智能小区中的网络组建研究

分析了智能小区的功能特点，根据智能小区网络的特殊性，对智能小区的网络系统进行了设计，并且重点介绍了智能小区局域网扩展方式的设计及实现。     

基于以太网技术的智能化住宅小区通信网络平台的设计与实现

智能化住宅小区通信网络是小区内综合信息服务、小区与外界广域网连接、小区智能物业管理的物理平台。本文给出了基于以太网技术的智能化住宅小区通信网络平台的设计方法，提出了采用CEBUS技术设计家庭局部网络系统的方案。     

无线通信在智能小区门禁系统中的应用

介绍了一种基于无线通信智能小区门禁系统，旨在通过计算机集中管理小区内的各个门禁控制器，监控小区内各个单元的门锁开关情况。定时汇总小区居民出入情况，及时处理各种门锁报警信息。设计采用专用的无线传输模块作为门禁控制器与计算机的通信工具。完成了读卡模块设计，阐述了系统通信协议。     

别墅小区联网报警系统方案

方案设计目的 本案为别墅小区的联网防盗系统解决方案，方案依据《广东省安全技术防范管理条例》和甲方的技防要求进行设计。设计的主要目的是配合已有的人防措施，使该小区24小时得到有效的防范，从而杜绝非法闯入、     

智能化小区集中监控管理系统设计研究

本文首先分析了智能小区应具有的功能，然后讨论了智能小区的微机监控系统的几种设计方法，并进行了比较。最后，介绍了一个智能小区的供水监控系统。     

现代化智能小区的构建

本文在分析智能小区系统结构的基础上，给出了智能小区系统设计框架和设计原则并提出了智能小区管理系统软件结构模型及其主要功能。     

智能社区网络视频监控报警联动系统的设计

随着经济发展和生活水平的提高，人们对住宅的要求逐渐从安居型过渡到舒适型，对小区现代化和智能化的要求也不断提高，小区监控防盗系统已成为现代智能小区中的必备环节，其中电视监控系统是其中的重要组成部分．本文重点介绍多个小区构成社区的网络视频监控报警联动系统的设计。     

基于DCS的换热站管网监控系统设计与实现

针对华能青岛热电新建小区供暖管网的工艺流程和实际需要，以Opto 22为开发平台，设计开发了基于DCS的换热站管网监控系统。该系统以新建小区换热站为实际监控对象，可以实现对换热站供暖管网各监控测点的数据采集和过程控制，实现对流量、温度和压力的数据显示，人机界面操作和对整个工艺流程的控制管理。系统采用经典的DCS设计方法，实现集中监控、分散控制。相比于其他PLC监控平台，系统具有目标用户针对性强，在保证系统安全可靠运行的情况下具有操作简单易学易用的特点,设计内容完全符合华能青岛热电新建小区的要求。     

EasyARM200的局域网现场数据采集器

介绍一种基于EasyARM2200开发板和μC／OS—Ⅱ实现的、用于智能化建筑和小区现场的嵌入式数据采集器的设计。它通过串口采控各现场设备和智能仪表，并经小区宽带局域网连接管理计算机。采集器性能优良、通用灵活、成本合理，是智能小区“一线通”系统的重要组成部分。     

一种智能小区自动化管理系统的设计

该文对智能小区自动化管理系统的组成、功能、软硬件设计思想进行了分析与论述。该系统主要由中心数据库管理子系统、室内控制器子系统、CAN总线组成，实现了小区的物业信息管理、报警、电话语音求助、自动抄表以及门禁对讲等功能。从而使小区的管理智能化、自动化。     

Antarctic ice sheet and sea ice regional albedo and temperature change, 1981-2000, from AVHRR Polar Pathfinder data

