316L不锈钢表面纳米化后腐蚀性能研究

对表面纳米化和未经表面纳米化处理的316L不锈钢的样品分别进行点蚀实验和应力腐蚀对比实验,在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl水溶液中分别测出它们的极化曲线.结果表明,316L不锈钢表面纳米化后抗点蚀性能下降,抗应力腐蚀性能提高.对应力腐蚀断口的SEM 分析发现,316L不锈钢应力腐蚀断口有明显分区现象,断裂形式为韧性断裂,开裂通道既有穿晶型也有沿晶型.     

Experimental investigation on corrosion and hardness of ion implanted AISI 316L stainless steel

The AISI 316L stainless steel has been widely used both in artificial knee and hip joints in bio-medical applications. In the present study AISI 316L SS was implanted with two different ions: nitrogen and helium at 100 keV with a dose of 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm² at room temperature. The crystallographic orientation and surface morphology were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of ion implantation on the corrosion performance of AISI 316L stainless steel was evaluated in 0.9% NaCl solution using electro chemical test both on the virgin and implanted samples. The subsequent Tafel analysis shows that the ion implanted specimens were more corrosion resistant when compared to the bare specimens. Microhardness was also measured by Vickers method by varying the loads. The results of the studies indicated that there was a significant improvement in both corrosion resistance and hardness of implanted samples.     

基于点蚀的316L不锈钢在酸性气田环境中的适应性评价

国内外酸性气田的开发使腐蚀环境越来越苛刻,为满足气液混输的工艺要求,发展了耐蚀合金/碳钢的双金属复合管技术。316L不锈钢被广泛用于双金属管的内衬,在含H_2S和CO_2环境中腐蚀速率很低,然而在高含Cl-的溶液中,316L不锈钢容易出现点蚀而诱发集输管线失效,为此,就316L不锈钢在酸性气田集输环境中的点蚀进行评述。讨论了影响316L不锈钢点蚀的材质因素,Mn和Fe的硫化物及Mg、Al、Ca的氧化物等两种夹杂物均能促进钝化膜的溶解而引起点蚀;分析了316L不锈钢点蚀的H_2S、CO_2、温度、Cl-浓度和pH值等环境的适应性条件,发现H_2S环境比CO_2环境更容易发生点蚀,H_2S和CO_2对点蚀发生存在协同机制,温度升高、Cl-浓度增加和酸性介质均会增加316L不锈钢点蚀的敏感性。为进一步优化选材原则,需重点加强环境因素的协同机制、环境适应性的边界条件、点蚀发展的动力学以及新的标准研究。     

Corrosion behaviour of single (Ti) and duplex (Ti–TiO2) coating on 304L stainless steel in nitric acid medium

Sputter deposited single titanium (Ti) layer, and duplex Ti–TiO₂ coating on austenitic type 304L stainless steel (SS) was prepared, and the corrosion performance was evaluated in nitric acid medium using surface morphological and electrochemical techniques. Morphological analysis using atomic force microscope of the duplex Ti–TiO₂ coated surface showed minimization of structural heterogeneities as compared to single Ti layer coating. The electrochemical corrosion results revealed that, titanium coated 304L SS showed moderate to marginal improvement in corrosion resistance in 1 M, and 8 M nitric acid, respectively. Duplex Ti–TiO₂ coated 304L SS specimens showed improved corrosion resistance as compared to Ti coating from dilute (1 M) to concentrated medium (8 M). The percentage of protection efficiency for base material increases significantly for duplex Ti–TiO₂ coating as compared to single Ti layer coating. The oxidizing ability of nitric acid on both the coatings as well as factors responsible for improvement in protection efficiency are discussed and highlighted in this paper.     

Effect of Surface Treatment and Metallic Coating on Corrosion Behavior and Biocompatibility of Surgical 316L Stainless Steel Implant

Surface engineering technology is a suitable method for coatings on the metal surfaces or performing surface modification treatment,which can improve corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of metals.In this research,corrosion behavior of Nb coating on H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 treated AISI stainless steel 316L (SS) was evaluated.Nb coating was carried out using physical vapor deposition process on the SS.Characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique were used to investigate the microstructure and morphology of the coated and treated SS.Electrochemical potentiodynamic tests were performed in two types of physiological solutions and compared with the pristine SS specimens.Cyclic polarization tests were performed to evaluate resistivity against pitting.Experimental results indicate that Nb coating and surface treatment of the SS had a positive effect on improvement of corrosion behavior.The decrease in corrosion current densities was significant for coated and treated specimens.The corrosion current density was much lower than the values obtained for pristine specimens.     

