A Thermodynamic Study of Laser-Induced Ablation of ZrO2, CeO2, V2O5, and Mixed Ce-V Oxides

Thin films of oxides have been largely used in microelectronics and as thermal barriers. It has been found that pulsed laser ablation has good potentiality for the deposition of these materials. ZrO₂, CeO₂, V₂O₅, and mixed Ce-V oxides are very important materials for their application in optics and electrochromic devices. Laser ablation and deposition of simple and composite targets of ZrO₂, CeO₂, and V₂O₅ is presented. Laser-induced compositional changes of thin films in the ablation and deposition processes of these materials have been explored. The effect of the oxygen gas pressure on the thin film composition has been examined. The congruency of the process has been treated on the basis of a thermal mechanism of evaporation-decomposition of the compounds. An attempt to model the processes by means of a thermodynamic approach is reported.     

片状石墨增强树脂基复合材料的耐激光烧蚀性能研究

采用刷涂的方法制备了一种新型的片状石墨增强钡酚醛树脂基复合材料, 并采用重频激光辐照的方法, 对其耐烧蚀性能进行了研究. 研究结果表明: 片状石墨增强钡酚醛树脂基复合材料在平均功率密度为1700 J/cm²的重频激光辐照下的热烧蚀率为32.8 μg/J, 耐激光烧蚀性能明显高于碳纤维增强的钡酚醛树脂基复合材料和钡酚醛树脂; 片状石墨增强钡酚醛树脂基复合材料中的片状石墨呈近平行的层状分布方式, 在激光辐照过程中能对入射激光起到平面反射作用, 从而有效地降低激光辐照的能量沉积; 片状石墨的片型对复合材料的耐烧蚀性能有影响, φ0.5 mm的片状石墨增强的复合材料的耐激光烧蚀性能最好.     

脉冲激光轰击法连续制备金掺杂的 YBCO杂化材料研究

采用聚焦脉冲激光轰击浸于流动YBCO前体氧化物水溶胶中的金靶，连续制备了金掺杂的YBCO前体氧化物水溶胶，进而煅烧获得金掺杂的YBCO杂化材料．TEM和XRD结果表明金掺杂使YBCO杂化材料粒径和晶化程度变小，能谱扫描测得金掺杂前后YBCO杂化材料中的Y、Ba和Cu相对含量未发现明显偏差，但金只在其中个别区域探测到，表明在煅烧过程中金发生了团聚．     

基于CO_2连续激光器模拟的氮化物填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料耐烧蚀性能

通过在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)基体中添加不同比例微米、纳米尺度氮化硼(BN)或氮化铝(AlN),以提高高压断路器PTFE喷口复合材料的耐电弧烧蚀性能。利用CO2连续激光器烧蚀PTFE喷口材料来模拟电弧烧蚀过程,分析了光反射率、热导率以及相对介电常数对烧蚀量的影响。通过比较复合材料烧蚀量大小和数值分析结果可知,材料热学参数(热导率和热扩散系数)对烧蚀量起主要作用,BN/PTFE复合材料的耐烧蚀能力优于AlN/PTFE复合材料,10.0%BN/PTFE复合材料的热导率可以达到0.46W/(m·K),比纯PTFE的提高了92%,相应烧蚀过程中的质量损失为21.8mg,比3.0%AlN/PTFE复合材料的质量损失降低了47%,有效提高了喷口复合材料的耐烧蚀能力。     

A thermal stress and failure model for laser cutting and forming operations

A transient, full three-dimensional mathematical model that describes the ablation phenomena, the thermal stress evolution, and the failure process that occur during laser cutting or forming operations on ceramic plates is developed. The model development is based on the finite element simulation of thermal field and stress development during laser cutting or forming operations. To treat the ablation phenomena during laser cutting, a fixed-grid algorithm is applied to handle complex ablation geometries with discontinuities. This algorithm is essential for applications to multiple-laser cutting operations. The thermal and stress evolution model is further integrated with a probabilistic fracture model to assess the failure probability during both laser cutting and forming processes. Numerical results show that the groove shapes as well as the temperature and stress distributions are similar in front of the cutting laser for both single and dual lasers but differ in the region when the lead laser becomes effective in dual-beam machining.     

