Stress corrosion cracking of A588 steel weldments in flue gas related environments

This study investigated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of A588 steel welds as determined by U-bend immersion tests and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests to evaluate the steel’s cracking susceptibility in various regions of the weldments. The immersion test results indicated that the fusion zone (FZ) had better corrosion resistance than the other regions in the weld. It was also demonstrated that the columnar grain boundaries exhibited a higher resistance to corrosion than the grain interior of the FZ. However, the coarse elongated ferrite in the FZ is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), which results in the formation of microcracks. As a result, a severe degradation of the weld’s tensile properties in the saturated H₂S solution was observed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractographs of tensile specimens reveal a cleavage fracture in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) and featherlike rupture in the FZ, both indicating a high sensitivity to HE.     

微观组织结构对镍基825合金力学性能和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的影响

目的 揭示微观组织结构对镍基825合金硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的影响规律及机理。方法 利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)分析了2种镍基825合金的金相组织、夹杂物种类及等级、晶界类型以及残余应变和晶粒尺寸分布。通过显微维氏硬度计评价了合金的力学性能,同时采用氢微印、动态充氢慢应变速率拉伸试验和三点弯曲试验,评估了合金的氢脆倾向和硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。结果 2种镍基825合金的夹杂物均以B类和D类TiN为主。2种合金中B类夹杂物均以晶界分布为主,D类夹杂物在合金1#中集中分布,在合金2#中随机分布。合金1#中B类夹杂物等级为0.91,D类夹杂物等级为1.4,合金2#中2种夹杂物等级分别为0.54和1.33。氢微印试验发现氢在合金1#的晶内、晶界处均大面积存在,而在合金2#中则分布稀疏。EBSD发现2种合金均为等轴奥氏体,合金1#晶粒尺寸稍大,晶界以随机大角度晶界为主且存在较高的残余应变集中,而合金2#晶粒细小且尺寸分布更均匀,随机大角度晶界和低Σ界面为其主要晶界类型,残余应变分布均匀。合金1#的硬度为184.67HV,屈服强度为285.30 MPa,而合金2#的硬度和屈服强度分别为207.75HV和300.03 MPa。在动态充氢慢应变速率拉伸试验中,2种合金均出现了氢脆倾向,合金1#的断裂延伸率降低了2.6%,而合金2#只降低了1.6%。三点弯曲试验中合金1#表面发生严重均匀腐蚀,出现了以穿晶为主的宏观裂纹,裂纹萌生部位的基体元素显著降低,在其周围还发现了夹杂物及其脱落留下的微孔,而合金2#表面仍有金属光泽,只有微米级的裂纹萌生于应力集中处。结论 大量夹杂物的存在降低了合金1#的屈服强度并导致晶界残余应变集中,同时作为有效氢陷阱增加了镍基825合金硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。此外,夹杂物与金属基体之间形成微电偶,促进周围金属阳极溶解,进一步增加了合金的开裂敏感性。     

Effect of Gd on microstructure and stress corrosion cracking of the AZ91-extruded magnesium alloy

AZ91 and AZ91–xGd (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%) magnesium alloys are extruded into plates. The addition of Gd promotes the formation of Al₂Gd, effectively reducing the volume fraction of the β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase and making the banded structures of the extruded magnesium alloys thinner. The corrosion weight loss tests and electrochemistry analyses demonstrate that Gd significantly improves the pitting resistance of the AZ91 in 3.5-wt% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)₂. Slow strain rate tensile tests show that in a corrosive environment, compared with AZ91, the elongation to failure of the AZ91–1.0Gd alloy is increased by 47%, and the alloy exhibits excellent stress corrosion resistance in this study. The fracture mode of AZ91 is changed from typical intergranular fracture to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fracture in the corrosion solution by adding Gd. The mechanism of Gd to improve the stress corrosion resistance of the AZ91 magnesium alloy is that Gd increases the corrosion resistance, especially the pitting of AZ91.     