Corrosion behaviour and biocompatibility of a novel Ni-free intermetallic coating growth on austenitic steel by hot dipping in an Al-12.6%Si alloy

Commercial 316 LVM austenitic stainless steel samples have been coated by immersion in a bath of molten Al–12.6%Si alloy for 120 s. The coating consists of the Al₁₂(Fe,Cr)₃Si₂ intermetallic. In vitro corrosion behaviour has been evaluated in the Ringer’s solution by means of potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results reveal that the coated specimens exhibit lower susceptibility to localised corrosion with respect to the substrate. XPS analysis suggests that the ennoblement of the pitting potential is due to the formation of a chromium oxyhydroxide containing passive layer. The intermetallic coating shows a good biocompatibility, as demonstrated by culturing human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow which attached, grew and differentiated to the osteoblastic lineage to a similar extent on coated and bare steels. In summary, this study proposes a method that generates Ni-free coatings of the stainless steel with useful properties for biomedical applications.     

Fabrication of nanoporous Sr incorporated TiO2 coating on 316L SS: Evaluation of bioactivity and corrosion protection

In this paper, nanoporous TiO₂ and Sr-incorporated TiO₂ coated 316L SS were prepared by sol–gel methodology. The effect of Sr incorporation into TiO₂ coating on bioactivity and corrosion resistance was investigated. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) results obtained after in vitro bioactivity test confirm the excellent growth of crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) over nanoporous Sr-incorporated TiO₂ coated 316L SS which may be attributed to the slow and steady release of Sr ions from the coatings. The electrochemical evaluation of the coatings confirms that Sr-incorporated TiO₂ coating offer excellent protection to 316L SS by acting as a barrier layer. The results showed that the incorporation of Sr enhanced both bioactivity and corrosion resistance of 316L SS. Hence Sr-incorporated TiO₂ coated 316L SS is a promising material for orthopaedic implant applications.     

20/316L双金属管的腐蚀失效原因分析

随着20/316L双金属管在油气生产中的推广应用,关于内衬316L不锈钢的腐蚀失效问题日益突出,尤其是条件苛刻的酸性集输环境下,目前相关研究不多.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等测试手段对20/316L双金属管在含H2S-Cl-的酸性集输环境中出现的腐蚀失效问题进行了系统分析,探讨了腐蚀失效的原因.结果表明:20/316L双金属管腐蚀类型为局部腐蚀,主要分布于内衬管316L的底部.腐蚀失效的主要原因是腐蚀介质中存在高浓度的H2S与Cl-,共同促进了钝化膜的破裂与点蚀的发展.当存在较高浓度的H2S与Cl-时,钝化膜薄弱处与电位较低的非金属夹杂物处易发生钝化膜的破裂与金属基体的快速溶解而成为点蚀源,形成点蚀.     

Synthesis of nanostructured zirconia electrodeposited films on AISI 316L stainless steel and its behaviour in corrosion resistance assessment

This work deals with the study of AISI 316L stainless steel samples coated with nanostructured zirconia thin films, using electrodeposition methods. The chemical composition and compounds formed were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology of zirconia films was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).Corrosion resistance of the coated steel was tested in a chloride environment. XPS analysis results show zirconium element on the metal surface, bound to oxygen-forming zirconia. The anodic polarization curves obtained in Hank's solution show that zirconia coating can be used as protective coating against pitting corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steels.     

The characteristics of a Pd–Ni/Pd–Cu double coating on 316L stainless steel and the corrosion resistance in stirred boiling acetic and formic acids mixture

A Pd–Ni/Pd–Cu double coating was deposited on stainless steel surface by electroplating. The microstructure and corrosion resistance of the double coating in strong reducing corrosive media were studied. In boiling 90 wt% acetic acid +10 wt% formic acid mixture containing 0.005 mol L⁻¹ NaCl with 900 r min⁻¹ stir, the corrosion rate of the double coating coated 316L stainless steel is one order of magnitude lower than that of Pd–Cu coated samples. The double coating shows lower porosity, higher hardness and elasticity modulus as well as higher adhesive strength, which may explain the better corrosion resistance in the testing environments.     

