西藏昆虫研究进展

综述了本世纪50年代以来西藏昆虫考察、种类记述、区系演化、垂直分布、适应进化等方面的研究进展。并进一步阐述了对西藏动物区系的一种新意见,认为青藏高原区应成为单独的动物地理区,与古北区、东洋区等动物地区并列。     

Difference in the Definitions of Coherence in the Space-time Domain and in the Space-frequency Domain

Abstract

Coherence in the space-time domain and in the space-frequency domain are compared and found to be non-equivalent. Coherence in the space-time domain is sufficient for coherence in the space-frequency domain. Coherence in the space-frequency domain is not sufficient for coherence in the space-time domain. The source spectrum as well as coherence in the space-frequency domain effect coherence in the space-time domain. The coherence in the radiation field from two very different localized sources is studied. It is found that the fields are coherent throughout the far field region only if the sources are monochromatic.     

实验室如何填好原始记录

原始记录是检测数据的真实反映,是检测结果能够实现准确复现的重要依据,因此必须要保证原始记录的原始性、准确性、真实性和全面性。本文结合工作实际总结了一些原始记录容易出现的问题,为实验室如何填好原始记录提供了参考依据。     

On estimating the influence of the terms characterizing the change in velocity head in the equations governing the transient nonisothermal motion of gas in pipelines

A system of equations describing the transient, nonisothermal flow of gas in pipelines is considered, and the effect of the terms characterizing the change in the velocity head on the character of the solution is analyzed. A comparison is drawn between the numerical solution of these equations with and without allowing for the changes in the velocity head, and some corresponding estimates of the differences between these are presented.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 748–754, October, 1970.     

On the background damping in the vicinity of the grain-boundary damping peak in zinc

The background damping in the vicinity of the grain-boundary damping decreases with increasing grain size. An analysis of the strain amplitude dependence of this damping shows that as the grain size increases the distance between solute pinning atoms on dislocation decreases. This can be explained in terms of a movement of solute away from grain boundaries and to dislocations. Thus as the grain size increases the total number of solute atoms at grain boundaries decreases and is rejected both into the lattice and to dislocations. A mathematical model is used to explain this result. As a consequence an activation energy of 0.05 eV is obtained for the binding energy of the solute to the dislocation.     

论国画的留白与产品设计的非装饰化风格

以国画中虚实相生、无中生有,进行意象造型的留白处理手法为研究对象,分析了近年来在产品设计领域较为流行的非装饰化风格,结合留白的特征和表现手法,从思想、审美、表现手法和意义上等方面,展开研究,在此基础上,提出了非装饰化风格实质上就是产品设计上的留白处理,通过造型、色彩和材质的减少处理,让产品表现出特有的简洁、雅致的特征,从而达到以少胜多、以一当十的效果。     

Reorganization of the Poiseuille profile in nonisothermal flows in the reactor

The change in the temperature and velocity profile of the gas flow in a cylindrical reactor with variation in the reactor-wall temperature has numerically been investigated. It has been shown that the use of the Poiseuille profile in calculating the transient temperature profile of such a flow is quite justified. The appearance of two extrema of the radial velocity of the indicated flow on its heating (cooling) has been predicted. The maximum radial flow velocity reaches several percent of its initial average velocity.     

Nuclear data used in the analysis of thorium in the workplace

The analysis of thorium in the workplace can be achieved using a variety of metrological techniques. The uncertainty on the final measured values will include components that arise from the uncertainties in the nuclear data that are used. These data include half-lives, branching ratios and gamma ray emission probabilities. It is important that a common, consistent and reliable data set is used in order to minimise the potential differences between analytical results. With particular reference to the problems associated with thorium analysis, some of the various sources of nuclear data are discussed and a recommended set of data is proposed.     

