热轧超高强度复相钢的氢脆敏感性

通过电化学充氢和升温脱氢分析(TDS)试验,研究了热轧超高强度复相钢M950的氢逸出行为和氢陷阱类型。利用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验,研究了M950钢的氢脆敏感性,并采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)分析了拉伸断口的微观形貌。结果表明,试验钢的氢陷阱激活能为15.0 kJ/mol,该钢的主要氢陷阱为晶界。随着电化学充氢时间的延长,试验钢氢含量逐渐增加,塑性明显下降,但抗拉强度下降幅度较小;拉伸断口形貌由微孔聚集型韧性断裂向准解理、沿晶脆性断裂过渡。     

应力状态和渗氢条件在非晶态NiCrFeSiB合金氢脆断裂中的作用

通过慢应变速率拉伸、断口观察和断裂力学分析等方法研究了非晶态NiCrFeSiB合金氢脆断裂过程和断口形态的关系.试样的应力状态,氢的渗入量及其在试样中的分布,以及非晶态合金塑性变形局部化的程度等因素对断裂过程都有影响.当渗氢量较低时,断裂方式主要由试样的应力状态所决定,发生近表面区的平面应力断裂和内部的平面应变断裂.当渗氢量较高,且氢由表面向内部分布的浓度梯度较陡时,发生表面区的"解理"型断裂和核心区的延性断裂.在渗氢量适中,氢浓度梯度平缓的条件下,出现由表面向内部塑性变形程度逐渐增大的"河流"形态.根据     

X70管线钢电化学充氢后的力学行为研究

应用拉伸试验和慢拉伸试验，研究X70管线钢电化学充氢后材料拉伸性能的变化．结果表明：电化学充氢对X70管线钢的强度没有显著的影响，主要降低了材料的塑性，从而降低了材料的断裂延性和断裂强度．在静态电化学充氢条件下，材料的塑性随充氢时间的增加，依次降低．在慢拉伸条件下，动态电化学充氢显著降低材料的塑性．断口分析表明：静态电化学充氢后的断口以韧窝为主要特征，但韧窝直径变小；慢拉伸的动态电化学充氢断口出现准解理断裂．     

Susceptibility of a X80 steel to hydrogen embrittlement

The susceptibility to hydrogen of a X80 grade steel produced by a thermo‐mechanical control process (TMCP) has been investigated by keeping straining notched specimens under continuous charging conditions. Hydrogen charging was carried out either in synthetic seawater under potentiostatic control at ? 1000 mV vs. SCE or in sulphuric acid with an absorption promoter under galvanostatic control at ? 5 mA/cm². Results reported in terms of hydrogen effect on the ductility of the steel as a function of both cross head speed and root radius of the notch indicate that under the combined effect of cathodic charging, notch severity and very low strain rates the ductility of the TMCP X80 steel can be greatly affected by the presence of hydrogen. With notched specimens strained in air increasing loss of ductility in terms of reduction in area is observed as the notch severity increases. Notched specimens are fairly “more brittle” than smooth ones. As notched specimens are strained under cathodic charging at ? 1000 mV vs. SCE in the synthetic seawater, considerable decrease of reduction in area (RA) is observed. The same trend is observed for displacement and load at fracture both being connected with ductility even if a definite tendency is not always obtained. As the notched specimens are strained under cathodic charging in seawater the fracture morphology shows regions of mixed ductile and brittle fracture and zones where intergranular and/or transgranular fracture path are prevailing. Area of intergranular and transgranular fracture path, that can be more strictly associated with the presence of hydrogen, tends to increase as the strain rate decreases, which suggests a fracture behaviour influenced by hydrogen diffusion. Several mechanisms were involved in the rupture process in sulphuric acid depending on the notch geometry and, especially, on the cross head speed. Apparently, transgranular (quasi‐cleavage) rupture tends to prevail as the displacement becomes lower and lower. No evidence of intergranular fracture was observed.     

电化学充氢对Cr15铁素体不锈钢和304奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响

研究了充氢时间、充氢电流密度、晶体结构对不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明:对于铁素体不锈钢,随着充氢时间的延长、电流密度的增大,塑性显著降低,氢脆敏感性大幅度增加;通过SEM观察实验钢断口形貌,断裂类型由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。而相同条件下,奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性较低,抗氢脆性能较好。充氢后实验钢表面存在大量H,且氢含量随试样深度逐渐降低,晶界可能作为氢陷阱影响实验钢的氢脆敏感性。     

