半巢式PCR法构建天然噬菌体单域重链抗体文库

目的：构建天然噬菌体单域重链抗体文库,淘选可应用于食品安全检测的单域重链抗体。方法：以未经免疫的健康羊驼(Lama pacos)外周血为起始材料,提取RNA 反转录为cDNA,根据重链抗体保守序列设计引物,通过半巢式PCR 法扩增获得全套重链抗体可变区编码基因,将其克隆至噬菌粒pHEN1,电转化大肠杆菌TG1 得到初级抗体库,辅助噬菌体KM13 感染后得到噬菌体展示库。采用固相淘选法分别对3 种人工抗原进行淘选。结果：单域重链抗体编码基因得到有效扩增,经10 次电转化获得初级文库,命名为SNAL,实际库容量达到1.6 × 107 个独立克隆,菌落PCR 鉴定结果表明,克隆效率约为87%,辅助噬菌体救援后得到的展示文库命名为SNA-PDL,滴度达1013CFU/mL。对3 种不同人工抗原DON-MBSA、NOR-BSA 和AFB1-OVA 的淘选均有富集现象。结论：构建了天然噬菌体单域重链抗体文库,文库的多样性较好,可以用于后续淘选。     

人源化抗苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ab毒素单域抗体的筛选及活性鉴定

以Cry1Ab毒素作为抗原,将扩增后的噬菌体单域抗体库与固相化包被的Cry1Ab毒素特异性结合,利用噬菌体展示技术从人源化噬菌体单域抗体库(DAB)中筛选抗Cry1Ab毒素的单域抗体。采用正负筛选方法,经4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"后,富集特异性识别Cry1Ab毒素的噬菌体单域抗体。第4轮筛选得到的单菌落经单克隆ELISA鉴定,获得6株对Cry1Ab毒素具有较强结合活性的阳性单域抗体菌株,经PCR鉴定和DNA测序,均有完整的单域抗体基因片段插入。对6株阳性克隆的氨基酸序列进行比对分析,其序列差异主要存在于单域抗体的CDR区。     

黄曲霉毒素M1模拟表位的筛选和鉴定

目的:从噬菌体表面7肽库中筛选出黄曲霉毒素M1抗原的模拟表位。方法与结果:经过4轮淘选,筛选获得了4个与抗AFM1单克隆抗体具有较高亲和性的阳性噬菌体克隆,编号为A1、A2、A3和A4。间接竞争抑制实验结果表明:当噬菌体滴度为2.5×1010CFU时,噬菌体A1、A2、A3和A4对AFM1与抗AFM1单克隆抗体结合的抑制率分别为41.8%、40.6%、36.7%和37.6%。测定其核酸序列,其中A1、A2为同一克隆,氨基酸序列为LTSFPRH;A3、A4为同一克隆,氨基酸序列为MAPSSWR。结论:从噬菌体7肽库中筛选到2个AFM1的理想模拟表位。     

利用噬菌体肽库淘选玉米赤霉烯酮的模拟表位

目的:利用噬菌体肽库淘选玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)模拟表位。方法:以抗ZEN单克隆抗体为配体,利用噬菌体七肽库淘选ZEN的模拟表位,采用了逐轮减少抗体包被浓度,交换使用封阻液中蛋白质种类的方法,经三轮淘选后,随机挑取20个克隆测序并以ELISA方法及竞争ELISA实验,以确定阳性克隆。结果:获得10种序列,ELISA显示其中两种序列为阳性克隆,抑制率达90%以上,其氨基酸序列分别为DAVILLM,HHCHWWH。结论:噬菌体展示技术可淘选到ZEN的模拟表位,淘选到的噬菌体粒子可作为毒素的替代品建立免疫学检测方法。     

抗黄曲霉毒素单链抗体基因的克隆与表达

为降低黄曲霉毒素抗体制备成本,在已有的能分泌抗黄曲霉毒素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系8F6的基础上,成功克隆得到了该单克隆抗体的重链（VH）和轻链可变区（VL）基因片段。通过重叠延伸PCR的方法将轻、重链可变区基因连接,并引入连接肽（Linker）编码序列,构建VH-Linker-VL结构的单链抗体（ScFv）基因,并将该基因克隆到噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB 5E上,使单链抗体以噬菌体展示形式在大肠杆菌TG1中表达。间接竞争ELISA方法检测到该ScFv对黄曲霉毒素B1的抑制率（IC50）值为0.57ng/mL,表明该单链抗体与亲本鼠单抗有相同的抗原结合特异性,且具有很高灵敏度。     

