscosity.     

An Experimental Investigation of Silica Nanoparticles Effect on the Rheological Behavior of Polyacrylamide Solution to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery

The use of polymer flooding as one of enhanced oil recovery methods has recently increased. The occurrence of high shear rates in reservoir and near well bore through perforation nozzles during polymer flooding cause shear degradation of polymers and therefore polymer viscosity has decreased. Rheological behavior of polymer solution in different conditions of oil reservoir is one of the key factors to develop use of polymer solutions. A few researches are available regarding improving rheological behavior of polymeric solution. In this study, to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on rheological behavior of polymer solutions two samples were prepared: polyacrylamide solution in water and suspension of silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide solution. The sample viscosities in different shear rates were measured. The best rheology models were developed to state rheological behavior of prepared samples and the measured data were compared to power law model. An increase in the viscosity of the suspension solution with respect to polymer solution in different shear rates was observed. Rheological analysis showed that power law model is a good rheology model to demonstrate rheological behavior of suspension in low and medium shear rates and is an acceptable model for polymer solution in low shear rates. Two types of flooding test were performed in a glass micromodel: flooding by polyacrylamide solution and suspension of silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide solution. The results of flooding test showed a 10% increase in oil recovery for nanosuspension solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

一次和二次聚合物驱驱替液与原油黏度比优化研究

研究了不同原油黏度原油油藏一次聚合物驱和二次聚合物驱时驱替液与原油黏度比对提高采收率的影响,并对合理黏度比区间进行了优化。研究结果表明:在相同原油黏度条件下,随着黏度比的增大,聚合物驱提高采收率幅度变大,但黏度比大到一定程度后采收率提高幅度的增加不明显;在相同黏度比条件下,二次聚合物驱采收率提高幅度明显低于一次聚合物驱,如果要达到一次聚合物驱时的采收率提高幅度,则需要较高的黏度比;二次聚合物驱时,聚合物注入时机越早越好。绘制了合理黏度比的理论图版,利用该图版可以检验矿场实施单元注入参数的合理性,且为一次聚合物驱及二次聚合物驱的合理注入参数设计提供了依据。     

新型聚合物溶液粘度稳定剂研究

随着注水开发的深入 ,孤东油田有些区块综合含水急剧上升 ,为了提高油田最终采收率 ,达到控水稳油的效果 ,对综合含水高的区块开展了三次采油试验 ,对油层注入聚合物开发 ,但聚合物溶液在配制及注入过程中粘度会降低。为了增加聚合物注入粘度 ,提高聚合物驱油效果 ,研制了一种不含重金属的粘度稳定剂Ⅰ型和含有机铬的粘度稳定剂Ⅱ型 ,并对其增粘和稳粘效果进行了考察。     

影响聚合物驱采收率因素的研究

通过室内物理模拟驱油实验,考察了水油黏度比、地层渗透率、聚合物注入量对聚合物驱效果的影响.结果表明,当岩心渗透率为1.5μm2,地下原油黏度为50.7 mPa·s时,聚合物驱的合理水油黏度比为0.06 ～0.6;聚合物驱提高采收率的最佳地层渗透率为2.0 μm2;水驱后转注浓度为3 000 mg/L的聚合物溶液,提高采...     

下二门油田核二段Ⅱ油组普通稠油油藏二次聚合物驱实践与认识

下二门油田核二段Ⅱ油组属于普通稠油油藏,油层厚度薄、非均质严重、地下原油粘度大。经过20多年的水驱、聚合物驱及后续水驱开发后,油藏采收率低、采油速度低、采出程度低、综合含水高,开发效果逐年变差。二次聚合物驱采用井网调整技术、注采参数优化技术、全过程调剖技术、动态调整技术等关键技术,取得了较好的矿场应用效果。实践表明二次聚合物驱能较好地改善该油藏的开发效果,是进一步提高采收率的有效途径。下二门油田核二段Ⅱ油组普通稠油油藏二次聚合物驱是国内第一个开展二次聚合物驱的单元,其成功经验为类似油藏的开发提供了借鉴。     

