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1.
Lithium‐sulfur batteries have attracted worldwide interest due to their high theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh g?1 and low cost. However, the practical applications are hampered by capacity decay, mainly attributed to the polysulfide shuttle. Here, the authors have fabricated a solid core–shell γ‐MnO2‐coated sulfur nanocomposite through the redox reaction between KMnO4 and MnSO4. The multifunctional MnO2 shell facilitates electron and Li+ transport as well as efficiently prevents polysulfide dissolution via physical confinement and chemical interaction. Moreover, the γ‐MnO2 crystallographic form also provides one‐dimensional (1D) tunnels for the Li+ incorporation to alleviate insoluble Li2S2/Li2S deposition at high discharge rate. More importantly, the MnO2 phase transformation to Mn3O4 occurs during the redox reaction between polysulfides and γ‐MnO2 is first thoroughly investigated. The S@γ‐MnO2 composite exhibits a good capacity retention of 82% after 300 cycles (0.5 C) and a fade rate of 0.07% per cycle over 600 cycles (1 C). The degradation mechanism can probably be elucidated that the decomposition of the surface Mn3O4 phase is the cause of polysulfide dissolution. The recent work thus sheds new light on the hitherto unknown surface interaction mechanism and the degradation mechanism of Li‐S cells.  相似文献   

2.
Rational design on the microstructure of microwave-absorbing materials is paving the way for upgrading their performances in electromagnetic pollution prevention. In this study, a Fe3O4/C composite with unique yolk–shell microstructure (YS-Fe3O4@C) is successfully fabricated by a silica-assisted route. It is found that carbon shells in this composite can make up the shortages of Fe3O4 microspheres in dielectric loss ability, while they may more or less attenuate the intrinsically magnetic loss of Fe3O4 microspheres. The microwave absorption properties of YS-Fe3O4@C are evaluated in the frequency range of 2.0–18.0 GHz in terms of the measured complex permittivity and complex permeability. The results demonstrate that YS-Fe3O4@C can exhibit much better performance than bare Fe3O4 microspheres and individual carbon materials, as well as core–shell Fe3O4/C composite (CS-Fe3O4@C), where strong reflection loss and wide response bandwidth can be achieved simultaneously. With an absorber thickness of 2.0 mm, the maximum reflection loss is ?73.1 dB at 14.6 GHz and a bandwidth over ?10.0 dB is in the range of 12.3–18.0 GHz. It can be proved that the unique yolk–shell microstructure is helpful to reinforce the dielectric loss ability and create an optimized matching of characteristic impedance in the composite.  相似文献   

3.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely investigated and used in many areas due to its high refractive index and ultraviolet light absorption, but the lack of absorption in the visible–near infrared (Vis–NIR) region limits its application. Herein, multifunctional Fe@γ‐Fe2O3@H‐TiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) with multilayer‐structure are synthesized by one‐step hydrogen reduction, which show remarkably improved magnetic and photoconversion effects as a promising generalists for photocatalysis, bioimaging, and photothermal therapy (PTT). Hydrogenation is used to turn white TiO2 in to hydrogenated TiO2 (H‐TiO2), thus improving the absorption in the Vis–NIR region. Based on the excellent solar‐driven photocatalytic activities of the H‐TiO2 shell, the Fe@γ‐Fe2O3 magnetic core is introduced to make it convenient for separating and recovering the catalytic agents. More importantly, Fe@γ‐Fe2O3@H‐TiO2 NCs show enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency due to more circuit loops for electron transitions between H‐TiO2 and γ‐Fe2O3, and the electronic structures of Fe@γ‐Fe2O3@H‐TiO2 NCs are calculated using the Vienna ab initio simulation package based on the density functional theory to account for the results. The reported core–shell NCs can serve as an NIR‐responsive photothermal agent for magnetic‐targeted photothermal therapy and as a multimodal imaging probe for cancer including infrared photothermal imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and photoacoustic imaging.  相似文献   