Understanding the unit in the Rasch model

The purpose of this paper is to explain the role of the unit implicit in the dichotomous Rasch model in determining the multiplicative factor of separation between measurements in a specified frame of reference. The explanation is provided at two complementary levels: first, in terms of the algebra of the model in which the role of an implicit, multiplicative constant is made explicit; and second, at a more fundamental level, in terms of the classical definition of measurement in the physical sciences. The Rasch model is characterized by statistical sufficiency, which arises from the requirement of invariant comparisons within a specified frame of reference. A frame of reference is defined by a class of persons responding to a class of items in a well-defined response context. The paper shows that two or more frames of reference may have different implicit units without destroying sufficiency. Understanding the role of the unit permits explication of the relationship between the Rasch model and the two parameter logistic model. The paper also summarises an approach that can be used in practice to express measurements across different frames of reference in the same unit.     

环境中包装材料微塑料的检测及其研究进展

目的 近年来,包装材料在生产和降解过程中广泛存在微塑料及相关污染物对环境和生物机体造成不良影响等问题,其对微塑料的检测以及毒理学研究至关重要。为了给后续研究提供参考方法,对微塑料的一些常规检测方法进行综述分析。方法 对现有的微塑料的检测方法,如红外光谱、拉曼光谱、热解-气相色谱/质谱法、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）结合荧光检测、高光谱成像、电镜成像等进行阐述,并且对检测现状进行总结。结论 微塑料的检测方法已呈现从单一化到多样化的发展趋势,但是检测方法的简便性、快捷性有待进一步提高。对后期包装材料中微塑料及相关有毒有害物质的监测和检测技术研发提供了参考。     

包装废弃聚合物的回收及再利用技术研究进展

介绍了包装废弃聚合物的现状、危害及其研究进展,分析了德国、美国、日本以及中国的包装废弃聚合物的回收模式,探讨了包装废弃聚合物再利用技术,并阐述了包装废弃聚合物回收再利用的发展趋势.     

On problem areas in training specialists in the field of patent information in the USSR

The article describes the system of patent education set up in the Soviet Union. The specific features of the patent information system available for national economy specialists, which stem from planned nature of the socialist economy, its specialization into branches of industry and distribution of productive forces over the vast territory of the country, are responsible for particular organizational forms of training in the field of patent information.The article stresses the key role of the USSR State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries supervising specialized educational establishments which train and upgrade the expertise of patent specialists for many branches of national economy. It points out the necessity of instructing specialists directly involved in development of novel equipment and technology in fundamental principles of the patent science.Further, an outline of curricula offered for training patent specialists is given. The contents and structure of the ‘Patent Information and Documentation’ course gives an idea of the advantages of a judicous combination of theory and practical skills in the use of patent information.     

Estimating parameters in the Rasch model in the presence of null categories

A category with a frequency of zero is called a null category. When null categories are present in polytomous responses, then in the Rasch model for such responses, the thresholds that define the categories are inestimable with the commonly used joint maximum likelihood, marginal maximum likelihood, or standard conditional maximum likelihood estimation algorithms. The reason for this situation is that in principle, these estimation algorithms involve frequencies of each category. Andrich and Luo (2003) describe an algorithm in which the thresholds are reparameterized into their principal components and in which the estimate of any threshold is based on a function of the frequencies of all categories of the item rather than the frequency of a particular category. This algorithm works in the presence of null categories. However, in situations where the null categories are at the extremes of a set of categories, the estimates themselves can become too extreme. This paper describes a procedure in which the solution algorithm described by Andrich and Luo is further adapted in the presence of null categories by using their expected frequencies. The procedure is demonstrated with simulated and real data.     

Representing the user in the design process

Designers need an effective way to represent user needs in the design process. Users can have a range of problems, from physical discomfort to incomprehension of how the system works best for their requirements. Reasons for, and ways of, taking a user-oriented approach in information technology systems design are presented.     

基于玩具思维的后工业时代日用消费品设计研究

目的研究如何利用玩具思维对后工业时代的日用消费品进行玩具化设计。方法从消费品的物质材料、结构形态、技术功能3个维度出发,分析各维度的符号表现与玩具思维的多重设计要求相匹配的方法。在后工业时代日用消费品设计领域,构建起一套适用于玩具化设计的新标准。结论玩具思维作为设计师试图"说服"消费者的一套修辞理念,可以在设计对象的材料、形态、功能维度上巧妙调动各种符号表现,设计出符合后工业时代特征的玩具性产品。     