Heat Transport Analysis of Femtosecond Laser Ablation with Full Lagrangian Modified Molecular Dynamics

The purpose of this study is to analyze the heat transport mechanism of femtosecond laser ablation. Under the condition that laser pulse duration is on the order of femtoseconds, a thermal nonequilibrium state between an electron and atom exists and must be taken into account. In order to describe physical phenomena such as heat transport under a nonequilibrium state, a new method, modified molecular dynamics in which molecular dynamics (MD) couples with the two-temperature model (TTM) in a particle-based method, is proposed. In this method, MD simulates the motion of an atom and TTM simulates both electron heat conduction and energy exchange through electron-atom interactions. This approach yields the use of laser intensity as a parameter. For nonequilibrium heat transport, electron heat conduction transports most of the absorbed laser energy and becomes the dominant heat transport mechanism. At thermal equilibrium, above the ablation threshold fluence, electron heat conduction and thermal waves are dominant, while below the ablation threshold fluence, only electron heat conduction is dominant.     

飞秒激光烧蚀面齿轮材料的齿面表层形态研究

针对面齿轮材料18Cr2Ni4WA,研究飞秒激光辐照面齿轮材料的热力效应,建立飞秒激光烧蚀面齿轮温度-应力耦合模型,分析多脉冲时不同能量密度下电子温度、晶格温度以及热应力的变化过程。结果表明：电子温度、晶格温度以及热应力随激光能量密度的增大而增大。实验和仿真的对比结果说明,烧蚀齿面表层为残余压应力,烧蚀深度和凹坑直径随激光能量密度的增加而增大,较大的激光能量密度会产生较多的熔融物,降低飞秒激光加工质量,当能量密度为1.78 J/cm2时,齿面表层形态较好。本文为提高飞秒激光精微烧蚀面齿轮质量提供了研究基础。     

液相脉冲激光轰击石墨制备碳纳米材料研究进展

碳纳米材料具有特殊的力学、电学及物化性能,在微电子、航空航天、军用材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景,利用脉冲激光高效、可控制备新型碳纳米材料已成为研究热点。简要介绍了激光与碳材料的相互作用及纳米粒子的成形机理,详细阐述了液相脉冲激光制备纳米金刚石、碳纳米管、石墨烯等碳纳米材料的过程及其影响因素,并展望了激光轰击石墨制备碳纳米材料的主要研究方向。     

Laser Ablation of PMMA in Air,Water, and Ethanol Environments

Liquid-assisted laser ablation technique has become an alternative method to reduce the thermal damage of work material induced by a laser. In this study, water and ethanol were employed as the liquid to aid the laser grooving of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheet. The whole workpiece was submerged in the liquid and ablated under the different laser powers. A clean and deep groove can be fabricated when the PMMA was machined in the ethanol, while the ablation in water can introduce the smallest heat-affected zone compared to the air and ethanol environments. To realize the laser grooving performance, the ablation models were also developed for the first time in this study.     

Laser Ablation of Doped Polymer Systems

Laser ablation has become a widely recognized tool for materials processing. In the area of polymeric materials, applications of UV lasers for surface modification, microlithography, cutting, and boring have been explored. With the addition of dopants into the bulk, it has become possible to sensitize most known classes of polymers for UV laser ablation at any desired wavelength, including fluoropolymers. Important features of dopant-induced ablation are the reduction of threshold energy fluence required for ablation, and the enhancement of the etching rate by factors higher than ten. In the present review the investigated dopant/polymer systems are summarized and compared. Based on the available information, a general scheme including all relevant pathways is suggested, revealing that in each particular case the dominant mechanism depends on the specific system under study.     