300M超高强钢在中性盐雾环境中的腐蚀行为及机制

采用双悬臂（DCB）试样和恒载荷拉伸应力腐蚀试验,研究环境介质及充氢时间对40CrNi2Si2MoVA超高强度钢应力腐蚀行为的影响作用。结果表明：40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢DCB试样在不同溶液介质中产生的应力腐蚀裂纹易在预制裂纹尖端出现分叉,且在生长过程中与预制裂纹轴线方向的夹角不断增大,最后趋近垂直于预制裂纹;Cl⁻比SO₄²⁻对40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢应力腐蚀的影响更大,能更加明显地加速裂纹的萌生扩展;随充氢时间的增加,40CrNi2Si2MoVA钢断裂时间缩短,材料的塑性降低、脆性增加,断裂逐渐由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。     

16MnR钢在湿硫化氢环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性研究

采用慢应变速率拉伸腐蚀试验（SSRT）,研究了16MnR钢在湿硫化氢环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.在环境因素中,主要考虑了H2S浓度、CI-浓度、温度和pH值等介质参数单独或交互作用对应力腐蚀敏感性的影响.实验采用均匀设计方法,介质参数在各自取值范围内组合成8组实验介质.应力腐蚀敏感性指数F(A)的逐步回归结果显示:H2S浓度对16MnR钢应力腐蚀敏感性指数F(A)影响最为显著;随着H2S浓度的升高,应力腐蚀敏感性指数增大;pH值对F(A)的影响也较显著,CI-浓度与F(A)之间没有显著的相关性,温度和H2S浓度对F(A)产生交互作用.     

紧固件用GH4080A合金的应力腐蚀机制

采用慢应变速率拉伸实验研究了pH值、SO4^2-、Cl^-对GH4080A合金应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:pH值越低,GH4080A合金的抗应力腐蚀性能越差;合金对中性条件下的Cl^-应力腐蚀敏感性不明显,但pH<7时,合金对Cl^-存在应力腐蚀敏感性,而且对HCl具有明显的应力腐蚀敏感性,主要源于H^+和Cl^-对应力腐蚀的协同作用;常温下GH4080A对含SO4^2-离子的介质不敏感。进一步的外加电位应力腐蚀实验表明,GH4080A合金应力腐蚀断裂机理为氢致开裂型,断口特征表现为沿晶脆性断裂。     

Mechanistic study of stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in ethanol

Mechanistic study of stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in fuel‐grade ethanol was made using slow strain rate testing and constant tensile load testing at yield strength stress level of the steels. Characterization of the fracture surface was made using SEM and SEM–EDS. Selective dissolution of ferrite from pearlite phase was observed. Crack initiation took place preferably from pearlite phase. Corroded zones consisting of crystallographic pits were found from fracture surfaces.     

Evaluation of SCC susceptibility of supermartensitic stainless steel using slow strain rate tests

Abstract

The susceptibility to chloride stress corrosion cracking (Cl-SCC) of supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) was evaluated at different temperatures through slow strain rate tests. In order to evaluate the Cl-SCC susceptibility the reduction in area and the time to failure ratio were considered. It is clear that all specimens tested in the chloride solution exhibited a generally high resistance to chloride SCC. However, according to the slow strain rate tests results, at lower temperature (5°C) the susceptibility to Cl-SCC increases compared to the other temperatures studied; also an increase in the corrosion rate was observed as the temperature decreased according to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. The corrosion mechanism observed on the material under dynamic stress was a combination of high activation resistivity with a diffusive process on the metallic interface given by a thin film from a protector layer of chromium oxides. This mechanism generates a high corrosion resistance and therefore good performance to chloride induced SCC.     

高温水蒸气环境中TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性

目的 研究TP439不锈钢在高温水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,并探讨水蒸气和温度对其应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响规律。方法 采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法研究了TP439不锈钢在400~600 ℃水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,利用SEM和EDS分析试样断口区域的形貌及元素分布。结果 同一应变速率(2×10^‒5 s^‒1)下,随着温度在400~600 ℃范围内升高,TP439不锈钢在空气和水蒸气环境中的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断裂能均逐渐降低,延伸率逐渐增大。400 ℃和500 ℃时,试样在水蒸气环境中的抗拉强度较空气环境中有所降低,而延伸率较空气环境中增大。600 ℃时试样在水蒸气环境中的力学性能较空气环境中无明显差别。试样在400、500、600 ℃水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数分别为0.7%、1.2%和‒2.8%,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低。试样在400~600 ℃水蒸气环境中的断口均呈现韧性断裂特征,断口形貌整体由韧窝和微孔组成,颈缩现象显著,断口附近未发现二次裂纹。温度在400~600 ℃范围内升高时,断口的韧窝特征更加明显,颈缩程度逐渐增大,600 ℃时断口侧面的氧化膜表面Cr含量明显降低,主要由Fe的氧化物形成。结论 水蒸气对TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为起促进作用。基于应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数和断口的分析,在应变速率为2×10^‒5 s^‒1的400~600 ℃水蒸气环境中,TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低。     