DUCTILE FRACTURE OF FERRITE NODULAR GRAPHITE CAST IRON UNDER MULTIAXIAL TENSILE STRESS

为研究多轴应力下铁素体球铁延性断裂机制,采用三种不同曲率半径(ρ=2,4,10mm)的缺口圆柱试样进行拉伸试验,并用大弹塑性变形有限元分析法计算试样缺口部位的应力、应变分布。在中断拉伸试样上进行金相观察,跟踪石墨球与基体界面处微空洞的形核和长大。研究结果表明,当石墨球与基体界面处的应力到达650MPa时,微空洞形核,空洞长大和聚合导致延性断裂。     

Microstructure and properties of austempered ductile cast iron with refined graphite nodules

Abstract

The present study examined the influence of refinement of graphite nodules on microstructure and tensile properties of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). A casting technique using deoxidation treatment enabled manufacture of thin walled castings made of ductile cast iron without ledebulite. The thin walled casting (t=2 mm) was subjected to extreme refinement of graphite nodules, where the number of graphite nodules was 1750 mm^?2. Decrease in graphite nodule diameter resulted in refinement of ausferrite and γ-pool structures in ADI and rapid reaction of austempering. The significant increase in the number of graphite nodules resulted in a remarkable drop in the tensile strength and elongation of ADI. These results can be explained by the graphite nodule distance.     

Lattice defects dominating hydrogen-related failure of metals

The factor that plays the essential role in hydrogen-related failure has been examined for Inconel 625 and iron by means of tensile testing with interposed unloading and reloading with/without hydrogen charging. Aging at 30 °C or annealing at 200 °C was conducted during the unloaded stage in order to diffuse out hydrogen or to anneal out strain-induced defects. Hydrogen thermal desorption analysis was used to evaluate strain-induced defects that act as trapping sites of hydrogen. Fracture strain decreased in the initially hydrogen-charged specimens even though hydrogen was absent at the late stage of straining. Annealing at 200 °C at the unloaded stage almost completely recovered the decrease in fracture strain. Enhancement of strain-induced defects by hydrogen and their involvement in degradation were revealed by means of hydrogen thermal desorption analysis. The results provide direct evidence of the primary role of vacancies rather than hydrogen itself in hydrogen degradation, and agree well with the hydrogen-enhanced strain-induced vacancy model with respect to the mechanism of hydrogen-related failure.     

The influence of chromium on mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of microstructure and chromium on the tensile properties and plane strain fracture toughness of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). The investigation also examined the growth kinetics of ferrite in these alloys. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from ductile cast iron with Cr as well as without Cr. These specimens were then given four different heat treatments to produce four different microstructures. Tensile tests and fracture toughness tests were carried out as per ASTM standards E-8 and E-399. The crack growth mechanism during fracture toughness tests was also determined. The test results indicate that yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of ADI increases with an increase in the volume fractions of ferrite, and the fracture toughness reaches a peak when the volume fractions of the ferrite are approximately 60% in these alloys. The Cr addition was found to reduce the fracture toughness of ADI at lower hardness levels (<40 HRC); at higher hardness levels (≥40 HRC), the effect of chromium on the fracture toughness was negligible. The crack growth mechanism was found to be a combination of quasi-cleavage and microvoid coalescences, and the crack trajectories connect the graphite nodules along the way.     

Tensile,Compression and Fracture Properties of Thick-Walled Ductile Cast Iron Components

The article presents the outcome of a comprehensive program of tensile, compression and fracture toughness experiments, addressing thick-walled ductile cast iron inserts used for the production of three nuclear waste canisters. The resulting data are required as input to the assessment of the failure probability of the canisters. Moreover, these data are useful for the improvement of the casting technique as such. Although the same material specification is always used, material properties are found to show significant variation. Considerable attention is paid to linking the scatter in tensile properties to fractographic and microstructural observations. The main finding is that low ductility tensile test results can be primarily connected to the presence of specific casting defects, from which oxide films have the most detrimental effect. Another important observation is that compression experiments do not result in low ductility failure. During fracture testing, stable ductile crack propagation is observed. Basic fracture analysis of a tensile test is performed in order to better understand the effect of defect size, stress-strain behavior and fracture toughness on the ductility measured through tensile testing. Two opposing specimen size effects are observed.     

Effects of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of a X70 pipeline steel

Effects of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of a X70 pipeline steel were investigated in the cases of hydrogen pre-charging and dynamic hydrogen charging in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution under slow strain rate tensile testing. Under the hydrogen pre-charging, the fracture toughness decreased in a linear relationship with the hydrogen concentration as the hydrogen concentration was more than 1 ppm in weight. The fracture surfaces were characteristic of dimples. Under the dynamic hydrogen charging, the fracture toughness for hydrogen-induced cracking decreased linearly with logarithm of the hydrogen concentration without stress. The hydrogen-induced fracture had the appearance of cleavage facets.     