Investigation of Ablation Efficiency of Stainless Steel Using Pulsed Lasers in Burst Mode

Due to its high corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, stainless steel is commonly used in various industrial applications. Although different types of stainless steel are similar in their chemical composition, they can differ significantly in their thermal diffusivity. This property is relevant in the ability of a material to conduct heat and thus, in laser processing. In this frame, this study compares the ablation efficiency and characteristics of polished stainless steel samples of the alloys AISI 304, AISI 420, and AISI 316Ti. They are irradiated with single ultrashort pulses having pulse durations between 250 fs and 10 ps as well as using GHz burst modii. The goal is to investigate the differences in both the ablation threshold and the ablation rate to improve the ablation efficiency. The results show that shorter pulse durations lead to a more efficient ablation process. On the other hand, GHz bursts are found to be, in general, less efficient. In addition, there is a significant difference in the surface morphology depending on the process parameters. The differences in the thermal diffusivity do not significantly influence the ablation threshold fluence but surface morphology and the ablation rate.     

选区激光熔化成形铝合金的主要缺陷及调控方法

高性能铝合金因轻质、 高强、 耐腐蚀等特点,在航空航天、 车辆工程和海洋工程等领域应用前景广阔.然而,随着铝合金零部件形状和结构越来越复杂,传统成形方式难以满足需求.选区激光熔化(SLM)技术具有一体化成形复杂形状和精密零件的能力,因此在铝合金成形方面具有极大的发展潜力.但是,铝合金具有宽的结晶温度区间、 高的激光反射...     

脉冲激光法原位制备纳米二氧化硅杂化聚苯胺研究

用脉冲激光轰击法连续制备聚苯胺原位修饰的纳米二氧化硅,通过溶剂转换的方法,制备得到聚苯胺/纳米二氧化硅杂化薄膜材料,用标准四探针电性能测试,TEM、UV-Vis、TG、XRD、XPS等手段对其进行表征,探讨了纳米二氧化硅的加入对聚苯胺热、电方面产生的影响,结果表明,用本方法制备的纳米二氧化硅具有较小粒径,不团聚,能较好地分散于聚苯胺中与之形成杂化材料,纳米二氧化硅与聚苯胺分子链存在强烈的相互作用,破坏了聚苯胺的规整堆积,导致其热分解温度下降,导电载流子的浓度及迁移率减少,电导率值下降,而抗氧化性有所提高。     

Determination of Thermophysical Properties for Polymer Films using Conduction Analysis of Laser Heating

Determination of the thermophysical properties of thin film materials is important for modeling and optimizing laser microvia drilling of organic substrates in microelectronics applications. Techniques to measure the density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal decomposition point, and specific ablation heat of thin polymer films are described. An experimental apparatus was set up for laser heating of the sample. To measure the thermal diffusivity, an analytic heat transfer model is developed. One-dimensional heat conduction is assumed due to the small thickness of the film compared to the radius of the laser beam. The value of thermal diffusivity is obtained by fitting the experimental data to the theory. The specific ablation heat is obtained by measuring the mass loss during laser ablation. The experimental apparatus and the property determination methodology can also be applied to thin samples of other materials.     

Ablation mechanism of polymer layered silicate nanocomposite heat shield

Recent advances in polymer layered silicate nanocomposites especially improve flammability resistance; encourage the examination of this unique class of evolving materials as potential ablatives. Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites show excellent potential as ablative heat shields. Determining the thermal diffusivity together with the mass and energy transfer is an important problem encountered in design of heat shield system which pyrolyses and ablates at high temperature. The aim of this work is to give information on the influence of the experimental conditions to the estimated effective thermal diffusivity of ablative nanocomposite and composite materials. Here, we present the inverse solution to estimate the parameter used to identify the effective thermal diffusivity of resol type phenolic resin-asbestos cloth montmorillonite layered silicate nanocomposite and its composite counterpart. The experimental setup consists of a standard oxyacetylene flame test. The transient temperature measurements, taken from the top surface and through the thickness of the samples, are used in the inverse analysis to estimate the change of the effective thermal diffusivity. The results of this work clarify the mechanism of the ablation and thermal diffusivity of the layered silicate nanocomposite heat shields due to the high temperature degradation in comparison with its composite counterpart.     