西维因抗体库的构建及特异性克隆的筛选

在计算机辅助下,设计并合成西维因半抗原,与载体蛋白KLH连接后免疫Balb/C小鼠,经过5次免疫后,最高效价和特异性抑制率分别达到254 000和26%;提取免疫后小鼠脾脏总RNA,纯化mRNA后反转录获得cDNA,利用设计的兼并引物获得长度约为400 bp的轻链可变区和重链可变区基因片段,重叠延伸后获得长度约为780 bp的单链抗体基因。经过EcoR I和HindⅢ酶切后,连入T7噬菌体臂,构建西维因特异性的抗体库,抗体库原始滴度为1.74×107pfu。以西维因-OVA为配体对抗体库进行淘选,经过4轮淘选后,利用直接ELISA对获得噬菌体克隆进行特异性检测,西维因对克隆A4-7和A4-16的抑制率分别达到54.1%和66.4%。经过序列测定,2个克隆的轻链可变区分别由108和112个氨基酸构成,重链可变区分别由117和112个氨基酸构成。     

抗呋喃它酮代谢物噬菌体单链抗体库的构建

目的：构建抗呋喃它酮代谢物(AMOZ)的衍生物噬菌体单链抗体库。方法：从分泌抗AMOZ 的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系(BC3-E8)中提取总RNA,经RT-PCR 反转录成cDNA,设计通用简并引物,PCR 扩增抗体重链可变区基因(VH)和轻链可变区基因(VL)。经重叠延伸PCR (SOE-PCR),将VH 和VL 基因用编码(G1y4Ser)3 的linker随机拼接成单链抗体(scFv)基因,然后将其克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E 中,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) TG1 感受态细胞,经辅助噬菌体M13K07 超感染,建立噬菌体单链抗体库。随机挑取10 个阳性克隆,经PCR 和双酶切鉴定,并测序。登陆DNAMAN 软件对序列进行分析、比对。结果：成功扩增VH、VL 及scFv 基因,并得到库容为1.2 × 106 的噬菌体抗体库,噬菌体的滴度为2.0 × 1010PFU,PCR 鉴定及双酶切鉴定文库重组率较高,软件对序列比对结果显示,scFv 基因全长序列之间差异为8.38%,VH 序列差异为3.68%,VL 序列差异为14.34%,且序列差异多集中在CDR 抗原结合区域对应的核酸序列上。结论：已构建抗呋喃它酮代谢物的衍生物噬菌体单链抗体库,为进一步富集筛选并表达抗AMOZ 的衍生物的单链抗体提供参考。     

纳米免疫传感器法快速测定粮油食品中的黄曲霉毒素B1

摘要：本文以改性壳聚糖为固定化材料,包埋固定纳米金胶微粒及黄曲霉毒素B1抗体制备信号放大型纳米免疫传感器,建立了免疫传感器测定黄曲霉毒素B1的方法;优化了纳米免疫传感器的制备条件及检测参数;基于AFB1抗体与抗原之间的特异性免疫反应,以K3[Fe(CN)6]为探针,利用循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法研究了其免疫反应对传感器响应电流的影响,结果表明免疫响应电流与底液中AFB1的浓度在0.1～1.1 ng mL-1范围内成线性关系,其校正曲线方程为IP =-4.9274x +15.108（R 2= 0.9912）,其最低检测限为0.05 ng mL-1（S/N=3）;该免疫传感器的稳定性和重现性较好。利用该法对花生油、玉米油等实际样品中的AFB1进行了检测,其回收率为在87.8～98.2%,检测精确度优于ELISA试剂盒法,用于粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素的快速检测是可行的。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的环七肽模拟表位筛选