X80 管线钢在酸性环境下的氢致开裂行为研究

目的研究X80管线钢在我国典型酸性环境(鹰潭土壤模拟溶液)下的氢致开裂行为。方法采用电化学动电位扫描技术、慢应变速率拉伸实验和扫描电镜技术,分析氢在X80管线钢中的渗透行为、材料的放氢行为、电化学充氢对材料拉伸性能的影响以及材料断口的形貌。结果通过氢渗透实验测得,在室温下,氢在X80管线钢中的的氢扩散通量J∞=7.31×10-11mol/(cm2·s),有效扩散系数Deff=5.36×10-8cm2/s,可扩散氢浓度C0=7.64×10-5mol/cm3。钢中的氧化铝类非金属夹杂及表面点蚀坑促进了氢致裂纹的萌生,充氢后试样发生穿晶断裂。随着充氢时间的增加,断口由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂,氢致开裂敏感性增高。结论 X80管线钢在我国典型酸性环境下(鹰潭土壤模拟溶液)具有较高的氢致开裂敏感性。     

The Nature of the Tensile Fracture in Austempered Ductile Iron with Dual Matrix Microstructure

The tensile fracture characteristics of austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures and different ausferrite volume fractions have been studied for an unalloyed ductile cast iron containing (in wt.%) 3.50 C, 2.63 Si, 0.318 Mn, and 0.047 Mg. Specimens were intercritically austenitized (partially austenitized) in two phase region (α + γ) at various temperatures for 20 min and then quenched into a salt bath held at austempering temperature of 365 °C for various times and then air cooled to room temperature to obtain various ausferrite volume fractions. Conventionally austempered specimens with fully ausferritic matrix and unalloyed as-cast specimens having fully ferritic structures were also tested for comparison. In dual matrix structures, results showed that the volume fraction of proeutectoid ferrite, new (epitaxial) ferrite, and ausferrite [bainitic ferrite + high-carbon austenite (stabilized or transformed austenite)] can be controlled to influence the strength and ductility. Generally, microvoids nucleation is initiated at the interface between the graphite nodules and the surrounding ferritic structure and at the grain boundary junctions in the fully ferritic microstructure. Debonding of the graphite nodules from the surrounding matrix structure was evident. The continuity of the ausferritic structure along the intercellular boundaries plays an important role in determining the fracture behavior of austempered ductile iron with different ausferrite volume fractions. The different fracture mechanisms correspond to the different levels of ausferrite volume fractions. With increasing continuity of the ausferritic structure, fracture pattern changed from ductile to moderate ductile nature. On the other hand, in the conventionally austempered samples with a fully ausferritic structure, the fracture mode was a mixture of quasi-cleavage and a dimple pattern. Microvoid coalescence was the dominant form of fracture in all structures.     

Characterization of hydrogen charging of 2205 duplex stainless steel and its correlation with hydrogen‐induced cracking

The effect of various experimental conditions (i.e., hydrogen charging current density, charging time, solution concentration, and temperature) on the embrittlement and cracking susceptibility of 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied by electrochemical hydrogen charging and slow strain rate tests. The results showed that the choice of the experimental conditions had obvious effect on the hydrogen concentration in the specimens. A relationship between the embrittlement and hydrogen charging conditions was established by the investigation of the fracture morphology. Under the free‐charging condition, the fracture surfaces were characteristic of dimples, while on the condition of the dynamic hydrogen charging, the hydrogen‐induced fracture showed the appearance of cleavage. Further examination of fracture cracks confirmed that the ferrite phase acts as a preferential path for crack propagation.     

Hydrogen embrittlement of a Ti-strengthened 250 grade maraging steel

Constant extension-rate tensile tests are performed to investigate the effects of strain rate and environmental hydrogen concentration on the tensile properties of various aged T-250 specimens. The 426 °C (800 °F) underaged specimens are very sensitive to strain rate; the 482 °C (900 °F) peak-aged specimens exhibit a reduced ductility under low strain rates; and the 593 °C (1100 °F) overaged specimens are insensitive to strain rate when tested in air. The excellent resistance to embrittlement of the overaged specimens in gaseous hydrogen could be associated with the extensive formation of reverted austenite and the incoherent Ni₃Ti precipitates. The tensile-fractured surfaces of such specimens reveal a ductile dimple fracture. However, the peak-aged specimens are susceptible to gaseous hydrogen embrittlement, and the embrittled region shows a primary fracture mode of quasi-cleavage. The least resistant to hydrogen embrittlement of the underaged specimens is characterized by a more brittle fracture appearance, that is, intergranular fracture, under a low strain rate or in the gaseous hydrogen environment.     