Suitability evaluation of plasma ion beam sputtered TiN/TiOxNy multilayers on steel for bio implants

Layers of TiN/TiO_xN_y were coated onto 316L stainless steel substrates by plasma ion sputtering technique. The layers were sputtered with the arc current of 2.5 A and with an acceleration voltage of 1000 V, for a sputtering time of 120 min. The XPS survey spectra on the surface of coatings showed the characteristic Ti2p, N1s and O1s peaks at the corresponding binding energies. X-ray diffraction and TEM-SAD analysis showed mixed oxynitride phase with TiO₂ and TiN for TiN/TiO_xN_y multilayer coatings. Cross sectional HRTEM analysis indicated the columnar structure of the coatings. Nanohardness value of 29 GPa was observed for mulilayered coatings. The electrochemical impedance measurements showed that the TiN/TiO_xN_y coatings on 316L SS exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to the single layers and the bare 316L SS substrate in simulated bodily fluid solution. Platelet adhesion experiments were done to examine the interaction between blood and the materials in-vitro.     

Influence of sigma phase on corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in high temperature and high pressure water

In order to elucidate the impact of σ phase on the oxidation film formation and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of 316L stainless steel, corrosion, SCC and three-point bending tests were conducted and the microstructures of the σ phase in 316L safe-end pipes were characterized via optical microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. The results indicated that the σ phase was detrimental to the SCC resistance of 316L in high temperature and high pressure environments and the existence of inherently hard and brittle σ phase could change the cracking mode.     

Effect of Cl- on the Properties of the Passive Films Formed on 316L Stainless Steel in Acidic Solution

The corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel （31 6L SS） has been investigated in solutions containing various concentrations of chloride ions by using potentiodynamic polarization, capacitance measurement and Mott- Schottky relationship analysis （M-S）. The result indicates that passive currents change slightly with the addition of chloride ions. The pitting potential （Epit） decreases linearly with Iog[CI-]. Correspondingly, the point defect diffusion coefficient （Do） of the passive film increases linearly with increasing Iog[CI-]. The results also indicate that the pitting corrosion of 316L SS follows the adsorption mechanism in NaCI solution.     

Effect of zinc phosphate chemical conversion coating on corrosion behaviour of mild steel in alkaline medium: protection of rebars in reinforced concrete

We outline the ability of zinc phosphate coatings, obtained by chemical conversion, to protect mild steel rebars against localized corrosion, generated by chloride ions in alkaline media. The corrosion resistance of coated steel, in comparison with uncoated rebars and coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar, were evaluated by open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, cronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The coated surfaces were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. First, coated mild steel rebars were studied in an alkaline solution with and without chloride simulating a concrete pore solution. The results showed that the slow dissolution of the coating generates hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂. After a long immersion, the coating became dense and provided an effective corrosion resistance compared with the mild steel rebar. Secondly, the coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar and immersed in chloride solution showed no corrosion or deterioration of the coated steel. Corrosion rate is considerably lowered by this phosphate coating.     

Systematic Study of Nanocrystalline Plasma Electrolytic Nitrocarburising of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel for Corrosion Protection

A number of studies have been reported on the use of nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising technology for surface hardening of stainless steels for higher corrosion resistance resulted from this technique. However, very few studies have focused on the optimization of the nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising process parameters. In this study, a design of experiment （DOE） technique, the Taguchi method, has been used to optimize the nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising not only for surface hardening but also for the corrosion protection of 316L austenitic stainless steel by controlling the coating processes factors. The experimental design consisted of four factors （Urea concentration, electrical conductivity of electrolyte, voltage and duration of process）, each containing three levels. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements were carried out to determine the corrosion resistance of the coated samples. The results were analyzed with related software. An analysis of the mean of signal-to-noise （S/N） ratio indicated that the corrosion resistance of nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic nitrocarburised 316L stainless steel was influenced significantly by the levels in the Taguchi orthogonal array. The optimized coating parameters for corrosion resistance are 1150 g/L for urea concentration, 360 mS/cm for electrical conductivity of electrolyte, 260 V for applied voltage, 6 min for treatment time. The percentage of contribution for each factor was determined by the analysis of variance （ANOVA）. The results showed that the applied voltage is the most significant factor affecting the corrosion resistance of the coatings.     

