Volga-Kama cascade reservoirs and their optimal use

Reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade, one of the largest cascades in the world, are described, with special attention to environmental problems. Measures for the improvement of the ecological situation in the river basin are analysed. A concept of water area regionalization, planning and engineering organization of water-bodies, previously advanced as the basic principle of rational development of natural water resources, is presented.     

A method for improving predictions of bed-load discharges to reservoirs

Effective management options for mitigating the loss of reservoir water storage capacity to sedimentation depend on improved predictions of bed‐load discharges into the reservoirs. Most predictions of bed‐load discharges, however, are based on the assumption that the rates of bed‐load sediment availability equal the transport capacity of the flow, ignoring the spatio‐temporal variability of the sediment supply. This paper develops a semiquantitative method to characterize bed‐load sediment transport in alluvial channels, assuming a channel reach is non‐supply limited when the bed‐load discharge of a given sediment particle‐size class is functionally related to the energy that is available to transport that fraction of the total bed‐load. The method was applied to 22 alluvial stream channels in the USA to determine whether a channel reach had a supply‐limited or non‐supply‐limited bed‐load transport regime. The non‐supply‐limited transport regime was further subdivided into two groups on the basis of statistical tests. The results indicated the pattern of bed‐load sediment transport in alluvial channels depends on the complete spectrum of sediment particle sizes available for transport rather than individual particle‐size fractions represented by one characteristic particle size. The application of the method developed in this paper should assist reservoir managers in selecting bed‐load sediment transport equations to improve predictions of bed‐load discharge in alluvial streams, thereby significantly increasing the efficiency of management options for maintaining the storage capacity of waterbodies.     

浅谈小(二)型水库除险加固的低造价工程措施

介绍了江西省小(二)型病险水库除险加固中较经济的工程处理措施,供水利工作者参考.     

病险水库主要工程地质问题与勘察研究

我国早期建设的水库,由于当时建设标准偏低,缺乏统一标准,现大部分已接近设计使用年限,而且工程老化,年久失修,存在运行安全隐患。针对上述情况,分析了我国病险水库形成的原因;论述了病险水库的主要类型,以及坝体渗漏、滑坡、坝基沉陷、抗震稳定等主要险情的地质因素;提出了病险水库勘察的工作原则、阶段划分等,总结了病险水库勘察工作应注意的事项,为水库大坝安全评价和除险加固设计提供了依据。     

Nutrient reference concentrations and trophic state boundaries in subtropical reservoirs

Nutrient criteria as reference concentrations and trophic state boundaries are necessary for water management worldwide because anthropogenic eutrophication is a threat to the water uses. We compiled data on total phosphorus (TP), nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) from 17 subtropical reservoirs monitored from 2005-2009 in the S?o Paulo State (Brazil) to calculate reference concentrations through the trisection method (United States Environmental Protection Agency). By dividing our dataset into thirds we presented trophic state boundaries and frequency curves for the nutrient levels in water bodies with different enrichment conditions. TP and TN baseline concentrations (0.010 mg/L and 0.350 mg/L, respectively) were bracketed by ranges for temperate reservoirs available in the literature. We propose trophic state boundaries (upper limits for the oligotrophic category: 0.010 mg TP/L, 0.460 mg TN/L and 1.7 μg Chl a/L; for the mesotrophic: 0.030 mg TP/L, 0.820 mg TN/L and 9.0 μg Chl a/L). Through an example with a different dataset (from the Itupararanga Reservoir, Brazil), we encouraged the use of frequency curves to compare data from individual monitoring efforts with the expected concentrations in oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic regional systems. Such analysis might help designing recovery programs to reach targeted concentrations and mitigate the undesirable eutrophication symptoms in subtropical freshwaters.     

浅谈小型水库渗漏、库岸稳定分析与工程处理措施

本文阐述江西省瑞昌市部分小（2）型水库的工程地质条件,以及工程区所处的地质构造位置,分析了褶皱构造对水库的影响。认为褶皱构造对小（2）型水库的影响主要表现在水库渗漏、库岸稳定以及水库地震等工程地质问题,并提出相应的工程处理措施。     

浙江省小型水库溢洪道安全问题及除险加固技术探讨

溢洪道是宣泄洪水和保证水库安全的重要设施。浙江省小型水库众多，小型水库中溢洪道存在问题的水库占总数90％以上。2003年开始的“千库保安”工程，其中主要任务之一就是“对溢洪道配套加固，满足安全泄洪”。针对小型水库溢洪道的特点，总结其存在的问题，并提出除险加固方法。     

