塔河原油顺序输送工艺在塔轮管线上的应用研究

在概述了塔河原油顺序输送的背景、塔轮线基本概况的基础上,简述了塔河中质原油、重质原油在塔轮线的顺序输送方案,研究、总结了顺序输送过程中的混油机理、混油因素、管线水力特性的基本规律,以便指导塔轮线高质高效安全运行。     

Emulsification of Indian heavy crude oil using a novel surfactant for pipeline transportation

The most economical way to overcome flow assurance problems associated with transportation of heavy crude oil through offshore pipelines is by emulsifying it with water in the presence of a suitable surfactant.In this research,a novel surfactant,tri-triethanolamine monosunflower ester,was synthesized in the laboratory by extracting fatty acids present in sunflower(Helianthus annuus)oil.Synthesized surfactant was used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions of a heavy crude oil from the western oil field of India.After emulsification,a dramatic decrease in pour point as well as viscosity was observed.All the prepared emulsions were found to be flowing even at 1°C.The emulsion developed with 60%oil content and 2wt%surfactant showed a decrease in viscosity of 96%.The stability of the emulsion was investigated at different temperatures,and it was found to be highly stable.The effectiveness of surfactant in emulsifying the heavy oil in water was investigated by measuring the equilibrium interfacial tension(IFT)between the crude oil(diluted)and the aqueous phase along with zeta potential of emulsions.2wt%surfactant decreased IFT by almost nine times that of no surfactant.These results suggested that the synthesized surfactant may be used to prepare a stable oil-in-water emulsion for its transportation through offshore pipelines efficiently.     

原油顺序输送管道寿命的分析研究

分析了冷热油顺序输送工艺中冷热油交替、管道停启、压力波动对管道产生的交变应力。针对原油顺序输送埋地直管道的嵌固段,采用名义应力法和累计损伤理论进行管道疲劳寿命分析,得出埋地直管道交变热应力对管道寿命的影响较小,停启对管道寿命影响较大。采用名义应力法进行顺序输送管道寿命分析应做好3项工作:(1)实测管道的载荷谱,找出年周期内的管道应力变化规律;(2)对现有新型管材做疲劳试验,总结出比较准确的管材S-N曲线;(3)找出管道腐蚀和管道初始裂纹在管道交变应力作用下对管道寿命的影响规律。     

Determination of optimal parameters of rhamnolipid biosurfactant production: An agent for emulsification of heavy crude oil

In oil and petroleum industries, emulsification process is important to transfer and upgrade heavy oil. Rhamnolipids are the essential molecules of biosurfactants that used for this goal and they are often produced from various types of Pseudomonas aeroginosa bacteria. In this research, rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced from Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 9027. The goal of this study was to optimize the effective parameters in production of rhamnolipid in order to reach the minimum water droplet size using Taguchi method. The evaluated parameters include incubation temperature, RPM of incubation, C/N ratio and pH of aqueous phase. Response parameters were yield, cost and water droplet size in water in oil (w/o) microemulsion. The results illustrated that the temperature of incubation and pH of the aqueous phase were the most effective factors in the production of rhamnolipid. Optimum operation condition including yield, cost and water droplet size, were 5.2 ± 0.1 g/l, 2.4 ± 0.14 $/g and 70 ± 5%, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was used for determination of water droplet size. Also the emulsification index (E24) of (w/o) emulsion was 98% ± 4. The results of this study could reduce the cost of rhamnolipid production for the applications in oil industries.     

原油顺序输送管道安全停输时间研究

针对原油差温顺序输送工艺,建立了原油顺序输送管道安全停输时间计算模型,利用有限差分法对停输模型和再启动模型进行离散化,采用迭代法计算最小安全停输时间。以原油管道顺序输送大庆油和俄罗斯油为例,分别探讨混油界面位置、油品输量、油品输送温度和油品输送顺序对安全停输时间的影响。研究结果表明,大庆油顶俄油的停输时间长于俄油顶大庆油的停输时间;混油界面离出站点越远,停输时间越短;油品输送温度越高,停输时间越长;油品输量越大,停输时间越长。     

大庆原油与水的乳化作用相行为研究

理论上,油相和水相在没有表面活性物质的作用下,是不会发生乳化作用的,但在实验中发现大庆原油与水在一定程度上都发生了乳化作用.实验采用4种不同的水源分别与原油混合振荡发生了乳化作用,从各种水源与油的界面张力、原油黏度以及原油的组分和各种水源的矿化度等方面进行了研究和探讨.这些研究对于进一步认识原油与水的乳化作用、涉及的相态变化以及认识和了解驱油机理具有重要的理论和实际意义.     