利用噬菌体随机环七肽库筛选脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)模拟表位。以DON单抗为靶分子,四轮固相淘选噬菌体随机环七肽库,筛选出阳性噬菌体,并通过ELISA实验检测其特异性。对阳性克隆的DNA进行测序,取序列不同的阳性克隆,分别建立阳性噬菌体与DON标准品的竞争抑制曲线。对30个噬菌体单克隆进行活性测定,结果显示能与DON单抗结合的噬菌体克隆有28株,其中的22株能被DON标准品阻断与DON单抗结合。DNA测序结果显示,21株阳性噬菌体的序列是PFPNHPY,另一株的序列是TPWTQHL。其相应噬菌体与DON毒素标准品的竞争曲线结果显示,8号噬菌体建立的竞争抑制曲线线性范围是0.0292~0.636μg/mL,IC_(50)为0.169μg/mL;4号噬菌体建立的竞争抑制曲线线性范围是0.0124~0.271μg/mL,IC_(50)为0.058μg/mL。在随机环七肽库中筛选到TPWTQHL和PFPNHPY两个DON模拟表位,可替代DON毒素标准品,建立DON的免疫学无毒检测技术。     

噬菌体随机肽库淘选桔霉素模拟表位的研究

目的:从噬菌体随机肽库中淘选模拟桔霉素表位的噬菌体粒子。方法:以抗桔霉素的单克隆抗体为配基,分别免疫亲和淘选以融合蛋白形式表达在丝状噬菌体M13外壳蛋白Ⅲ上的随机7肽库和12肽库,以ELISA方法鉴定阳性克隆,同时进行DNA测序以分析插入的7肽和12肽的氨基酸序列。结果:经过3轮淘选,在7肽库中淘选到20株能与该抗体特异性结合的阳性克隆,在12肽库中淘选到33株能与该抗体特异性结合的阳性克隆,且该结合均能被桔霉素阻断,模拟表位的共有序列为X-组氨酸-赖氨酸-X-X-X-X,X为任意氨基酸。以7肽库中亲和力最强的克隆(P10)建立了竞争ELISA检测方法,线性范围为10～325ng/ml,检测下限为10ng/ml;以12肽库中亲和力最强的克隆(P1)建立了竞争ELISA检测方法,线性范围为10～439ng/ml,检测下限为10ng/ml。结论:噬菌体展示技术可成功淘选到桔霉素模拟表位,高度保守的His和Lys的存在,提示His和Lys在CIT与其配体的结合中可能起重要作用。     

Selection,identification, and application of Aflatoxin B1 aptamer

Aflatoxins represent an important class of mycotoxins that are known to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. Here, we report the use of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology to screen for a DNA aptamer that recognizes Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) with high affinity and specificity. AFB1 was first attached to magnetic nanoparticles and then incubated with an ssDNA library. After ten rounds of screening and amplification, 30 aptamer sequences were obtained following enrichment. Combined with a homological and structural analysis and affinity and specificity experiments, aptamer sequence 1, possessing the best affinity and specificity toward AFB1, was finally obtained. The dissociation constants value for aptamer sequence 1 was 11.39 nM. And, the specificity experiment results showed the binding between AFB1 aptamer with five other toxins was very week (did not exceed 15 % compared with AFB1). To demonstrate the potential use of this aptamer for quantitative analysis, a fluorescent bioassay with aptamer 1 was developed. The assay showed a wide linear range, with the AFB1 concentration ranging from 50 to 1,500 ng/L and a detection limit of 35 ng/L. Additionally, the spiked recovery experiment of AFB1 in peanut oil sample exhibited a recovery ratio between 94.2 and 101.2 % which showed good accuracy of the proposed aptamer-based bioassay. This fluorescent method represents a powerful tool for use in the detection of AFB1 without complex sample treatments.     

Binding of aflatoxin B1 to cell wall components of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG.

The surface of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) has previously been shown to bind aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) effectively, it being a food-borne carcinogen produced by certain species of Aspergillus fungi. To establish which components of the cell envelope are involved in the AFB(1) binding process, exopolysaccharides and a cell wall isolate containing peptidoglycan were extracted from LGG and its AFB(1) binding properties were tested. LGG was also subjected to various enzymatic and chemical treatments and their effects on the binding of AFB(1) by LGG were examined. No evidence was found for exopolysaccharides, cell wall proteins, Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) being involved in AFB(1) binding. The AFB(1) binding activity of the cell wall isolate indicates that AFB(1) binds to the cell wall peptidoglycan of LGG or compounds tightly associated with the peptidoglycan.     

