Production of high-quality gasoline by pyrolysis of oil residue

Gasoline is considered as a high caloric value fuel with high potential for commercial applications such as transportation, electricity generation and production of chemicals. Currently, the majority of gasoline at industrial scale is supplied from the distillation of crude oil. In the present paper, an experimental study of catalytic pyrolysis of oil sludge was carried out to produce gasoline. The influence of low-temperature operation on the char conversion was also studied. Results showed that the Ni content has also a positive effect on the char conversion; however, the reaction temperature has a higher effect. The effect of heating rate on the char conversion and gasoline yield was also studied, and concluded that the heating rate plays a major role in the char conversion and gasoline production.     

Mathematical modeling of crude oil combustion at low reynolds number

The use of oxy-fuel combustion of crude oil is regarded as one of the major options for heat and power generation, due to its high density. In this work, we developed a kinetic model to evaluate the potential of heat generation from crude oil combustion in a combustor. Particular emphasis was placed on the influence of excess oxygen ratio (EOR) and reaction time on released greenhouse gas emissions and reaction temperature. Results showed that the reaction time is a key parameter on reaction temperature due to a considerable increase in the rate of reactions. It is also found that the EOR improves the char conversion and reaction temperature simultaneously.     

Detailed modeling study of low-velocity combustion of crude oil at different moisture content

The authors developed a kinetic model of crude oil combustion in different moisture contents and operating conditions by considering the reaction rates and fuel properties. To model the diffusion of gaseous products under high-temperature conditions, the authors used a binary diffusion equation that depends on the physical properties of fuel used and the reaction temperature. Results showed that the combustion of crude oil at higher moisture is not more favorable because of a considerable increase in greenhouse gas emissions, although an optimum condition for output temperature is obvious. It also found that the char conversion is higher for the high residence times. Model validated against the experimental data available in the literature, which showed fully good agreement.     

CFD simulation of entrained-flow gasification of liquid fuels

In this study, a CFD model of entrained-flow gasification of petroleum residue proposed to simulate the effects of some critical parameters such as equivalence ratio and system pressure on carbon conversion efficiency, tar yield, hydrogen concentration, and higher heating value of the syngas. It is a 2D model and steady state, which can be used as a general model to evaluate the performance parameters of other fuels (coal, biomass, and municipal solid wastes) during gasification process. Results showed the equivalence ratio has a negative effect on the higher heating value of the syngas and a positive impact on the gasification efficiency. It also found that the carbon conversion efficiency strongly depends on the equivalence ratio and gasification temperature. The model validated against experimental observations and found to be in good agreement.     

INVESTIGATION INTO THE IGNITION PROPERTY OF COAL UNDER PRESSURE

The ignition property (ignition temperature and combustion time) of coals and chars were determined at the heating rate of 7.5°/min and under pressure. Different factors have been investigated, which include particle size, total pressure, partial pressure of oxygen, macerals, preparation method and catalyst. The results show that: the ignition temperature decrease with decreasing particle size and increasing total pressure or partial pressure of oxygen; coal char prepared by lower heating rate has higher ignition temperature than that by higher heating rate; vitrinite has higher ignition temperature than fusinite, but after carbonization the situation turns opposite; addition of K⁺; and Na+ to anthracite or coal char can decrease ignition temperature and K⁺; is more effective than Na⁺;.     

Effects of residence time and heating rate on gasification of petroleum residue

Gasification of petroleum residue has been considered as the potential technology due to the advantages of converting the liquid fuels into syngas using partial oxidation. In this paper, we developed a one-dimensional kinetic model to simulate the effects of residence time and heating rate on the gasification characteristics. Results showed that gasification under higher heating rate improves the hydrogen yield and carbon conversion efficiency. It was also found that the residence time plays a major role in the process; higher residence time improves the hydrogen yield and gasification efficiency. The model was validated against the reported data and found to be in good agreement.     

Ca(OH)2对渭化次烟煤及其热解半焦气化性能的影响

以渭化次烟煤为研究对象,在加压固定床中研究了水蒸气气氛下Ca(OH)2对次烟煤及其热解半焦气化性能的影响。结果表明,Ca(OH)2能够显著提高次烟煤及其热解半焦的气化性能,且对低温热解半焦的催化性能更好。红外光谱分析表明,钙是通过较强的静电作用、氢键作用均匀分散到次烟煤及热解半焦表面的。随着反应温度升高和Ca(OH)2添加量增加,热解半焦的碳转化率显著提高,但Ca(OH)2添加量存在一个饱和值。压力升高对热解半焦的气化性能影响不大,但可显著提高Ca(OH)2的催化气化性能。将钙基碳酸化反应与气化反应耦合,可以提高热解半焦的转化率及H2产量。增加Ca(OH)2的循环反应次数,热解半焦的碳转化率略有降低。     