低压等离子喷涂316L等轴晶涂层及其性能研究

为研究低压等离子喷涂等轴晶涂层组织性能和形成机理,采用大气等离子喷涂（APS）和低压等离子喷涂（LPPS）,分别制备了316L不锈钢涂层.利用金相显微镜,X射线衍射和显微硬度等方法,分析了2种涂层的金相组织、相结构、显微硬度和耐蚀性.结果表明：一定条件下制备的低压等离子喷涂SUS316L不锈钢涂层明显不同于传统大气等离...     

Effect of zinc phosphate chemical conversion coating on corrosion behaviour of mild steel in alkaline medium: protection of rebars in reinforced concrete

Abstract

We outline the ability of zinc phosphate coatings, obtained by chemical conversion, to protect mild steel rebars against localized corrosion, generated by chloride ions in alkaline media. The corrosion resistance of coated steel, in comparison with uncoated rebars and coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar, were evaluated by open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, cronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The coated surfaces were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. First, coated mild steel rebars were studied in an alkaline solution with and without chloride simulating a concrete pore solution. The results showed that the slow dissolution of the coating generates hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂. After a long immersion, the coating became dense and provided an effective corrosion resistance compared with the mild steel rebar. Secondly, the coated and uncoated steel rebars embedded in mortar and immersed in chloride solution showed no corrosion or deterioration of the coated steel. Corrosion rate is considerably lowered by this phosphate coating.     

医用316L不锈钢表面改性的研究进展

316L不锈钢作为生物医用材料在近20年内被广泛应用在矫形外科植入物、牙种植体和冠状动脉支架等领域。分析了目前医用316L不锈钢在临床应用中存在的主要问题,指出生物相容性、耐腐蚀性和耐磨损性有待提高和表面改性是改善上述问题的有效途径。综述了医用316L不锈钢表面改性的各种途径及研究成果,并展望了316L不锈钢表面改性的研究趋势。     

植酸对咸水介质中316L不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

滨海区地源热泵中材料耐腐蚀性研究是有效开展利用新能源的基础,具有重要意义。采用动电位极化扫描和电化学阻抗谱方法研究了不同植酸组装浓度和组装时间对316L不锈钢在地下咸水介质中耐蚀性的影响,并探讨了植酸与钼酸钠复配形成的自组装膜对316L不锈钢在地下咸水介质中耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:在Cl-质量浓度为10g/L的NaCl溶液中,随着植酸浓度的增加,316L不锈钢自腐蚀电流密度呈先减小后增大的趋势,自组装膜对316L不锈钢的防护作用先增强后降低;随着自组装时间的延长,植酸自组装膜对316L不锈钢的缓蚀率先上升后下降。在自组装时间为6h、植酸浓度为10mmol/L时形成的自组装膜防护效果最好,缓蚀率达到84.17%。向植酸自组装液中添加钼酸钠后,形成的聚合钼酸根通过络合作用和静电作用使316L不锈钢的耐蚀性降低,说明植酸的复配对提高咸水介质中316L不锈钢的耐蚀性是有选择的。这为咸水地区地源热泵系统中316L不锈钢换热器的防护提供了理论指导。     

Effects of chloride ions on electrochemical reaction of 316 stainless steel in mixtures of molten nitrate salts

Effects of chloride ion on decomposition of ternary nitrate and corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel (316 SS) were studied by electrochemical corrosion tests in molten salt. Chemical composition and morphology of the corrosion products were analyzed using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy disperse spectroscopy. Composition analysis for molten salt combined with morphology analyses of corrosion layer showed that presence of chlorine ions slowed down decomposition of ternary nitrate and increased corrosion rate of stainless steel markedly. The polarization curve obtained indicated that the corrosion current density increased from 3.02 mA ⋅ cm⁻² to 8.76 mA ⋅ cm⁻² with the addition of 10 % NaCl. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated a decrease in charge-transfer resistance of the double layer between 316 SS and ternary Nitrate containing 10 % NaCl, resulting in a decreased corrosion resistance of 316 SS.