Physical adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a theoretical model

The ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to remove aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from liquid medium was tested. The experimental results indicated that (i) AFB1 binding to microorganisms was a rapid process (no more than 1 min); (ii) this binding involved the formation of a reversible complex between the toxin and microorganism surface, without chemical modification of the toxin; (iii) the amount of AFB1 removed was both toxin- and bacteria concentration-dependent; and (iv) quantitatively similar results were obtained with viable and nonviable (heat-treated) bacteria. According to these details, a physical adsorption model is proposed for the binding of AFB1 to LAB and S. cerevisiae, considering that the binding (adsorption) and release (desorption) of AFB1 to and from the site on the surface of the microorganism took place (AFB1 + S <--> S - AFB1). The model permits the estimation of two parameters: the number of binding sites per microorganism (M) and the reaction equilibrium constant (K(eq)) involved, both of which are useful for estimating the adsorption efficiency (M x K(eq)) of a particular microorganism. Application of the model to experimental data suggests that different microorganisms have similar K(eq) values and that the differences in toxin removal efficiency are mainly due to differences in M values. The most important application of the proposed model is the capacity to select the most efficient microorganism to remove AFB1. Furthermore, it allows us to know if a modification of the adsorption efficiency obtained by physical, chemical, or genetic treatments on the microorganism is a consequence of changes in M, K(eq), or both.     

Aflatoxin B1 binding by a mixture of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium: in vitro versus ex vivo

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB) is a well-known carcinogen and reducing its bioavailability is of great interest for human and animal health. Several probiotic bacteria are able to bind AFB1 in vitro, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC-705 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS. A mixture of these two probiotics is used by the food and feed industry as biopreservative (Bioprofit), making it a promising candidate for future applications. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo ability of this probiotic mixture to bind AFB1. For in vitro experiments, probiotic mixture was suspended in an AFB1 solution (5 microM), incubated for 1 to 30 min, centrifuged, and AFB1 residues were quantitated in supernatant and pellet. For ex vivo experiments, duodenal loops of chicks were ligated and injected with either AFB1 solution alone or probiotic mixture suspension and AFB1 solution. Lumen content was centrifuged and AFB1 was quantitated in supernatant and pellet. Additionally, AFB1 was extracted from duodenal tissue to calculate tissue uptake. In vitro, 57 to 66% of AFB1 was removed from the solution by the probiotic mixture, but only 38 to 47% could be extracted from the bacterial surface. In ex vivo experiments, only up to 25% of AFB1 was bound by bacteria, and tissue uptake of AFB1 was significantly reduced when probiotic bacteria were present in the duodenal loop. Furthermore, the effect of intestinal mucus on the bacterial binding ability was investigated in vitro and was found to significantly reduce AFB1 binding by the probiotic mixture. However, probiotic mixture could only retard but not prevent AFB1 absorption in duodenal loops. Further work needs to assess the potential of probiotics in different experimental setups.     

黄曲霉毒素B1完全抗原构建中结合位点研究

通过衍生化反应,合成了AFB1羧甲基活化物,然后利用碳二亚胺法合成AFB1-O-BSA偶联物,构建AFB1完全抗原,并通过多种光谱和质谱对合成完全抗原过程中偶联比和结合位点进行研究。通过荧光光谱在分子水平上探讨AFB1与BSA载体蛋白的偶联机制及偶联反应对BSA的构象影响,推测黄曲霉毒素和牛血清白蛋白反应的结合部位,同时发生在BSA的酪氨酸残基和色氨酸残基上,使得BSA疏水性增加,肽链伸展程度降低。     

Aflatoxin B1 binding by dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria.