Spring-summer (November, December, January) ice sheet and sea ice regional surface albedo, surface temperature, sea ice concentration and sea ice extent averages and trends from 1981 to 2000 have been calculated for the Antarctic area. In this research the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder 5-km EASE-Grid Composites and the combined SMMR and SSMI data sets from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, Colorado have been employed. A regional analysis has been made for five longitudinal sectors around Antarctica: the Weddell Sea (WS), the Indian Ocean (IO), the Pacific Ocean (PO), the Ross Sea (RS) and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea (BS). The IO and PO sectors show ice sheet albedos of 0.85 and temperatures of − 25 °C. The corresponding values in the RS and BS sectors are 0.80 and − 16 °C respectively. The sea ice albedo is about 0.60 in the RS, BS and WS sectors and 0.55 in the IO and PO sectors. The average sea ice temperature varies around − 12 °C. All the sectors show slight increasing spring-summer albedo trends and decreasing spring-summer temperature trends and similar interannual variability in albedo and surface temperature. The steepest ice sheet albedo trend of 0.0019 ± 0.0009/yr is found in the RS sector. The steepest sea ice albedo trend of 0.0044 ± 0.0017 /yr occurs in the PO sector. The steepest temperature trends for both the ice sheet and sea ice occur in the BS sector, having values of − 0.075 ± 0.040 °C/yr and − 0.107 ± 0.027 °C/yr respectively. The sea ice concentration shows slight increasing trends, the highest being in the PO sector (0.3 ± 0.12%/yr), whereas the sea ice extent trends are near zero with the exception of the RS sector (14,700 ±8600 km²/yr) and the BS sector (− 13,000 ± 6400 km²/yr).     

Effect of post-release sidewall morphology on the fracture and fatigue properties of polycrystalline silicon structural films

Surface properties can markedly affect the mechanical behavior of structural thin films used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications. This study highlights the striking difference in the sidewall surface morphology of n⁺-type polysilicon films from two popular MEMS processes and its effect on fracture and fatigue properties. The sidewall surface roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy, whereas silicon oxide thickness and grain size were measured using (energy-filtered) transmission electron microscopy. These measurements show that the oxide layers are not always thin native oxides, as often assumed; moreover, the roughness of the silicon/silicon oxide interface is significantly influenced by the oxidation mechanism. Thick silicon oxides (20 ± 5 nm) found in PolyMUMPs™ films are caused by galvanic corrosion from the presence of gold on the chip, whereas in SUMMiT V™ films a much thinner (3.5 ± 1.0 nm) native oxide was observed. The thicker oxide layers, in combination with differences in sidewall roughness (14 ± 5 nm for PolyMUMPs™ and 10 ± 2 nm for SUMMiT V™), can have a significant effect on the reliability of polysilicon structures subjecting to bending loads; this is shown by measurements of the fracture strength (3.8 ± 0.3 GPa for PolyMUMPs™ and 4.8 ± 0.2 GPa for SUMMiT V™) and differences in the stress-lifetime cyclic fatigue behavior.     

Forest carbon densities and uncertainties from Lidar, QuickBird, and field measurements in California

Greenhouse gas inventories and emissions reduction programs require robust methods to quantify carbon sequestration in forests. We compare forest carbon estimates from Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) data and QuickBird high-resolution satellite images, calibrated and validated by field measurements of individual trees. We conducted the tests at two sites in California: (1) 59 km² of secondary and old-growth coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forest (Garcia-Mailliard area) and (2) 58 km² of old-growth Sierra Nevada forest (North Yuba area). Regression of aboveground live tree carbon density, calculated from field measurements, against Lidar height metrics and against QuickBird-derived tree crown diameter generated equations of carbon density as a function of the remote sensing parameters. Employing Monte Carlo methods, we quantified uncertainties of forest carbon estimates from uncertainties in field measurements, remote sensing accuracy, biomass regression equations, and spatial autocorrelation. Validation of QuickBird crown diameters against field measurements of the same trees showed significant correlation (r = 0.82, P < 0.05). Comparison of stand-level Lidar height metrics with field-derived Lorey's mean height showed significant correlation (Garcia-Mailliard r = 0.94, P < 0.0001; North Yuba R = 0.89, P < 0.0001). Field measurements of five aboveground carbon pools (live trees, dead trees, shrubs, coarse woody debris, and litter) yielded aboveground carbon densities (mean ± standard error without Monte Carlo) as high as 320 ± 35 Mg ha^− 1 (old-growth coast redwood) and 510 ± 120 Mg ha^− 1 (red fir [Abies magnifica] forest), as great or greater than tropical rainforest. Lidar and QuickBird detected aboveground carbon in live trees, 70-97% of the total. Large sample sizes in the Monte Carlo analyses of remote sensing data generated low estimates of uncertainty. Lidar showed lower uncertainty and higher accuracy than QuickBird, due to high correlation of biomass to height and undercounting of trees by the crown detection algorithm. Lidar achieved uncertainties of < 1%, providing estimates of aboveground live tree carbon density (mean ± 95% confidence interval with Monte Carlo) of 82 ± 0.7 Mg ha^− 1 in Garcia-Mailliard and 140 ± 0.9 Mg ha^− 1 in North Yuba. The method that we tested, combining field measurements, Lidar, and Monte Carlo, can produce robust wall-to-wall spatial data on forest carbon.     