注聚合物速度对提高原油采收率的影响

通过对孤岛油田注聚合物先导区,孤岛油田注聚合物扩大区,孤东油田注聚合物扩大区注聚合物驱油效果的研究,认为聚合物溶液粘度受剪 切速度的影响,在地层中的滞留情况与现场注入速度有关,年平均注聚速度高的区块见效早,早期采收率提高幅度高,但最终采收率低于年平均注入速度低的区块,因此,应根据各区块地质特点适当控制注入速度,以减少由于剪切,滞留待地聚合物粘度造成的影响,达到提高原渍采收率的目的,该三个区块注聚驱获得的成功经验为胜利油区其它同类油田开展聚合物驱油提供了重要依据。     

Research into polymer injection timing for Bohai heavy oil reservoirs

Polymer flooding has been proven to effectively improve oil recovery in the Bohai Oil Field. However, due to high oil viscosity and significant formation heterogeneity, it is necessary to further improve the displacement effectiveness of polymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirs in the service life of offshore platforms. In this paper, the effects of the water/oil mobility ratio in heavy oil reservoirs and the dimensionless oil productivity index on polymer flooding effectiveness were studied utilizing relative permeability curves. The results showed that when the water saturation was less than the value, where the water/oil mobility ratio was equal to 1, polymer flooding could effectively control the increase of fractional water flow, which meant that the upper limit of water/oil ratio suitable for polymer flooding should be the value when the water/oil mobility ratio was equal to 1. Mean while, by injecting a certain volume of water to create water channels in the reservoir, the polymer flooding would be the most effective in improving sweep efficiency, and lower the fractional flow of water to the value corresponding to D Jmax. Considering the service life of the platform and the polymer mobility control capacity, the best polymer injection timing for heavy oil reservoirs was optimized. It has been tested for reservoirs with crude oil viscosity of 123 and 70 mPa s, the optimum polymer flooding effectiveness could be obtained when the polymer floods were initiated at the time when the fractional flow of water were 10 % and 25 %, respectively. The injection timing range for polymer flooding was also theoretically analyzed for the Bohai Oil Field utilizing relative permeability curves, which provided methods for improving polymer flooding effectiveness.     

Network modeling of residual oil displacement after polymer flooding

Research on microscopic flow mechanisms can aid in improving oil recovery after polymer flooding. Based on a two-phase water–oil network model, a simulation model for polymer flooding is proposed that considers various percolation mechanisms of the polymer solution, such as thickening, diffusion, adsorption, entrapment and shear degradation. Thus, the pore structure and the rheological fluid properties can be integrated. This network model can provide an effective tool for the study of residual oil displacement after polymer flooding. The distribution laws for residual oil after polymer flooding were studied using this microscopic simulation. Results show that compared to water flooding, polymer flooding can greatly improve oil recovery. Moreover, the residual oil distribution after polymer flooding tends to be more disperse, complex and variable. At the same time, displacement methods and parameters of the residual oil were investigated. Methods such as increasing the viscosity of the injection fluid can be applied, but the viscosity must be very high. Injection of a slug of displacing liquid with low interfacial tension after polymer flooding can decrease irreducible oil saturation and improve the displacement efficiency, but the interfacial tension needs to be extremely low.     

三元复合驱的驱油特征研究

大量室内研究和矿场试验结果表明,在高效的表活剂条件下,三元复合驱是一种非常有效的三次采 油方法,具有良好的应用前景。文中应用数值模拟技术并结合室内研究,给出了三元复合体系不同界面张 力和粘度比条件下,在非均质油层中的驱油特征。分析结果表明,三元复合驱与聚合物驱相比,对油层非 均质性有更大的适用范围;对于非均质油层的三元复合驱,采用增加体系的粘度和降低体系的界面张力的 方式都能获得较好的提高采收率效果,但高粘度是获得好的提高采收率的关键;采取分层注入的方式,或 者在三元复合驱后对高渗透层进行封堵,能更有效地采出中、低渗透层的剩余油,进一步提高采收率。本 项研究对认识三元复合驱的驱油机理和编制调整矿场试验方案提供了重要依据。     

陆相沉积多层非均质油藏聚合物驱层系组合界限研究

原油黏度高及储层非均质性强是影响海上油田聚合物驱开发效果的重要因素。本文采用双管并联物理模拟实验,研究了多层非均质油藏在不同注聚时机、不同注聚速度下,聚合物溶液在不同渗透率级差岩心中的分配比例,分析了岩心渗透率级差对高、低渗透层和总的采收率的影响。实验结果表明,多层聚合物驱的合理渗透率级差在5~6范围内,聚合物驱改善储层纵向非均质性较理想,能获得较高的采收率。研究结论为确定多层非均质油藏的聚合物驱合理层系组合界限提供了实验和应用依据。图9表3参8     