5083铝合金慢应变速率拉伸下的应力腐蚀行为

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)测试法及扫描电镜(SEM)与透射电镜(TEM)分析手段,研究了预变形量及应变速率对5083铝合金在空气和3.5%NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为的影响。结果表明:在空气中,5083铝合金几乎不发生SCC现象,其断口均呈现韧性断裂形貌;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,5083铝合金具有SCC敏感性,其断口呈现局部沿晶界或相界断裂形貌,随着应变速率的减小,应力腐蚀敏感指数(ISSRT)增大,当应变速率减至1×10-6s-1时,其应力腐蚀断口呈现典型的解理脆断特征;(Mg5Al8)等第二相析出及预变形后位错增多是导致5083铝合金SCC敏感性增大的主要原因。     

Amine corrosion and amine cracking of API 5L X52 carbon steel in the presence of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide

In this research, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion behaviour of API 5L X52 carbon steel in 25?wt-% diethanolamine solution, saturated/unsaturated with carbon dioxide and containing 0 and 200?ppm hydrogen sulphide at different temperatures were investigated using slow strain rate test, electrochemical measurement and microscopic analysis. In addition, the presence of heat stable amine salts (HSASs) in the test solution was studied using spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Analysis of the results showed that the primary components to form HSASs exist in the solution. The results indicated that SCC is more likely in solutions without amine. Increase in corrosion rate of carbon steel by increase in temperature was clearly observed and concluded that the simultaneous presence of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide in the solution can increase the corrosion rate of carbon steel more than having one of the gases in the solution.     

碳酸盐硫化氢复杂环境中16MnR钢应力腐蚀敏感性研究

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验研究了16MnR钢在碳酸盐和硫化氢复杂环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性.结果表明,在含碳酸盐和硫化氢的复杂介质环境中,16MnR钢的应力腐蚀敏感性指数低于25%;温度由常温升高至57.5℃时,16MnR钢母材与热影响区的应力腐蚀敏感性略有升高,碳酸盐和硫化氢浓度对16MnR钢在此复杂环境中的应力腐蚀敏感...     

热矫正次数对7N01铝合金应力腐蚀开裂的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)和透射电镜(TEM)测试分析方法研究了热矫正次数对7N01-T5铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明:随着热矫正次数的增加,7N01-T5铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性增加。原因主要在于晶界析出相的转变以及溶质元素Zn和Mg从基体向晶界的不断扩散。基于非平衡偏聚理论可知,三次热矫正的等效恒温时间小于临界时间t_c。因此,随着热矫正次数的增加,晶界处Zn和Mg元素含量逐渐增加,增大了晶界与基体间的腐蚀电位差,使7N01-T5铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性增加。     

Evaluation of the propensity of replacements for halon 1301 to induce stress-corrosion cracking in alloys used in aircraft fire-suppressant storage and distribution systems

The fire-suppressant agents halon 1301 and halon 1211 have both been determined to possess sufficient ozone layer depletion potential to warrant strict limitations on their production and use. The service conditions aboard jet aircraft subject engine fire-suppressant storage vessels to the agents for long durations at elevated temperatures and pressures. Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of the materials of the vessel wall and/or rupture disk assembly (agent release valve) could prevent proper operation. Therefore, the compatibility of potential replacements with the materials used in the fire-suppressant storage and distribution systems is a serious concern. An evaluation of the relative SCC propensity of 12 halon replacement candidates was conducted to enable the selection of three of these compounds for further study. The slow-strain-rate (SSR) tensile test was selected, and a statistical method was developed for ranking the relative susceptibility of each alloy in each agent from the SSR test results. The results revealed that most agents had little tendency to cause SCC, but that some agent/alloy combinations were undesirable. The statistical technique allowed relative comparison, ranking, and combination of these results with other types of tests for the identification of three agents suitable for development and evaluation as aircraft fire suppressants.     