Experimental phase diagram study of the TiAl-rich part of the Ti–Al–Ni ternary system

Phase equilibria of the TiAl-rich part of the Ti–Al–Ni ternary system have been studied experimentally by scanning electron microscopy and electron probe micro-analysis of heat-treated alloys. Partial isothermal sections involving the liquid, β-Ti, α-Ti, α₂-Ti₃Al, γ-TiAl and τ₃-Al₃NiTi₂ phases were constructed between 1623 and 1273 K. Eight three-phase regions of the L + β + α, L + α + γ, L + β + γ, β + α + γ, L + β + τ₃, β + γ + τ₃, β + α₂ + τ₃ and α₂ + γ + τ₃ were derived. Extrapolations of these tie-triangles indicate the occurrence of three transition-type reactions; L + α = β + γ at around 1593 K, L + γ = β + τ₃ at around 1553 K, and β + γ = α + τ₃ at around 1393 K. The Ni solid solubility in the α and α₂ phase is extremely low, less than 1 at.% in all studied temperature ranges.     

Changes in EEG activity before and after exhaustive exercise in sedentary women in neutral and hot environments

This study examined the effect of hyperthermia on brain electrical activity measured with encephalography during prolonged exhaustive exercise in a group of sedentary women (VO₂max = 35 ± 4 mL kg min⁻¹). Two strenuous cycling exercises were performed either in neutral (N-Ex) or in heat (H-Ex) conditions. Tympanic temperature (Tty), heart rate (HR), body mass loss (BML), plasma volume decrease, and brain electrical activity [EEG: α (8–13 Hz) and β(13–30 Hz)-band and α/β index of fatigue: the ratio between EEG activity in the α band and β-band] were recorded throughout the cycling sessions. The Tty increase 1.0 °C in the N-Ex and 1.8 °C in H-Ex. HR increased in both sessions but with significantly higher values during the H-Ex session when compared with the N-Ex session (p < 0.001) (from 85 ± 4 beats min⁻¹ to 164 ± 6 beats min⁻¹ and from 83 ± 6 beats min⁻¹ to 181 ± 8 beats min⁻¹, respectively in N-Ex and in H-Ex). This was associated with a significantly higher BML (p < 0.05) and a higher plasma volume decrease in the H-Ex session (p < 0.01). The α/β index increased significantly during both trials particularly during the H-Ex session (p < 0.05). This was associated with a significant decrease of time to exhaustion (−34%). We suggest that exhausting work in the heat induced a change in gross brain activity (alpha/beta ratio) compared to a longer, less thermally demanding exposure. Fatigue in the heat could be attributed to central factors as well as thermal, cardiac and hydro-electrolytic impairment.     

Nature of sensitive high-order resonant modes in piezoelectric excited millimeter sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors

High-order resonant modes of piezoelectric-excited cantilever (PEMC) sensors were previously shown to be very highly sensitive at 0.3-2 fg/Hz for in-liquid applications. The purpose of this work is to show experimentally and with finite element model (FEM) simulations that such sensitive modes are strongly influenced by the sensor width, suggesting that the sensitive modes are torsional or buckling modes. From experimental observations the resonant frequency of high-order modes had a strong dependence on width, where a sensor with a smaller width had resonant modes at a higher frequency. Also the FEM simulations indicate that in this frequency range there are resonant modes with a buckling nature that change for a decrease in width, consistent with experimental observations. In order to establish that the width-dependent modes are mass-sensitive in liquids, resonant frequency change to density changes in flow experiments under fully liquid-immersed conditions were determined. Average frequency shifts of 475 ± 49 Hz (n = 5), 533 ± 31 Hz (n = 5), 715 ± 103 Hz (n = 5) and 725 ± 37 Hz (n = 5) were obtained for the four designs investigated in response to a density change of 0.0118 g/cm³. The results show that the resonant frequency response to variations in the geometry provides insightful data on the role of width in PEMC sensor design.     