Precipitation and evolution of nodular graphite during solidification process of ductile iron

The quantity and morphology of spheroidal graphite have an important effect on the properties of ductile iron,and the characteristics of spheroidal graphite are determined by the solidification process.The aim of this work is to explore the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules in hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons by thermal analysis,liquid quenching and metallographic technique.Results show that hypoeutectic ductile iron has the longest solidification time and the lowest eutectic temperature;eutectic ductile iron has the shortest solidification time;hypereutectic ductile iron has the highest eutectic temperature.After solidification is completed,hypoeutectic ductile iron has the lowest nodule count,nodularity and graphite fraction;eutectic ductile iron has the highest nodule count,nodularity and the smallest nodule diameter;hypereutectic has the highest nodule diameter and graphite fraction.The nucleation and growth of graphite nodules in hypereutectic ductile iron starts before bulk eutectic crystallization stage,however,the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules of hypoeutectic and eutectic ductile irons mainly occur in the eutectic crystallization stage.The graphite precipitated in eutectic crystallization of hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons,are 61%,68% and 43% of total graphite volume fraction,respectively.Simultaneously,there are plenty of austenite dendrites in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic ductile irons,which are prone to shrinkage defects.Therefore,the eutectic ductile iron has the smallest shrinkage tendency.     

Interaction of H2O and O2 with Ni3Fe and their effects on ductility

Possible reasons for the high ductility of Ni₃Fe and its insensitivity toward the testing environment have been investigated. Thermal desorption experiments have shown that water dissociates on clean Ni₃Fe surfaces to produce atomic hydrogen. Ductility measurements of cast and cold-rolled polycrystalline Ni₃Fe demonstrated that the reduced ductility was obtained only when the testing was performed with oxygen carefully removed. X-ray photoemission studies indicate that oxygen interacts with water to form hydroxyls, thereby suppressing the production of atomic hydrogen. Hydrogen desorption from the Ni₃Fe surface requires a lower activation energy, resulting in a smaller surface hydrogen concentration at a given temperature. Hence it is possible that there is insufficient hydrogen to cause the nucleation and growth of brittle cracks for severe embrittlement.     

Effect of nodularity on mechanical properties and fracture of ferritic spheroidal graphite iron

Ferritic spheroidal graphite irons with nodularity from 72% to 96% were prepared. The relationship between the nodularity and the mechanical properties of the ferritic spheroidal graphite iron was investigated. The effect of nodularity on the mechanical properties and tensile fracture of the cast iron were studied. Results showed that the tensile strength Rm, yield strength R_(p0.2), elongation to failure A_5, and impact energy KV_2 of the cast iron had a good linear relationship with its nodularity. Nodularity and annealing treatment would obviously affect the fracture characteristics of ferritic spheroidal graphite iron. The annealed ferritic spheroidal graphite iron with 93% nodularity showed a completely ductile rupture. With the decrease of nodularity from 93% to 72%, the cleavage fracture area ratio increased gradually from 0% to 8.3%. Compared with as-cast ferritic spheroidal graphite iron, annealing treatment reduced the cleavage fracture area of the ferritic spheroidal graphite iron.     

P110钢在CO2／H2S环境中的适用性研究

采用高温高压实验设备辅以失重法,研究了CO2／H2S腐蚀环境中P110钢的腐蚀性能,用SEM、EDS和XRD等分析了腐蚀产物．分别用电化学充氢及NACE TM0177A法对P110钢进行耐氢损伤试验．结果表明,虽然P110钢在试验环境中的均匀腐蚀速率很小,未发生点蚀,但随着充氢量的增加,强度、伸长率及断面收缩率均降低．...     

Hydrogen degradation of structural steels in technical hydrocarbon liquids

Hydrogen absorption, mechanical testing under different loading mode and electrochemical measurement were done for 0.3C low alloy steels used in the ship engine parts at immersion in the boiler fuel and in the used engine mineral oil at elevated temperatures corresponding to the operating conditions. The hydrogen charging of steels has been found to reach a level causing their plasticity loss. No effect, a plasticity loss and a significant decrease in the number of cycles have been stated in constant load, slow strain rate and fatigue tests, respectively. The results showed the local active plastic deformation proceeded close to the surface of hydrogen ingress to provide the highest possibility for hydrogen induced metal degradation in hydrocarbon environments. Although the source of hydrogen evolved in the case of technical hydrocarbons has been discussed, the promoting effect of formed H₂S should be recognized as the important factor influencing the hydrogen charging from those environments. Some variation in the steel microstructure, chemical composition and hardness of steels, even allowed by the standard may affect their susceptibility to hydrogen degradation in hydrocarbons.