高含水原油旋流预脱水及污水除油试验与研究

为处理含水率≥ 90 %的高含水原油 ,将两级液 液旋流器串接 ,在东辛采油厂辛二接转站进行了旋流预脱水和污水除油一体化现场试验。通过改进旋流器结构和优化试验参数 ,在处理量为 4～ 6m3/h的小型改进装置上初步达到了预期目标。随后开展了一体化工艺的工程应用及配套研究 ,通过在辛二接转站一期和二期示范工程的实施 ,最终实现了中石油集团公司提出的技术攻关目标 :两级旋流器处理后的原油含水率≤ 30 % ;污水含油≤ 30mg/L     

盐-高分子联合作用下高蜡原油微波破乳研究

在考察了盐添加量与原油乳状液升温速率、脱水率、盐回收率关系的基础上,提出了盐-高分子联合作用对原油进行微波辐射破乳的方法。结果表明,利用SH9402微波反应系统,使含水质量分数为50％的大庆石蜡基高蜡原油乳状液在辐射功率为225W、系统压力为0．7MPa、恒压时间为12min、剂油质量比为0．05、乙酸钠／聚乙二醇2000质量比为3：7时,脱水率达95．97％,盐回收率达91．23％;与单一使用乙酸钠相比,脱水率提高了0．14个百分点,盐的用量降低了70％（质量分数）,盐回收率提高了29．29％。     

原油长输管道顺序输送动态传热特性研究

本文从其传热数学模型入手,接着开展其数值计算,最后总结全文。     

Microbial treatment of waxy crude oil for mitigating wax precipitation and improving liquidity

The wax deposition of crude oil during transportation reduces the inner diameter, blocks the pipeline, and eventually increases the cost of petroleum production. This study reports a paraffin-degrading bacterial strain DG2 isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil. The effect of this strain on the removal of paraffin in crude oil was investigated. DG2, identified as Pseudomonas, produced biosurfactant that reduced the surface tension to 35.7?mN/m^?1 and exhibited high emulsification activity. Results of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the waxy crude oil treated by DG2 showed decreased heavy hydrocarbon fractions (C25 and C32). The degradation test revealed that DG2 reduced the wax appearance temperature by 4.16?°C and the viscosity by 23% of the waxy crude oil. These findings indicate that paraffin-degradation strain DG2 may be used for effective paraffin biodegradation.     

重油掺水乳化技术的应用及经济性分析

文中阐述了重油加工工艺的一种新技术—重油掺水乳化技术。分析了重油掺水乳化技术的节能机理和保护环境机理,对重油掺水乳化技术的应用进行了综述,并探讨了重油掺水乳化技术的经济性和应用前景。     

Studies of chromatographic separation and self-emulsification of crude oil

The crude oil in Zhundong Oilfield has good self-emulsification phenomenon. In order to reveal the mechanism, the crude oil was divided into saturated hydrocarbon, unsaturated hydrocarbon, resin and asphalt by chromatographic method, and their contents are 40.09%, 11.19%, 48.05% and 0.67%, respectively. The effects of the petroleum components on self-emulsification were investigated. The results show that the resin has the most important effect on emulsification and plays the role of emulsifier. The saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon act as the basic oil and cannot be emulsified with the injection water without the resin emulsifier. Moreover, the resin content is very important, only when it is in a proper proportion, the system can be well self-emulsified. This work is useful for water flooding.     

高凝原油管道输送蜡沉积规律实验研究

针对高凝原油在管道输送过程中管壁结蜡等问题，通过室内建立的小型管流结蜡环道实验装置，模拟输油管道运行中某一管段的蜡沉积情况，研究了含蜡原油的蜡沉积速度，考察了蜡的沉积规律受温度的影响。通过计算，确定了实验条件下的结蜡量，并利用差热扫描量热仪从微观角度分析测试了蜡沉积物的特性，进而探讨了结蜡机理和影响管壁结蜡的因素。     

牙哈原油综合评价

介绍了对牙哈原油进行的综合评价。结果表明:该原油的特点是密度小(849.9 kg/m3),轻质油收率高,且质量好,初馏点～145℃馏分是理想的重整原料,初馏点～180℃是较理想的汽油调合组分,也是优良的乙烯裂解原料,初馏点～350℃收率72.17%,加工时应严格控制比例,比例过高,常压塔的汽相负荷大,会影响常减压装置的稳定操作和安全生产。牙哈原油重整原料的收率较高,砷、氯,硫含量低,腐蚀合格。牙哈原油芳烃潜含量较高,重整加工时芳烃收率指数高达73.51%,是较理想的重整原料。牙哈原油喷气燃料组分加工前应针对碱性氮小的情况采取白土精制,保证航空煤油颜色的稳定性。240～300℃,300～350℃两段组分是较理想的柴油馏分,但必须经过加氢或碱洗精制,240～300℃是调合低凝柴油的优质组分。其减压蜡油作为润滑油馏分粘度指数大,黏温性能好,酸值小,芳烃含量较低,适合作生产高黏度指数润滑油的基础油,也是较好的催化裂解原料,大于520℃的减压渣油收率低,应与其他渣油掺炼,没有单独深加工的必要。     