A hybrid semi-automatic method for liver segmentation based on level-set methods using multiple seed points

The present study developed a hybrid semi-automatic method to extract the liver from abdominal computerized tomography (CT) images. The proposed hybrid method consists of a customized fast-marching level-set method for detection of an optimal initial liver region from multiple seed points selected by the user and a threshold-based level-set method for extraction of the actual liver region based on the initial liver region. The performance of the hybrid method was compared with those of the 2D region growing method implemented in OsiriX using abdominal CT datasets of 15 patients. The hybrid method showed a significantly higher accuracy in liver extraction (similarity index, SI = 97.6 ± 0.5%; false positive error, FPE = 2.2 ± 0.7%; false negative error, FNE = 2.5 ± 0.8%; average symmetric surface distance, ASD = 1.4 ± 0.5 mm) than the 2D (SI = 94.0 ± 1.9%; FPE = 5.3 ± 1.1%; FNE = 6.5 ± 3.7%; ASD = 6.7 ± 3.8 mm) region growing method. The total liver extraction time per CT dataset of the hybrid method (77 ± 10 s) is significantly less than the 2D region growing method (575 ± 136 s). The interaction time per CT dataset between the user and a computer of the hybrid method (28 ± 4 s) is significantly shorter than the 2D region growing method (484 ± 126 s). The proposed hybrid method was found preferred for liver segmentation in preoperative virtual liver surgery planning.     

Impact of police body armour and equipment on mobility

Body armour is used widely by law enforcement and other agencies but has received mixed reviews. This study examined the influence of stab resistant body armour (SRBA) and mandated accessories on physiological responses to, and the performance of, simulated mobility tasks. Fifty-two males (37 ± 9.2 yr, 180.7 ± 6.1 cm, 90.2 ± 11.6 kg, VO_2max 50 ± 8.5 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹, BMI 27.6 ± 3.1, mean ± SD) completed a running VO_2max test and task familiarisation. Two experimental sessions were completed (≥4 days in between) in a randomised counterbalanced order, one while wearing SRBA and appointments (loaded) and one without additional load (unloaded). During each session participants performed five mobility tasks: a balance task, an acceleration task that simulated exiting a vehicle, chin-ups, a grappling task, and a manoeuvrability task. A 5-min treadmill run (zero-incline at 13 km·h⁻¹, running start) was then completed. One min after the run the five mobility tasks were repeated.     

Characterizations of ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨ q)-fuzzy interior ideals

In this paper, we give characterizations of ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals. We characterize different classes regular (resp. intra-regular, simple and semisimple) ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals (resp. (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals). In this regard, we prove that in regular (resp. intra-regular and semisimple) ordered semigroups the concept of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals coincide. We prove that an ordered semigroup S is simple if and only if it is (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy simple. We characterize intra-regular (resp. semisimple) ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals (resp. (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy interior ideals). Finally, we consider the concept of implication-based fuzzy interior ideals in an ordered semigroup, in particular, the implication operators in Lukasiewicz system of continuous-valued logic are discussed.     

Red tide detection and tracing using MODIS fluorescence data: A regional example in SW Florida coastal waters

Near real-time data from the MODIS satellite sensor was used to detect and trace a harmful algal bloom (HAB), or red tide, in SW Florida coastal waters from October to December 2004. MODIS fluorescence line height (FLH in W m^− 2 μm^− 1 sr^− 1) data showed the highest correlation with near-concurrent in situ chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl in mg m^− 3). For Chl ranging between 0.4 to 4 mg m^− 3 the ratio between MODIS FLH and in situ Chl is about 0.1 W m^− 2 μm^− 1 sr^− 1 per mg m^− 3 chlorophyll (Chl = 1.255 (FLH × 10)^0.86, r = 0.92, n = 77). In contrast, the band-ratio chlorophyll product of either MODIS or SeaWiFS in this complex coastal environment provided false information. Errors in the satellite Chl data can be both negative and positive (3-15 times higher than in situ Chl) and these data are often inconsistent either spatially or temporally, due to interferences of other water constituents. The red tide that formed from November to December 2004 off SW Florida was revealed by MODIS FLH imagery, and was confirmed by field sampling to contain medium (10⁴ to 10⁵ cells L^− 1) to high (> 10⁵ cells L^− 1) concentrations of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. The FLH imagery also showed that the bloom started in mid-October south of Charlotte Harbor, and that it developed and moved to the south and southwest in the subsequent weeks. Despite some artifacts in the data and uncertainty caused by factors such as unknown fluorescence efficiency, our results show that the MODIS FLH data provide an unprecedented tool for research and managers to study and monitor algal blooms in coastal environments.