4.
A facile two‐step solution‐phase method has been developed for the preparation of hierarchical α‐MnO2 nanowires@Ni1‐xMnxOy nanoflakes core–shell nanostructures. Ultralong α‐MnO2 nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal method in the first step. Subsequently, Ni1‐xMnxOy nanoflakes were grown on α‐MnO2 nanowires to form core–shell nanostructures using chemical bath deposition followed by thermal annealing. Both solution‐phase methods can be easily scaled up for mass production. We have evaluated their application in supercapacitors. The ultralong one‐dimensional (1D) α‐MnO2 nanowires in hierarchical core–shell nanostructures offer a stable and efficient backbone for charge transport; while the two‐dimensional (2D) Ni1‐xMnxOy nanoflakes on α‐MnO2 nanowires provide high accessible surface to ions in the electrolyte. These beneficial features enable the electrode with high capacitance and reliable stability. The capacitance of the core–shell α‐MnO2@Ni1‐xMnxOy nanostructures (x = 0.75) is as high as 657 F g?1 at a current density of 250 mA g?1, and stable charging‐discharging cycling over 1000 times at a current density of 2000 mA g?1 has been realized.  相似文献   

5.
A general one‐step in situ pyrolysis route for the construction of metal–organic frameworks encapsulating superparamagnetic γ‐Fe2O3 NPs dispersed in the confined cavities of MOFs homogeneously is described. The integration of γ‐Fe2O3 NPs or clusters into MOFs can endow these porous materials with superparamagnetic element. By the combination of the thermal stability of MOFs and pyrolysis of metal triacetylacetonate complex at matched conditions, the porous structure of MOFs are well maintained while the size‐induced superparamagnetic property of nano γ‐Fe2O3 is obtained. As a proof of concept, both the γ‐ Fe2O3@ZIF‐8 and γ‐Fe2O3@MIL‐53(Al) were successfully prepared, and the latter was chosen to demonstrate its potential drug delivery as a magnetic MOF.  相似文献   

6.
The hydrogen and carbon monoxide separation is an important step in the hydrogen production process. If H2 can be selectively removed from the product side during hydrogen production in membrane reactors, then it would be possible to achieve complete CO conversion in a single‐step under high temperature conditions. In the present work, the multilayer amorphous‐Si‐B‐C‐N/γ‐Al2O3/α‐Al2O3 membranes with gradient porosity have been realized and assessed with respect to the thermal stability, geometry of pore space and H2/CO permeance. The α‐Al2O3 support has a bimodal pore‐size distribution of about 0.64 and 0.045 µm being macroporous and the intermediate γ‐Al2O3 layer—deposited from boehmite colloidal dispersion—has an average pore‐size of 8 nm being mesoporous. The results obtained by the N2‐adsorption method indicate a decrease in the volume of micropores—0.35 vs. 0.75 cm3 g?1—and a smaller pore size ?6.8 vs. 7.4 Å—in membranes with the intermediate mesoporous γ‐Al2O3 layer if compared to those without. The three times Si‐B‐C‐N coated multilayer membranes show higher H2/CO permselectivities of about 10.5 and the H2 permeance of about 1.05 × 10?8 mol m?2 s?1 Pa?1. If compared to the state of the art of microporous membranes, the multilayer Si‐B‐C‐N/γ‐Al2O3/α‐Al2O3 membranes are appeared to be interesting candidates for hydrogen separation because of their tunable nature and high‐temperature and high‐pressure stability.  相似文献   

7.
Core–shell nanostructures of metal oxides and carbon‐based materials have emerged as outstanding electrode materials for supercapacitors and batteries. However, their synthesis requires complex procedures that incur high costs and long processing times. Herein, a new route is proposed for synthesizing triple‐core–shell nanoparticles of TiO2@MnO2@C using structure‐guided combustion waves (SGCWs), which originate from incomplete combustion inside chemical‐fuel‐wrapped nanostructures, and their application in supercapacitor electrodes. SGCWs transform TiO2 to TiO2@C and TiO2@MnO2 to TiO2@MnO2@C via the incompletely combusted carbonaceous fuels under an open‐air atmosphere, in seconds. The synthesized carbon layers act as templates for MnO2 shells in TiO2@C and organic shells of TiO2@MnO2@C. The TiO2@MnO2@C‐based electrodes exhibit a greater specific capacitance (488 F g?1 at 5 mV s?1) and capacitance retention (97.4% after 10 000 cycles at 1.0 V s?1), while the absence of MnO2 and carbon shells reveals a severe degradation in the specific capacitance and capacitance retention. Because the core‐TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon shell prevent the deformation of the inner and outer sides of the MnO2 shell, the nanostructures of the TiO2@MnO2@C are preserved despite the long‐term cycling, giving the superior performance. This SGCW‐driven fabrication enables the scalable synthesis of multiple‐core–shell structures applicable to diverse electrochemical applications.  相似文献   