打包机润滑油乳化现象分析

文中针对某腈纶厂打包机的液压油频繁发生乳化、导致设备的润滑功能下降的现象,分析了油品的含水量、温度及箱底油杂质含量对设备润滑效果的影响情况。采取相应的改进措施,解决了设备润滑油的乳化问题。     

永平油田稠油自发乳化降粘剂的筛选及驱油效果评价

针对永平油田稠油粘度大、油层厚度薄、原始含油饱和度低及热采投产后产油量低的现状,筛选出一种能使稠油在地层中发生自发乳化的降粘剂,使稠油以较低粘度的乳状液被采出,从而提高稠油的采收率。针对不同乳化降粘剂对永平油田稠油的乳化效果评价结果表明,自发乳化降粘剂NS在质量分数为2%、温度为45℃的条件下,可将油水界面张力降至10-3mN/m数量级以下,并可完全自发乳化等体积的永平油田稠油,降粘率达99.74%。NS自发乳化驱油实验结果表明,经过后续水驱后,自发乳化驱的采收率在水驱基础上提高了38.18%。     

轮古深层稠油乳化降黏实验研究

针对轮古深层稠油井含水率不断上升,采用掺稀降黏时掺稀比和稀油用量不断攀升的的具情况,考察了乳化降黏技术对轮古深层稠油的适应性,以期寻找到高效的乳化降黏剂,通过乳化降黏技术来协助或替代当前的掺稀降黏技术,从而节约稀油资源。室内实验对现有的及新研制的20余种乳化剂进行了筛选,并对筛选出的可用于轮古深层稠油井的抗盐耐温型乳化剂进行了降黏实验。实验结果表明：NPS、KS-1、DS三种乳化剂对轮古稠油的降黏效果欠佳,新研制的双子表面活性剂DC848在高矿化度的轮古地层水中,对轮古稠油具有较好的乳化降黏效果,建议进行现场实验。     

庆阳石化分公司脱铁前后原油铁含量分布的研究

以中国石油天然气股份有限公司庆阳石化分公司加工的原油为研究对象,经过适当的预处理后,对原油中铁的含量、存在形态以及分布进行了研究。结果表明,庆阳石化分公司加工的原油总铁质量分数为14~18μg/g;原油中铁的存在形态以油溶性铁为主,占86%~90%,水溶性铁含量较少,占10%~14%;油溶性铁中石油酸铁约占45%,卟啉铁约占30%,非卟啉铁约占25%。在温度120℃、注水量5%/级、脱铁剂CPA-S质量分数50~70μg/g、弱电场强度500~800 V/cm、弱电场时间3~6 min、沉降时间21 min的实验条件下,使用中性原油脱铁剂CPA-S对庆阳石化分公司西罐区原油进行二级脱铁处理。脱铁后油样中铁的质量分数为2.0~3.5μg/g,铁的脱除率可达80%~85%。中性原油脱铁剂CPA-S能够较好地脱除原油中的金属铁,并能避免弱酸性助剂带来的腐蚀等生产安全问题,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

表面活性剂驱乳化作用对提高采收率的影响

表面活性剂驱是高温高盐油藏提高原油采收率的重要技术措施,但其乳化作用对提高采收率的影响并未受到足够重视。为了分析濮城油田高温高盐油藏表面活性剂驱乳化作用对提高采收率的影响,通过对表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的性能评价,优选出2种表面活性剂YD-G1和SHY-1,用高矿化度的濮城油田现场注入水配制质量分数为0.3%的溶液,将其放入120℃恒温箱30 d后,油水界面张力仍能达到10-3mN/m的超低数量级,表明2种表面活性剂均具有良好的耐温抗盐性能。将2种表面活性剂与濮城油田脱水脱气原油配制成乳状液,在同等质量分数下YD-G1乳状液的析水率低于SHY-1,且液滴的平均粒径也更小,表明YD-G1溶液比SHY-1溶液的乳化能力强。驱油实验结果表明,YD-G1溶液比SHY-1溶液的驱油效果更佳,表明乳化作用是提高采收率的关键因素之一。通过室内实验优化设计,确定YD-G1溶液的最佳注入量为0.5倍孔隙体积,最佳注入质量分数为0.3%。