基于粗概念格模型的电子商务领域本体的构建研究

以构建电子商务系统中的本体为出发点,分析现有的本体构建技术中存在的缺陷。针对这些不足,综合考虑变精度粗糙集模型和形式概念分析的相关理论,提出基于粗概念格模型来构建本体。将变精度粗糙集的β选取算法和可辨识矩阵属性约简算法进行了改进,使β 上、下分布的约简方法适用于形式背景的约简,从而提出基于变精度粗糙集的概念格约减算法;然后计算语义概念相似度,并以联合国标准产品与服务分类代码的本体元模型为核心本体,结合领域专家知识,建立电子商务领域本体模型。实验表明了粗概念格构建本体的高效性。     

基于下近似分布粒度熵的变精度悲观多粒度粗糙集粒度约简

将下近似分布约简引入变精度悲观多粒度粗糙集,定义了变精度悲观多粒度粗糙集的下近似分布粒度熵,基于下近似分布粒度熵定义了变精度悲观多粒度粗糙集粒度的重要度,并设计了基于下近似分布粒度熵的悲观多粒度粗糙集启发式粒度约简算法,通过实例验证了算法的有效性。     

基于变精度粗糙集的不完备决策表属性约简

针对现有的在相容关系下基于变精度粗糙集约简算法的局限,给出了[β]上（下）分布约简的判定方法和改进的[β]上（下）分布可辨识矩阵定义,并给出求解基于变精度粗糙集的不完备决策表约简算法;最后通过实例验证了算法的有效性。     

变精度粗糙集的属性核和最小属性约简算法

文中深入研究了变精度粗糙集的属性约简问题,给出了3种属性约简的概念,针对不同概念的属性约简,分别提出了两种不同的求解变精度粗糙集最小属性约简算法:基于容差矩阵和属性核的最小约简.提出了变精度粗糙集的属性核思想,对其进行了形式化描述,说明了变精度粗糙集的属性核真正具备了核的本质特征,从而更深层地提出了基于属性核的启发式约简以求解最小约简.理论分析和实例表明,所提出的两种最小约简算法可以减小属性约简的搜索空间,提高约简的效率,使得变精度粗糙集的属性约简具有了实用性.     

一种基于概率粗糙集的属性约简加速算法

介绍了基于概率粗糙集模型的启发式属性约简算法,提出了概率粗糙集模型中的概率近似精度和改进概率近似精度的增量更新机制,通过比较概率近似精度的更新值得到属性核,然后通过比较改进概率近似精度的值逐步得到概率粗糙集中的属性约简。最后提出了一种概率粗糙集模型中属性核与属性约简的加速求解算法,并举例说明了所提算法的有效性和可行性。     

变精度粗糙集的逻辑解释及其约简

针对Ziarko提出的变精度粗糙集缺乏相应的逻辑解释, 且约简方法不合理, 对经典粗糙集的逻辑解释进行了扩展, 提出了变精度粗糙集决策算法应满足的四个条件, 证明了变精度粗糙集决策算法与β近似的关系并得到变精度粗糙集决策算法的性质; 其次, 在变精度粗糙集的逻辑解释下, 提出基于β下近似分布和β上近似分布变精度粗糙集的约简方法, 从而保证了约简前后分类能力大小不发生改变且符合变精度粗糙集的逻辑解释; 最后, 通过实例说明基于β下近似分布和β上近似分布约简方法的合理性。     

基于加权变精度容差粗糙集模型的属性约简及应用研究

对变精度粗糙集模型进行了改进,结合相容关系,提出了加权变精度容差关系模型。在此基础上,将属性重要度和信息熵相结合作为启发式信息,研究了基于属性敏感度的约简算法,克服了传统属性约简算法中仅考虑单个属性分类能力的缺陷,保证了约简的完备性。最后,以海量中医方剂数据为例,说明该模型和算法在大数据分析中的有效性。     

基于概念格的多层属性约简方法

属性约简是粗糙集理论中的核心问题之一,概念格是进行知识表示和数据分析的一种有效工具。文中利用概念格作为约简工具,给出基于概念格的多层属性约简算法,提出相融可辨概念、相融等价概念、亏n级等概念,研究内涵亏值对分类能力变化产生的影响,给出概念格中形式背景约简的判定定理。文中算法能完备地求出所有可约简的最大属性集合,从而为概念格中属性约简提供一种有效方法。最后,通过实例分析和实验对比说明该约简算法的可行性与有效性。     

变精度粗糙集在智能诊疗系统中的应用

研究变精度粗糙集理论中属性约简和规则获取算法,并结合医疗诊断的实际情况对传统算法进行改进,提出基于变精度粗糙集理论模型的诊断方法。该方法利用病员数据库提取关键的病例特征属性来建立临床诊断决策表,借助改进的可辨识矩阵属性约减算法和值约减算法进行特征约简,从而得到有效的诊断规则。最后,针对常见疾病"高血压",开发了网络版的基于VPRS智能诊疗系统,并应用到多家医疗机构,效果良好。     

变精度集对粗糙集模型中的属性约简

属性约简是粗糙集理论的核心内容之一。论文是继续文献[8]的工作,在变精度集对粗糙集模型的基础上,定义了变精度的重要性算子和变精度的近似约简等概念,并由此给出了一种属性约简的启发式算法。算法既能保证属性约简的准确性,又能增加其灵活性,它可以通过对相似度α和精度β的调节,按照广度优先搜索策略,从条件属性集中逐一删除重要性最小的属性,从而得到一个满足相似度和精度要求的近似约简。同时,它也是完备信息系统的属性约简算法的推广(当α=1,β=0时)。最后通过一个实例,分析说明算法的可行性和有效性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).