大庆油田四次采油凝胶颗粒+聚合物驱技术研究

针对大庆油田聚合物驱后油层优势渗流通道发育,层间、层内、平面三大矛盾加剧,而高浓度聚合物驱用量大,但经济效益较差的问题,自主研发PPG凝胶颗粒,攻关了PPG+聚合物驱技术,实现了“堵、调、驱”有机结合。采用仪器检测和物理模拟实验等方法,分析PPG+聚合物体系渗流特性、驱油效果,筛选出最佳体系配方及注入方式。研究结果表明:调驱型PPG具备增黏特性,调驱型PPG+聚合物体系90 d黏度保留率高达78.9%;与单纯聚合物溶液相比,PPG+聚合物体系黏弹性显著增加,具备更强的调堵能力;聚合物驱后先注入0.05倍孔隙体积封堵型PPG+聚合物体系,再注入0.70倍孔隙体积调驱型PPG+聚合物体系可取得最佳驱油效果,可节省24%聚合物用量。预测研究区采用PPG+聚合物驱后可提高采收率8.57个百分点。该研究可为大庆油田四次采油阶段持续高效开发提供技术支撑。     

聚合物驱后进一步提高采收率方法及其作用机理研究

聚合物驱后仍然有约50%原油残留于地下,聚合物驱后进一步提高采收率技术研究受到石油科技工作者的高度重视.该文利用物理模拟方法,对聚合物驱后进一步扩大波及体积和提高洗油效率技术方法的增油效果进行了评价.结果表明,聚合物驱后采用高浓度聚合物溶液、碱/表面活性剂/聚合物三元复合体系、碱/表面活性剂/交联聚合物三元复合体系和沸石/聚合物溶液驱都可以进一步提高原油采收率,采收率增幅在5.4%～7.6%之间.对于非均质油藏,扩大波及体积对采收率的贡献率大于提高洗油效率的贡献率.从技术和经济效果两方面考虑,沸石/聚合物溶液驱油体系更具应用价值.     

埕东油田泡沫复合驱先导试验污水对聚合物溶液黏度影响因素研究

油田污水配制聚合物易导致聚合物溶液黏度大幅度降低，严重影响了聚合物的应用效率和采油效果。以埕东油田泡沫复合驱先导试验区为基础，通过对油藏地质、地面流程及污水水质等系统的测试分析，开展了油田污水配制聚合物导致黏度损失严重的影响因素的研究。研究结果表明，聚合物溶液黏度损失主要发生在聚合物母液（清水配制）与污水混合处，主要原因是污水中的还原性物质与溶解氧在痕量金属离子的作用下发生氧化还原反应导致聚合物断链，黏度急剧下降。使用在污水与聚合物母液接触之前消除或最大程度减小污水中还原性物质及痕量金属离子的方法，可以降低对聚合物溶液的降黏影响。研究结果对于保证现场矿场的注聚质量和效果具有指导作用。     

不同驱油体系在贝雷岩心中的驱替特征

为了保持室内岩心驱油实验中孔隙结构对驱替剂驱油效果的影响与实际砂岩油层孔隙结构的影响一致,使用气测渗透率300×10-3μm2的贝雷、人造、天然均质岩心进行常规压汞实验和驱油实验.研究了不同类型岩心孔隙结构差异及其对驱油效果的影响,分析了不同驱油体系在贝雷岩心中的采收率及注入压力变化.实验结果表明:贝雷岩心与天然岩心在孔喉结构上有一定的相似性,能够充分体现各种体系的驱油效果;在贝雷岩心中,保持体系黏度、表面活性剂质量浓度相同条件下,化学驱采收率由高到低顺序为弱碱三元体系、强碱三元体系、聚合物—甜菜碱表活剂体系、聚合物体系,三元复合驱后续水驱阶段采出的油量对化学驱采收率的贡献较大,驱油过程中体系是否发生乳化对驱油体系的驱油效果存在明显影响;聚合物溶液和三元体系驱替过程中的压力存在明显的不同,聚驱过程中的主要特点是注化学剂过程结束后压力快速下降,复合驱压力变化曲线主要特点是注化学剂结束后水驱阶段压力先上升后下降,乳化—捕集机理是造成注入压力曲线形态差异的主要原因.