8.
Highly porous hosting materials with conducting (favorable to electron transfer) and magnetic (favorable to product separation) bicontinuous networks should possess great potentials for immobilization of various enzymes in the field of biocatalytic engineering, but the synthesis of such materials is still a great challenge. Herein, bifunctional graphene/γ‐Fe2O3 hybrid aerogels with quite low density (30–65 mg cm?3), large specific surface area (270–414 m2 g?1), high electrical conductivity (0.5–5 × 10?2 S m?1), and superior saturation magnetization (23–54 emu g?1) are fabricated. Single networks of either graphene aerogels or γ‐Fe2O3 aerogels are obtained by etching of the hybrid aerogels with acid solution or calcining of the hybrid aerogels in air, indicative of the double networks of the as‐synthesized graphene/γ‐Fe2O3 hybrid aerogels for the first time. The resulting bifunctional aerogels are used to immobilize β‐glucuronidase for biocatalytic transformation of glycyrrhizin into glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide or glycyrrhetinic acid, with high biocatalytic activity and definite repeatability.  相似文献   

9.
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia has been recently considered as a Renaissance of cancer treatment modality due to its remarkably low side effects and high treatment efficacy compared to conventional chemotheraphy or radiotheraphy. However, insufficient AC induction heating power at a biological safe range of AC magnetic field (Happl·fappl < 3.0–5.0 × 109 A m?1 s?1), and highly required biocompatibility of superparamagnetic nanoparticle (SPNP) hyperthermia agents are still remained as critical challenges for successful clinical hyperthermia applications. Here, newly developed highly biocompatible magnesium shallow doped γ‐Fe2O3 (Mg0.13‐γFe2O3) SPNPs with exceptionally high intrinsic loss power (ILP) in a range of 14 nH m2 kg?1, which is an ≈100 times higher than that of commercial Fe3O4 (Feridex, ILP = 0.15 nH m2 kg?1) at Happl·fappl = 1.23 × 109 A m?1 s?1 are reported. The significantly enhanced heat induction characteristics of Mg0.13‐γFe2O3 are primarily due to the dramatically enhanced out‐of‐phase magnetic susceptibility and magnetically tailored AC/DC magnetic softness resulted from the systematically controlled Mg2+ cations distribution and concentrations in octahedral site Fe vacancies of γ‐Fe2O3 instead of well‐known Fe3O4 SPNPs. In vitro and in vivo magnetic hyperthermia studies using Mg0.13‐γFe2O3 nanofluids are conducted to estimate bioavailability and biofeasibility. Mg0.13‐γFe2O3 nanofluids show promising hyperthermia effects to completely kill the tumors.  相似文献   

10.
Polyaniline (PANI)/CoFe2O4/Ba3Co2Fe24O41 composite was prepared by an in-situ polymerization method. The phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the as-prepared PANI/CoFe2O4/Ba3Co2Fe24O41 composite were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and VSM, respectively. The microwave absorption properties of the composite were investigated by using a vector network analyzer in the 2–18 GHz frequency range. The results show that the maximum reflection loss value of the PANI/CoFe2O4/Ba3Co2Fe24O41 composite reaches ?30.5 dB at 10.5 GHz with a thickness of 3 mm and the bandwidth of reflection loss below ?10 dB reaches up to 1.2 GHz. The excellent microwave absorption properties of the as-prepared PANI/CoFe2O4/Ba3Co2Fe24O41 composite due to the enhanced impedance match between dielectric loss and magnetic loss.  相似文献   

11.
An effective colloidal process involving the hot‐injection method is developed to synthesize uniform nanoflowers consisting of 2D γ‐In2Se3 nanosheets. By exploiting the narrow direct bandgap and high absorption coefficient in the visible light range of In2Se3, a high‐quality γ‐In2Se3/Si heterojunction photodiode is fabricated. This photodiode shows a high photoresponse under light illumination, short response/recovery times, and long‐term durability. In addition, the γ‐In2Se3/Si heterojunction photodiode is self‐powered and displays a broadband spectral response ranging from UV to IR with a high responsivity and detectivity. These excellent performances make the γ‐In2Se3/Si heterojunction very interesting as highly efficient photodetectors.  相似文献   