Hemodialysis in the Elderly

Background:  Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important outcome of medical treatment effectiveness.
Objectives:  Thirty-six item short-Form (SF-36) first has been used in hemodialysis (HD) patients in Taiwan.
Method:  HRQOL was measured by using SF-36 in 497 HD patients in 5 hospitals.
Results:  Male sex, age less than 50 years, higher education level (EL), marriage, employed status (EPS), less comorbid medical condition (CMC), and non-diabetic patients were all predicted a better physical component scale (PCS). Age less than 50 years, BMI greater than 18.5, HEL, EPS, and NDP were all predicted a higher mental component scale (MCS). Scales contributing to a summary measure of physical health, the PCS score, was significantly lower in women (35 ± 12.3) than in men (37.9 ± 12.3). There is no difference in MCS score between women and men. In multivariate analysis, age, CMC, diabetes, serum creatinine (SCr), and erythropoietin responsiveness were significant independent predictors of PCS. Diabetes, EL, SCr, and erythropoietic responsiveness were significant independent predictors of MCS. All of the individual scales, PCS and MCS scores were lower in the Taiwan HD patients than values for the US general population. Each of the individual scales and MCS scores were substantially lower in Taiwan HD group than in the US HD cohort. But the bodily pain of PCS was significantly higher in Taiwan HD group in spite of mean PCS scores for Taiwan HD group and US HD study participants were nearly equal at 36.3 and 36.1, respectively.
Conclusion:  Physical and mental aspects of quality of life are substantially reduced among Taiwan HD patients, but higher bodily pain tolerance. A number of demographic and clinical characteristics significantly impact on HRQOL in Taiwan HD patients. To our knowledge, this is the first time we demonstrate the HRQOL by using SF-36 in Chinese HD patients.     

Analysis of the Internet diffusion in the non-profit sector: the social digital divide in Italy

Summary This paper analyzes Internet diffusion among various organizations, based on daily observation of second- level domain name registrations under the “.it”ccTLD. In particular, we analyzed domain names registered by organizations in the non-profit sector.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language: HU'>The penetration rate, calculated according to the number of organizations, was computed for various widely separated geographic levels (regions). A concentration analysis was performed in order to determine whether the geographical distribution of Internet use in Italy is less concentrated with respect to both the number of existing institutions and income distribution, suggesting a diffusive effect.<span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Regression analysis was performed using demographic, social, economic and infrastructure indicators. Results show that<span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-language:HU'>a “social digital divide”exists, both in terms of geographical distribution (i.e., in macro-areas - Northern, Central, and Southern Italy - and at the regional level) and in terms of the legal status of the organizations, and that this digital divide will probably decrease in the future.     

小型硐室爆破在城郊石料开采中的应用

比较详细地介绍了小型硐室爆破在武汉市城郊长岭山石料场石料开采中应用概况。重点介绍了药室的布置、爆破参数的选择、起爆网路设计和爆破安全校核等技术问题。此次的工程实践经验对类似石料场的石料开采有一定的借鉴价值。     

In the eye of the storm: exploring the introduction of environmental issues in the production function in Brazilian companies

This article aims to analyse the introduction of environmental issues in the context of the production function, which has been referred to as the organisational area to lead corporate environmental management. With that purpose, the theoretical references for corporate environmental management and the necessary alterations in production function have been organised to include environmental aspects, especially in terms of product and process development, quality management, and logistics. Considering that this research field still lacks empirical evidence for Brazilian companies, four case studies were conducted using companies located in the country. The environmental management maturity level of those companies tends to follow the rate with which the environmental issue is introduced in production sub-areas, especially in the product development process. However, in most cases we found that the companies had difficulties in structuring the insertion of the environmental dimension in logistics. The final notes point out the distance observed between what is recommended by international literature and the reality of Brazilian companies in the challenge of making the production function environmentally friendly.     

Resonance in the efficiency of the conduction-state formation in ion-bombarded crystalline quartz

A resonance in the ion conductivity as function of the bombarding-ion mass number was observed in ion-irradiated crystalline quartz. The resonance is observed at the optimum ratio of the energy losses for the nuclear and electron stopping of the impinging ions interacting with crystalline quartz in the range of ion mass numbers from 35 to 45 amu.