激光闪光法测量固体材料热扩散率的研究进展

基于瞬态原理的激光闪光法因其具有所用试样小、测试周期短等优点，在测量固体材料的热扩散率方面发挥了重要作用，应用较为广泛。根据近些年来在激光闪光法可测材料种类、关键技术问题以及优化和改进3个方面的研究进展，介绍了其应用情况，并分析总结了其研究重点、难点以及研究价值，最后讨论了激光闪光法存在的挑战和前景，为未来激光闪光法在更多领域的应用提供参考。     

基于新型防热机理的防热材料的设计与试验验证

传统的防热材料大多是依靠材料自身的高熔点"忍受"热流或依靠缓慢烧蚀来被动地延长寿命的,这些材料因其密度大或耐氧化不足等问题已经不能满足飞行器设计者的期望,突破传统的被动式防热的思路从防热机理的源头上探索新的思路或许可以找到可行的技术途径。作者设计了一个新的材料体系——耗散防热材料,即在石墨中加入还原性金属,在烧蚀过程中还原性金属耗散热量,同时耗散外界的氧,自发生成氧化物陶瓷膜。新的材料设计的思想是"利用"热流而不是单纯"忍受"热流,初步试验验证表明,在廉价的石墨渗入耗散剂——铝制备的耗散防热材料,在2 900℃,4 MW/m2热焓值烧蚀下,线烧蚀率仅为传统C/C的1/10。其耗散防热原理包含了以往的汇热防热、辐射防热、烧蚀防热、发汗防热等防热形式,增加了相变反应防热,是一种新的防热原理,这种高效能、低成本的材料预计具有很好的应用前景,也将推动非平衡条件下的金属化学基础理论突破。本材料研究的科学问题,涉及高温、高压、高速气流冲刷等非平衡状态的化学反应问题、金属流动问题等,这些问题的研究必将推动材料科学与传热学、流体力学、燃烧化学、气动力学等学科的交叉互动和新的发展。     

Numerical study of temperature distribution in a spherical tissue in magnetic fluid hyperthermia using lattice Boltzmann method

This work applies a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), to solve the Pennes bio-heat equation (BHE), in order to predict the temperature distribution in a spherical tissue, with blood perfusion, metabolism and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) heat sources, during magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). So, heat dissipation of MNPs under an alternating magnetic field has been studied and effect of different factors such as induction and frequency of magnetic field and volume fraction of MNPs has been investigated. Then, effect of MNPs dispersion on temperature distribution inside tumor and its surrounding healthy tissue has been shown. Also, effect of blood perfusion, thermal conductivity of tumor, frequency and amplitude of magnetic field on temperature distribution has been explained. Results show that the LBM has a good accuracy to solve the bio-heat transfer problems.     

Ablation Performance of a Novel Super-hybrid Composite

A novel super-hybrid composite (NSHC) was boron-modified phenolic resin (BPR) with three-dimensional reticulated SiC ceramic (3DRC) and high silica fibers. Ablation performance of the NSHC was studied. The results show that the linear ablation rate of NSHC was lower than that of pure BPR and the high silica/BPR composite. Its linear ablation rate is 1/17 of the high silica/BPR. Mass ablation rate of the NSHC is very close to that of the pure BPR and the high silica/BPR composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicates that 3DRC has scarcely changed its shape at the ablation temperature. Its special reticulated structure can restrict the materials deformation and prevent high velocity heat flow from eroding the surface of the materials largely and thus increase ablation resistance of the NSHC.     

Trace Element Microanalysis in Iron Meteorites by Laser Ablation ICPMS

A laser ablation microanalysis system has been developed that can analyze trace elements with a sensitivity in the ppb range, using a CETAC LSX-200 laser ablation system with a Finnigan Element. This capability has been applied to a set of iron meteorites to demonstrate the laser microprobe's analytical capability for the determination of platinum group elements (PGEs) with a spatial resolution of ～20 μm, comparable to that of dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The laser is shown to provide an accurate means of solid sampling for magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), allowing the determination of bulk metal composition, chemical zoning within the sample, and depth profiling. Recovery of the chemical zoning in taenite lamellae was achieved for Ru, Rh, and Pd, which was not previously possible using SIMS. The methods presented here show that magnetic sector ICPMS can be successfully coupled to a laser ablation system, providing the advantages of higher sensitivity of the sector instrument, low background count rates (<0.1 counts/s), and flat-topped spectral peaks, while minimizing tradeoff against the speed of data acquisition required to handle the transient signals from the laser ablation system.