如何提高水电部队财务管理效益

有效的增收节支,能够促进水电部队效益最大化.首先是根据水电部队经营战略发展需要,狠抓招投标工作,提高自营工程量;建立有效的激励机制,提高广大官兵积极性;积极进行税收筹划,实现整体收益的最大化;充分挖掘内部潜力, 加强部队经营管理.其次是依据水电部队管理制度,推行资金集中管理,降低资金使用成本;推进项目成本管理,节省目标成本支出;推行"政府采购"管理,降低采购成本;实施财务管理信息化,降低财务管理成本;推行两级机关非生产性开支包干管理,降低非生产性费用;推行特殊办公用品专用专有管理,杜绝行政用资产的滥用和流失.     

Comparison of different trophic state indices applied to tropical reservoirs

Reservoirs represent impoundments of river flows for multiple human purposes, including hydropower generation and industrial, recreational and agricultural activities. In considering the current state of dammed rivers and future projects, there is a major concern in tropical areas regarding the water quality of these aquatic ecosystems, most being subjected to eutrophication process. To this end, the Carlson (1977), Toledo (1983), Lamparelli (2004) and Cunha (2013) trophic state indices were applied and compared in six interconnected reservoirs from the Paraíba do Sul Ecoregion in Brazil that differ in their morphometry, nutrient loadings, water retention times and altitudes. Limnological variables were measured in an extensive monitoring programme carried out from 2011 to 2014 during both the rainy and dry seasons. Application of the different numerical models resulted in different trophic state classifications. Toledo's trophic state index was considered the best for assessing the trophic state of the study reservoirs since it under‐evaluates water transparency, which can be related more to inorganic turbidity rather than to phytoplankton biomass in tropical water systems. The Carlson index, developed for temperate zone lakes, resulted in higher trophic classifications, thereby not being considered a reliable model for the study reservoirs. Both the Lamparelli and Cunha indices generally classified the study reservoirs as being in an oligotrophic state, thereby underestimating their trophic status. All the trophic state indices varied seasonally, with water transparency being the only variable significantly affected by rainfall variations. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that an arbitrary choice of existing trophic state indices to evaluate the water quality in tropical environments might lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the actual trophic conditions of tropical waterbodies. Further, the weak correlation observed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll‐a concentrations indicates total phosphorus might not be a key factor limiting algal growth in tropical water systems, thereby meriting more research focusing on tropical reservoirs, as well as development of new trophic state indices, including consideration of other potentially limiting factors.     

水利工程基本情况普查概述

<正>一普查目标与任务通过对全国水利工程基本情况的全面普查,查清我国水库工程、水电站工程、水闸工程、泵站工程、引调水工程、堤防工程、农村供水工程、塘坝工程、窖(池)工程及灌区和地下水取水井等十一类水利工程的数量、分布等基础信息,重点查清一定规模以上的各类水利工程的特性、规模与能力、效益及管理等基本情况,对规模以下的工程了解其数量及总体规模情况(其中灌区和地下水取水井见专项调查)。     

广西：大投入 大建设 促进水利大发展

国家实施西部大开发战略以来,广西壮族自治区抓住机遇．乘势而上,水利事业呈现出投入力度大、建设规模大、发展速度快的喜人局面。10年来,自治区累计完成水利建设资金500多亿元．相当于之前50年总和的两倍多,投入力度之大,特别是政府投入之大,前所未有。10年来。自治区共建成各类水利水电工程63．7万多处,其中西部大开发标志性工程——百色水利枢纽工程全面建成并发挥效益,累计建成达标河海堤防514．7km,共完成病险水库除险加固1500多座,1000多万农村群众实现了饮水安全和解困。     

中小型水库土石坝除险加固工程地质勘察浅述

对中小型水库土石坝除险加固工程中地质勘察工作流程、勘察重点、勘察方法与布置及技术要点作了简单总结和浅述，并结合工程实例加以分析说明。     

Role of higher aquatic vegetation in improving water quality and increasing biological productivity of reservoirs

Conclusions Macrophytes in the case of their controlled development are an effective means of improving water quality.The participation of hydrobiologists and geobotanists both in the design and construction of reservoirs will help to establish the effectiveness of self-purification being accomplished by components of the biota and especially by macrophytes.When designing reservoirs and their engineering it is necessary to take into account natural conservation measures aimed at improving water quality, including a bank water-protection zone, beaches, bioplateaus with macrophytes, means for harvesting the plant biomass, and conditions of its transporting, processing, and utilization in the economy.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 57–61, September, 1984.