12.
Rechargeable Zn/MnO2 batteries using mild aqueous electrolytes are attracting extensive attention due to their low cost, high safety, and environmental friendliness. However, the charge‐storage mechanism involved remains a topic of controversy so far. Also, the practical energy density and cycling stability are still major issues for their applications. Herein, a free‐standing α‐MnO2 cathode for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) is directly constructed with ultralong nanowires, leading to a rather high energy density of 384 mWh g?1 for the entire electrode. Greatly, the H+/Zn2+ coinsertion mechanism of α‐MnO2 cathode for aqueous ZIBs is confirmed by a combined analysis of in situ X‐ray diffractometry, ex situ transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical methods. More interestingly, the Zn2+‐insertion is found to be less reversible than H+‐insertion in view of the dramatic capacity fading occurring in the Zn2+‐insertion step, which is further evidenced by the discovery of an irreversible ZnMn2O4 layer at the surface of α‐MnO2. Hence, the H+‐insertion process actually plays a crucial role in maintaining the cycling performance of the aqueous Zn/α‐MnO2 battery. This work is believed to provide an insight into the charge‐storage mechanism of α‐MnO2 in aqueous systems and paves the way for designing aqueous ZIBs with high energy density and long‐term cycling ability.  相似文献   

13.
Fe3O4/SiO2/graphene composite composed of Fe3O4/SiO2 core–shell nanorods and graphene nanosheets were synthesized by a facile wet chemical method. Structure and morphology studies reveal that the Fe3O4/SiO2 nanorods with porous structure and large aspect ratio are densely wrapped by the graphene nanosheets. By changing the graphene content, the electromagnetic properties of the Fe3O4/SiO2/graphene composite can be well tuned. When the weight ratio of Fe3O4/SiO2 to graphene reaches an appropriate value, excellent microwave absorption performance is achieved due to the large electromagnetic losses and good impedance matching. The Fe3O4/SiO2/graphene composite with graphene content of 5 wt.% shows the minimum reflection loss of −27.1 dB at 12.2 GHz when the coating layer thickness is only 1.5 mm.  相似文献   

14.
Fe3O4-reduced graphene oxide-polyaniline (Fe3O4–RGO–PANI) ternary electromagnetic wave absorbing materials were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer on the surface of Fe3O4–RGO nanocomposites. The morphology, structure and other physical properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, vibration sample magnetism, etc. The electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of composite materials were measured by using a vector network analyzer. The PANI–Fe3O4–RGO nanocomposites demonstrated that the maximum reflection loss was ?36.5 dB at 7.4 GHz with a thickness of 4.5 mm and the absorption bandwidth with the reflection loss below ?10 dB was up to 12.0 GHz with a thickness in the range of 2.5–5.0 mm, suggesting that the microwave absorption properties and the absorption bandwidth were greatly enhanced by coating with polyaniline (PANI). The strong absorption characteristics of PANI–Fe3O4–RGO ternary composites indicated their potential application as the electromagnetic wave absorbing material.  相似文献   

15.
Yolk/shell nanoparticles (NPs), which integrate functional cores (likes Fe3O4) and an inert SiO2 shell, are very important for applications in fields such as biomedicine and catalysis. An acidic medium is an excellent etchant to achieve hollow SiO2 but harmful to most functional cores. Reported here is a method for preparing sub-100 nm yolk/shell Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs by a mild acidic etching strategy. Our results demonstrate that establishment of a dissolution–diffusion equilibrium of silica is essential for achieving yolk/shell Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs. A uniform increase in the silica compactness from the inside to the outside and an appropriate pH value of the etchant are the main factors controlling the thickness and cavity of the SiO2 shell. Under our “standard etching code”, the acid-sensitive Fe3O4 core can be perfectly preserved and the SiO2 shell can be selectively etched away. The mechanism of regulation of SiO2 etching and acidic etching was investigated.
  相似文献   

16.
Harnessing solar energy for the production of clean hydrogen by photo­electrochemical water splitting represents a very attractive, but challenging approach for sustainable energy generation. In this regard, the fabrication of Fe2O3–TiO2 photoanodes is reported, showing attractive performances [≈2.0 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode in 1 M NaOH] under simulated one‐sun illumination. This goal, corresponding to a tenfold photoactivity enhancement with respect to bare Fe2O3, is achieved by atomic layer deposition of TiO2 over hematite (α‐Fe2O3) nanostructures fabricated by plasma enhanced‐chemical vapor deposition and final annealing at 650 °C. The adopted approach enables an intimate Fe2O3–TiO2 coupling, resulting in an electronic interplay at the Fe2O3/TiO2 interface. The reasons for the photocurrent enhancement determined by TiO2 overlayers with increasing thickness are unraveled by a detailed chemico‐physical investigation, as well as by the study of photo­generated charge carrier dynamics. Transient absorption spectroscopy shows that the increased photoelectrochemical response of heterostructured photoanodes compared to bare hematite is due to an enhanced separation of photogenerated charge carriers and more favorable hole dynamics for water oxidation. The stable responses obtained even in simulated seawater provides a feasible route in view of the eventual large‐scale generation of renewable energy.  相似文献   