Various food commodities including dairy products may be contaminated with aflatoxins, which, even in small quantities, have detrimental effects on human and animal health. Several microorganisms have been reported to bind or degrade aflatoxins in foods and feeds. This study assessed the binding of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from contaminated solution by 20 strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. The selected strains are used in the food industry and comprised 12 Lactobacillus, five Bifidobacterium, and three Lactococcus strains. Bacteria and AFB1 were incubated (24 h, +37 degrees C) and the amount of unbound AFB1 was quantitated by HPLC. Between 5.6 and 59.7% AFB1 was bound from solution by these strains. Two Lactobacillus amylovorus strains and one Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain removed more than 50% AFB1 and were selected for further study. Bacterial binding of AFB1 by these strains was rapid, and more than 50% AFB1 was bound throughout a 72-h incubation period. Binding was reversible, and AFB1 was released by repeated aqueous washes. These findings further support the ability of specific strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind selected dietary contaminants.     

Binding of aflatoxin B1 to bifidobacteria in vitro

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that cause health and economic problems when they contaminate food and feed. One potential method for reducing human health effects due to aflatoxin ingestion is to block uptake via binding by bacteria that either make up the normal gut flora or are present in fermented foods in our diet. These bacteria would bind aflatoxin and make it unavailable for absorption in the intestinal tract. Bifidobacteria comprise a large fraction of the normal gut flora, are thought to provide many probiotic effects and are increasingly used in fermented dairy products. These qualities targeted bifidobacteria for studies to determine if various strains of heat-killed bifidobacteria can bind aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro. The AFB1 binding affinities of various strains of bifidobacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were quantitated utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent and [3H]AFB1 binding assays. The bacteria analyzed were found to bind significant quantities of AFB1 ranging from 25% to nearly 60% of the added toxin. The data also suggest that there are reproducible strain differences in AFB1 binding capacity.     

构建下转换荧光-适配体的免疫层析试纸条用于快速检测黄曲霉毒素B1

构建下转换荧光-适配体免疫层析试纸条用于食品中黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）的快速高效检测。体系中AFB1存在会减弱下转换荧光-适配体纳米颗粒层析至T线时与AFB1半抗原的结合能力,从而导致下转换荧光信号衰减,进而实现对AFB1的高效检测。该方法在AFB1质量浓度1～40 ng/mL范围内与荧光信号呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.994,检测限为0.287 ng/mL。该方法利用稀土掺杂荧光纳米颗粒的长寿命发光及近红外荧光特性,有效降低了生物背景荧光干扰并提高了检测体系的特异性。该方法在AFB1的快速高灵敏检测中具有良好的应用前景。     

Ability of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium strains to remove aflatoxin B, from the chicken duodenum

The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 to remove AFB1 from the intestinal luminal liquid medium has been tested in vivo using a chicken intestinal loop technique. In this study, the GG strain of L. rhamnosus decreased AFB1 concentration by 54% in the soluble fraction of the luminal fluid within 1 min. This strain was more efficient in binding AFB1 compared with L. rhamnosus strain LC-705 (P < 0.05) that removed 44% of AFBl under similar conditions. Accumulation of AFB1 into the intestinal tissue was also determined. There was a 74% reduction in the uptake of AFB1 by the intestinal tissue, in the presence of L. rhamnosus strain GG compared with 63% and 37% in the case of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and L. rhamnosus strain LC-705, respectively. The complexes formed in vitro between either L. rhamnosus strain GG or L. rhamnosus strain LC-705 and AFB1 were stable under the luminal conditions for a period of 1 h.     

Kinetics of adsorption and desorption of aflatoxin B1 by viable and nonviable bacteria

The reactions involved in the binding (adsorption) and release (desorption) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to and from the surface of bacteria were investigated. Viable and heat-killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus LC-705, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline containing variable concentrations (0.0017 to 13.3 microg/ml) of AFB1. The relationship between the bacterial surface hydrophobicity and the AFB1 adsorption affinity was also investigated. A linear relationship was observed between the specific rate of AFB1 adsorption and the AFB1 concentration for all bacteria. The nature of desorption of adsorbed AFB1 was investigated by repetitive aqueous washes. A linear relationship was observed between the natural log value of the concentration of AFB1 adsorbed and the number of washes for all bacteria studied. The desorption constants were strain-dependent and were lower for heat-killed bacteria than for viable bacteria. Heat treatment appears to alter the surface properties of the bacteria rather than expose new adsorption sites. No correlation was found between the hydrophobicity and the AFB1 adsorption affinity.