O（m^2）时间求解SAT问题的随机算法

传统的求解SAT问题的随机算法主要是对满足解进行搜索,在找不到满足解的情况下,则无法正确判断问题的可满足性。该文提出了两个时间复杂度为O（m^2）求解SAT问题的随机算法SatTestl和SatTest2,这里m为CNF公式中的子句数。这两个随机算法是通过对不满足解数的估计来判断SAT问题的可满足性,不同于传统的随机算法。其中第二个算法SatTest2在搜索满足解的同时又可以对不满足解数进行估计,是对传统随机算法的重要改进。试验结果表明,文中提出的算法对相变区域的难SAT实例有较好的求解能力。     

利用近似解加速求解SAT问题的启发式完全算法

结合DPLL完全算法能够证明可满足性(SAT)问题的不可满足性和局部搜索算法快速的优点,提出利用近似解加速求解SAT问题的启发式完全算法.首先利用局部搜索算法快速地得到一个近似解,并将该近似解作为完全算法的初始输入,用于其中分支变量的相位决策.该算法引导完全算法优先搜索近似解所在的子空间,加速解决器找到可满足解的过程,为SAT问题的求解提供了一种新的有效途径.实验结果表明,该算法有效地提高了决策的精度和SAT解决器的效率,对很多实例非常有效.     

基于多样性SAT求解器和新颖性搜索的软件产品线测试

软件产品线测试是一项非常具有挑战性的工作. 基于相似性的测试方法通过提升测试集的多样性以达到提高测试覆盖率和缺陷检测率的目的. 因其具有良好的可拓展性和较好的测试效果, 目前已成为软件产品线测试的重要手段之一. 在该测试方法中, 如何产生多样化的测试用例和如何维护测试集的多样性是两个关键问题. 针对以上问题, 提出一种基于多样性可满足性(SAT)求解器和新颖性搜索(novelty search, NS)的软件产品线测试算法. 具体地, 所提算法同时采用两类多样性SAT求解器产生多样化的测试用例. 特别地, 为了改善随机局部搜索SAT求解器的多样性, 提出一种基于概率向量的通用策略产生候选解. 此外, 为同时维护测试集的全局和局部多样性, 设计并运用两种基于NS算法思想的归档策略. 在50个真实软件产品线上的消融和对比实验验证多样性SAT求解器和两种归档策略的有效性, 以及所提算法较其他主流算法的优越性.     

MAX-SAT问题的一种改进的禁忌搜索算法

求解SAT问题的经典禁忌搜索算法TSSAT初始解是随机产生的,本文在传统的禁忌搜索算法的基础上提出了一种改进初始解的方法.通过对不同规模的随机SAT问题实例的测试表明,这种改进可以有效地提高禁忌搜索过程中求解SAT问题的效率.     

一种SAT邻域的快速搜索算法

用局部搜索算法求解SAT问题．通常都需要在较大的邻域中。寻找合适的邻解。如果对邻域中的每个邻解。都通过重新判断每个子句是否为可满足来得到其可满足的子句个数．则时间耗费较多。已经有一些经典的处理方法．例如通过修改邻域结构．来减小搜索空间。从另外一个角度来考虑搜索过程．根据当前解和邻解的内在关系．介绍一种SAT邻域的快速搜索算法。该算法能在不影响解质量的前提下．快速寻找合适的邻解．从而进一步提高局部搜索算法的求解速度。另外．该算法还提供用于提高解质量的信息。有助于研究新的局部搜索算法。     

基于寻找可满足2SAT子问题的SAT算法*

可满足问题（SAT）是一个NP-Hard问题。提出了一种求解SAT的新算法（FFSAT）。该算法将SAT问题转换为寻找一个可满足的2-SAT子问题。SAT问题虽然是NP完全问题,但是当所有子句长度不大于2时,SAT问题可以在线性时间求解。使用2-SAT算法-BinSat求解2-SAT子问题,当它不满足时,根据赋值选择新的2-SAT子问题。实验结果表明,采用本算法的结果优于UnitWalk。     

集成偏好的高维多目标最优软件产品选择算法

在基于搜索的软件工程研究领域,高维多目标最优软件产品选择问题是当前的一个研究热点.既往工作主要采用后验方式（即先搜索再选择）处理软件工程师或终端用户的偏好.与此不同,将用户偏好集成于优化过程,提出了一种新算法以定向搜索用户最感兴趣的软件产品.在算法中,运用权向量表达用户偏好,采用成就标量化函数（achievement scalarizing function,简称ASF）集成各个优化目标,并定义一种新关系比较个体之间的优劣.为了增强算法快速搜索到有效解的能力,分别采用DPLL/CDCL类型和随机局部搜索（SLS）类型可满足性（SAT）求解器实现了替换算子和修复算子.为了验证新算法的有效性,采用21个广泛使用的特征模型进行仿真实验,其中最大特征数为62482,最大约束数为343 944.实验结果表明,基于DPLL/CDCL类型SAT求解器的替换算子有助于算法返回有效软件产品;基于SLS类型SAT求解器的修复算子有助于快速搜索到尽可能满足用户偏好的最终产品.在处理带偏好的高维多目标最优软件产品选择问题时,综合运用两类SAT求解器是一种行之有效的方法.     

求解多文字可满足SAT问题的置信传播算法

可满足(SAT)问题是指:是否存在一组布尔变元赋值,使得合取范式公式中每个子句至少有一个文字为真.多文字可满足SAT问题是指:是否存在一组布尔变元赋值,使得CNF公式中每个子句至少有两个文字为真.显然,此问题仍然是一个NP难问题.为了研究解决多文字可满足SAT问题的算法,引入随机实例产生模型,设计求解多文字可满足SAT问题的置信传播算法.最后,用实例模型产生了大量数据进行实验验证,结果表明:该算法求解多文字可满足SAT问题的性能优于其他启发式算法.     

基于SATLike3.0局部搜索求解器的算法改进

部分最大可满足性问题是可满足性问题的重要变体,它可以同时处理硬约束和软约束,因此可以对广泛的现实问题进行建模.局部搜索求解器是为该问题寻找高质量解的主流方法,它依赖于问题实例的初始数据状态.本文针对局部搜索求解器SATLike3.0的初始解生成过程,提出了优先满足硬约束的改进策略,最终得到的算法名为HFCRP-F.该算法作用于构造初始解和初始权重配置阶段,主要包括优先传播尚未满足的硬约束中的未赋值变量,以及根据已找到的解为约束增加初始权重,由此指导后续的局部搜索过程.本文采用Max SAT Evaluation 2018–2021中的数据集对HFCRP-F和SATLike3.0进行测试,结果表明HFCRP-F处理加权实例的性能明显优于SATLike3.0,同时处理非加权实例的性能与SATLike3.0基本持平.     

调查传播算法和蚁群算法相结合求解可满足性问题

布尔可满足性问题(Boolean Satisfiability Problem,SAT)是逻辑学的一个基本问题,也是NP-hard问题。调查传播算法(Survey Propagation,SP)是求解SAT的一种非常高效的算法,但SP在难解区域极易不收敛,或者出现错误赋值。将SP算法与蚁群算法结合,把SP算法得到的消息值应用到蚁群算法中来求解3-SAT问题,使用这些消息值引导蚁群算法求解,并在算法中加入高效的局部搜索。新算法对于SP算法不收敛的一些实例也能很快找到解。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.