17.
Ti3C2Tx MXenes and their composites play a vital role in the research on microwave absorbing materials. Herein, the different interlamellar spaces of Ti3C2Tx MXene materials were prepared by an etching process. The dependence of the microwave absorbing properties of the Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets on different interlamellar spaces was studied. The complex permittivity, dielectric loss, impedance matching characteristic and the minimum reflection loss (RL) value with the variation in interlamellar space were systematically investigated. Results showed that 40% ratio paraffin-bonded composites (S3) have a strong electromagnetic wave absorption performance and large effective absorbing bandwidth. The maximum RL reaches −36.3 dB at 4.67 GHz with the thickness of 4.5 mm, ascribed to its a high dielectric loss and good impedance matching characteristics. The RL value of Ti3C2Tx MXenes is strongly dependent on the inter-lamellar space. The enhanced microwave absorption originates from the unique 2-D structure, good impedance matching characteristics, and enhanced space-charge polarization effects. This work provides a new avenue for exploring high-performance microwave absorbers based on MXene materials.  相似文献   

18.
Yiming Wang  Zhi Luo  Ruoyu Hong 《Materials Letters》2011,65(21-22):3241-3244
Fe3O4/dextran/SnO2 multilayer microspheres have been successfully designed and synthesized by solvothermal and hydrothermal reactions. Dextran worked as a linker between Fe3O4 core and SnO2 shell. It can not only prevent the oxidation of Fe3O4 but also be carbonize to another absorber carbon black. The as-synthesized microspheres were about 320 nm in size and well-defined in shape. The maximum reflection loss of Fe3O4/dextran/SnO2 microspheres and paraffin wax composites could reach 20.26 dB at 4.72 GHz, and the bandwidth with a reflection loss less than ? 10 dB was 4.86 GHz with 4 mm in thickness. The excellent microwave absorption properties of the composites were attributed to the special multilayer structures of Fe3O4/dextran/SnO2 microspheres and the effective complementarity between dielectric loss and magnetic loss.  相似文献   

19.
The hybrid microwave absorber of Fe3O4/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)modified with polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers was fabricated by chemical co-precipitation. The structure and morphology of hybrids are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron-microscopy (TEM). The effect of PEI on the distribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the microwave absorbing properties of hybrid microwave absorber of Fe3O4/MWNTs were investigated. The TEM results show that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are attached homogeneously on MWNTs, which indicates that the adding of PEI is effective to control the distribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of MWNTs. The microwave absorbing properties results show that the maximum reflection loss (RL) of PEI modified Fe3O4/MWNTs hybrids is improved significantly, which is ?30.69 dB at 7.24 GHz and ?10 dB bandwidth is 1.84 GHz. However, the RL of the Fe3O4/MWNTs without PEI is ?21.96 dB at 7.02 GHz and ?10 dB bandwidth is 1.2 GHz.  相似文献   

20.
Core@shell structures have been attracting extensive attention to boost microwave absorption (MA) performance due to the unique interfacial polarization. However, it still remains a challenge to synthesize sophisticated 1D semiconductor‐based materials with excellent MA competence. Herein, a hierarchical cable‐like TiO2@Fe3O4@PPy is fabricated by a sequential process of solvothermal treatment and polymerization. The complex permittivity of ternary composites can be optimized by tunable PPy coating thickness to improve the loss ability. The maximum reflection loss can reach ?61.8 dB with a thickness of 3.2 mm while the efficient absorption bandwidth can achieve over 6.0 GHz, which involves the X and Ku band at only a 2.2 mm thickness. Importantly, the heterojunction contacts constructed by PPy–Fe3O4 and Fe3O4–TiO2 contribute to the enhanced polarization loss. Besides, the configuration of magnetic Fe3O4 sandwiched between dielectric TiO2 and PPy facilitates the magnetic stray field to radiate into the TiO2 core and out of the PPy shell, which significantly promotes magnetic–dielectric synergy. Electron holography validates the distinct charge distribution and magnetic coupling. The new findings might shed light on novel structures for functional core@shell composites and the design of semiconductor‐based materials for microwave absorption.  相似文献   

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