稠油热采闭式热流体循环井筒温度场分析

针对"两高"油田原油流动性差的特点以及闭式热流体循环降粘工艺的复杂性,建立了3种闭式热流体循环井筒传热模型及其边界条件,并采用Matlab编写了相应的模型求解程序。通过对现场具体井眼进行模拟计算,对比分析了3种闭式热流体循环效果,给出了最优热流体循环方案。计算了循环流量、循环介质和管柱材料物性参数等对井筒加热效果的影响。计算结果表明,两侧加热方案最好,随着循环流量的增加井筒温度不断升高,导热油作为循环热载体较好,导热性能差的管柱材料能够提高循环加热段产液流动的平均温度。     

INVESTIGATION INTO THE IGNITION PROPERTY OF COAL UNDER PRESSURE

ABSTRACT

The ignition property (ignition temperature and combustion time) of coals and chars were determined at the heating rate of 7.5°/min and under pressure. Different factors have been investigated, which include particle size, total pressure, partial pressure of oxygen, macerals, preparation method and catalyst. The results show that: the ignition temperature decrease with decreasing particle size and increasing total pressure or partial pressure of oxygen; coal char prepared by lower heating rate has higher ignition temperature than that by higher heating rate; vitrinite has higher ignition temperature than fusinite, but after carbonization the situation turns opposite; addition of K⁺; and Na+ to anthracite or coal char can decrease ignition temperature and K⁺; is more effective than Na⁺;.     

全液压稠油热力开采过程井下流体的传热

针对稠油黏度高、密度大、驱替效率低,常规方法开采困难等问题,开展了稠油开采装置研究。介绍了全液压稠油开采装置在原油开采过程中的加热功能,分析了采油装置系统井下流体流动及传热过程。结合理论研究方法和热力学计算,建立了井下流体热交换的物理和数学模型,并对模型进行了分析、矫正和求解。以实际油井参数和液压油的流量、温度为输入参数,通过计算机仿真模拟了井下热交换参数之间的关系,从而改进了已获得的热交换理论方程和模型,并得出了原油的产量与液压油的输入量之间的关系,以及保温提采原油所需要的最小液压油输入量。该模型的建立为进一步研究不同井况和不同输入状态下的流体传热提供了理论依据。     

电加热井的井筒温度场数学模型

运用传热学理论，通过对稠油从井底流出井筒的温度变化、井筒原油与地层之间热交换过程的传热机理研究，建立数学模型，可以模拟不同产量、不同含水的井筒温度剖面，以及电加热所需功率，从而为稠油井电加热生产方案的制定提供科学依据。     

传热模型对焦化炉关键校核参数影响的研究

利用自行开发的包含罗伯 伊万斯、别洛康半经验半理论传热模型及MonteCarlo方法的复杂工艺校核软件 ,考察了不同管外传热模型对管内停留时间、炉出口热转化率和边界底层温度等工艺参数的影响 ,提出了对设计工况下关键工艺参数的极限变化区间进行判断的设计思路 ,得出了不同传热模型计算误差不影响对焦化炉操作与设计工况判断的结论     

表面强化传热对固定床费-托合成的影响

采用小型池沸腾实验装置研究普通光滑管、表面多孔管和T型槽管的沸腾特性,考察反应管的结构参数对沸腾传热的影响规律,并在中型装置上分别采用普通光滑管、多孔表面管和T型槽管3种形式的反应器,研究了强化传热对固定床费-托合成性能的影响。结果表明:在小型池沸腾实验装置上,表面多孔管和T型槽管的强化传热性能明显优于普通光滑管,能降低起始沸腾过热度,使得沸腾现象较普通光滑管提早发生,但在不同的热流密度范围,表面多孔管和T型槽管的强化传热性能不同;表面多孔管和T型槽管反应器均可以改善费-托合成性能,表面多孔管在低转化率时强化传热效果不明显,但随热流密度增加,传热性能得到改善,催化剂床层温度分布趋于均匀,T型槽管对反应的促进效果更明显,在相同反应条件下,CO转化率增加,C_5~+选择性提高;与多孔表面管相比,T型槽管可以显著提高管外介质对管壁的给热系数,使反应管的传热得到强化。     