Sulfate‐reducing bacteria‐assisted hydrogen‐induced stress cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steels

The paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the microbiologically assisted hydrogen‐induced stress cracking (HISC) of 2,205 duplex stainless steel (DSS). The testing of susceptibility toward HISC was performed with two different methods. Precharged in sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), inoculated medium samples were subjected to slow strain‐rate testing in artificial seawater. In situ constant load tests were performed directly in SRB‐inoculated medium under hydrogen charging at 70% of the ultimate tensile strength. Samples tested in the biotic (SRB) conditions showed a considerable loss of ductility as compared to those tested in sterile conditions. Quantitative characteristics of fracture surfaces indicated increased susceptibility to HISC of biotic samples, therefore, suggesting a role of SRB in promoting hydrogen damage of DSS.     

Electrochemical techniques for monitoring stress corrosion cracking of Type 40Cr steel in acidified chloride solution

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and electrochemical noise （EN） techniques were used to detect stress corrosion cracking （SCC） on 40Cr steel specimens exposed to the acidified chloride solution at ambient. To test these two techniques, slow strain rate tensile （SSRT） tests were performed with 40Cr specimen in the identical corrosive solution at room temperature. In impedance measurements, phase shifts in frequency range from 1 to 1 000 Hz show a clear difference between the stressed and non-stressed specimens, suggesting that stress corrosion cracks are detected by the impedance measurements. EN signals in the process of SCC were recorded and then analyzed by standard deviation （STD）. On the other hand, the mechanical properties, such as maximum tensile strength （MTS） and fracture strain （FS） measured by the SSRT, decrease significantly when the specimens are exposed to the corrosive solution relative to that in an inert medium. The SSRT results are consistent with fractography of the tested specimens by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Analysis of the fracture surface clearly shows intergranular attack, suggesting that stress corrosion cracks are formed.     

Al-xMg-3.1Zn铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂行为及其机制

通过慢应变速率拉伸实验和动态电解充氢实验分别研究了Al-x Mg-3.1Zn铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂行为及其氢脆行为。结合宏观断口和微观断口形貌分析研究了合金发生应力腐蚀开裂的进程。通过对合金应力腐蚀开裂的机制进行分析阐明了合金中Mg元素含量对合金应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果表明:在该合金体系中存在应力腐蚀开裂,且合金的应力腐蚀敏感性随合金中Mg含量的降低而降低,这与合金的阳极溶解行为与氢脆行为随Mg元素含量降低而减弱有着直接的关系。在这当中,合金中晶界析出相的数量随Mg元素含量降低而减少起到了至关重要的作用。     

AZ31镁合金激光焊件的力学性能和应力腐蚀行为

采用Nd-YAG激光对AZ31 HP镁合金进行激光自熔焊接。显微组织分析表明,使用或不使用填料（焊料）AZ61镁合金得到的激光焊接接头的平均晶粒尺寸大约为12μm,显微硬度和拉伸强度与母材相近。然而,慢应变速率拉伸表明,在ASTM D1384溶液中两种焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀性能比母材略差。可观察到应力腐蚀裂纹在焊缝金属萌生并向热影响区（HAZ）扩展。然而,在以AZ61镁合金为填料（焊料）获得的焊接接头中,观察到裂纹起源及扩展出现在热影响区（HAZ）。在慢应变速率拉伸试验中,由于试样表面暴露在腐蚀环境中,在氢氧化镁/氧化镁层形成局部损伤,从而导致应力腐蚀裂纹的生成。     

Optimization of corrosion protection potential for stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of 5083-H112 alloy in seawater

We report on the optimum corrosion protection potential range for stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of 5083-H112 Al alloy specimens using electrochemical methods and slow strain rate testing (SSRT) in seawater. In the results of the cathodic polarization curve, the concentration polarization due to dissolved oxygen reduction reaction correspondeds to a protection potential of OCP≈ −1.55 V. However, a potential of −1.2 V in the SSRT showed little effect of atomic hydrogen evolution. Potentials less than −1.6 V are affected by atomic and molecular hydrogen. We thus concluded that the effect of atomic hydrogen predominates. Overall, the optimum corrosion protection range for SCC and hydrogen embrittlement of 5083-H112 seems to be between −0.9 V and −0.7 V.