乙烯氧氯化反应技术的研究Ⅲ．小型流化床热模研究

在建立催化剂的小型流化床热模试验装置的基础上，考察了原料气配比及反应温度对主、副反应效果的影响。结果表明，提高原料气中Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿４和Ｏ＿２的配比均能提高反应的ＨＣｌ转化率。而增加原料气中ＨＣｌ的配比能有效地抑制乙烯的燃烧副反应；反应温度的升高也能促进ＨＣｌ转化率升高。反应过程动力学的计算与分析表明，本反应体系在ＨＣｌ转化率达到较高（＞９０％）时，将转为传质控制；同时还验证了前文Ⅰ中所得的本征动力学速率方程是可靠的。     

Ӧ�õ��Ƚ�����ȹܵİ���Ч���о�

伴热管伴热是石油化工中应用广泛的伴热方式，如何提高伴热管的伴热效率一直是工程界关心的课题。为此，对伴热管的伴热效率进行了有限元分析。结果证明，伴热管和工艺管道之间存在的微小间隙是造成伴热管伴热效率低下的主要因素；在伴热管和工艺管之间敷设导热胶泥后可使伴热管的伴热效率得到很大的提高。通过实际测定发现，一根带导热胶泥伴热管的伴热效率，其传热效率至少相当于3根不采用导热胶泥的伴热管。     

半焦催化甲烷转化过程的动力学分析

采用管式炉反应器考察了半焦存在的条件下甲烷转化制备合成气,并对过程中主要反应的动力学进行了初步的探讨。由动力学数据分析得知在实验的整个温度范围内,半焦存在时,CH4分解和CH4生成反应是叠加的过程。     

泡沫钻井液在井筒中的流动与传热

针对泡沫钻井液特殊物理性质,建立了泡沫在井筒中流动与传热的数学模型,并给出了模型求解方法。为了分析传热对泡沫钻井水力参数的影响,采用建立的数学模型和给出的求解方法进行的数值计算结果表明：钻杆内泡沫温度始终低于环空内泡沫温度和地层温度,而环空下部泡沫温度低于地层温度,在环空上部泡沫温度高于地层温度。随着井深、注液流量和注气流量的增加,环空下部泡沫温度与地层偏差增大。传热使井口泡沫质量增大、井底泡沫质量减小、井底压力增大、最小携岩流速减小、最小注气流量增大,降低了泡沫的稳定性和携岩能力。另外,对泡沫的密度、Fanning摩擦系数也有一定的影响;井筒传热对泡沫钻井水力参数有一定的影响,但不是很明显,可通过增加注气流量和井口回压来抵消传热对泡沫钻井水力参数的影响。     

油田油泥热解焦掺混微藻渣燃烧实验研究

热解能够实现油泥资源化利用,热解后的热解焦可以通过焚烧实现能量的梯级利用。利用热分析仪研究不同掺混比(φ)及不同升温速率(β)下的油泥热解焦与微藻渣混合燃烧实验,TG和DTG曲线表明,混合燃烧过程分为结晶水挥发、挥发分析出和燃烧、固定碳燃烧和矿物质燃烧分解。采用KAS和OFW等转化率法进行动力学参数求解。结果表明,添加微藻渣提高了混合燃料燃烧特性;β的增加促使传质阻力增大,质量损失段向高温区移动;活化能(E_a)值增大,燃烧稳定性提高。     

MICROWAVE INDUCED CONVERSION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE

The reaction of hydrogen sulfide with trona and calcium oxide in the presence of char started as soon as microwave energy was applied. However, with conventional heating, the reaction started only when the bed temperature reached approximately 540^°c. char absorbing microwave energy is rapidly heated to very high temperatures, enhancing the H₂S reaction with oxides contained in char or oxides added to char in the reaction. A 100% conversion of trona was achieved but the maximum conversion of calcium oxide was only 79%. The minimum content of char required to induce the reaction of H₂S with trona using microwave energy was 20% of char-trona mixture. When the trona content in the mixture of char-trona mixture was greater than 50%, an additional conversion of H₂S occurred to produce some amount of elemental sulfur that was deposited in the bed. This clearly demonstrates that char combined with microwave induces H₂S reaction with mineral oxides.     

集气站经加热炉至外输首站热力计算

对加热炉加热温度的优化是集气站经加热炉至外输首站之间的节能降耗的重要方法之一。应用传热学、热力学、计算流体动力学等相关理论,综合考虑管线节流,天然气在管内的对流换热,天然气、管壁、保温层、土壤、大气之间的传热,建立热力分析计算模型。对加热炉至外输首站之间的温降进行计算,分析管内径、输气量、地表温度等因素对加热炉加热温度的影响。根据外输首站预期要达到的天然气温度,优化出最优加热炉的加热温度。