工字形复合曲线梁桥的性能研究

目前在计算水平弯曲的复合钢梁桥时,通常采用一种近似方法,即单个直梁的线弹性分析法,其中具有可变参数以考虑构件曲率。归纳了明尼苏达州德卢斯的一个具有较重活荷载的多跨水平弯曲工字形复合钢梁桥的现场试验数据和计算结果。将8个320kN的卡车以43种静力加载和13种动力加载的方式放置在桥上,并将试验结果与线弹性梁格分析中得到的结果进行对比。桥被设计为由强度控制,梁的应力达到了屈服应力的75%,有些部位甚至达到了最大应力,同时,对梁、隔板、水平抗风支撑、桥面板、轴承的性能和疲劳特性进行了描述。采用梁格分析以验证这些方法对于计算梁桥承载能力的有效性和准确性。     

Innovative steel bridge girders with tubular flanges

I-shaped steel girders with tubular flanges have been studied for application in highway bridges because of their large torsional stiffness compared to conventional I-shaped steel plate girders (I-girders). For straight girder bridges, the large torsional stiffness of a tubular flange girder (TFG) results in significantly greater lateral–torsional buckling strength compared to a corresponding I-girder. For horizontally curved girder bridges, the large torsional stiffness of a TFG results in much less normal stress, vertical displacement and cross-sectional rotation compared to a corresponding I-girder. The paper presents experimental and finite element analysis results for straight and horizontally curved TFG bridges. The results show the advantages of TFGs in comparison to conventional I-girders. A TFG demonstration bridge constructed in the USA is described.     

Analysis, design and construction of curved composite girder bridges: State-of-the-art

The horizontally curved composite girder bridges have excellent properties, such as quick construction, good seismic performance, saving construction formwork and convenience in spatial arrangement.etc, which have greatly promoted the application of such bridges. The objective of this paper is to provide and summarize important references related to the analysis, design and construction of curved composite girder bridges. Subjects discussed in this review include (1) different curved girder bridge configurations and their applied range; (2) current specifications; (3) construction issues; (4) design methods; (5) analytical methods; (6) load distribution; (7) torsional behavior; (8) warping stresses; (9) stability; (10) ultimate load-carrying capacity; (11) dynamic and seismic response; (12) loading test; (13) long-term behavior; and (14) design details. The literature survey presented herein mainly focuses on papers written in English, Japanese and Chinese in relation to curved composite girders.     

Web openings in horizontally curved composite plate girders

The paper is concerned with the effects of circular or square web openings on the ultimate strength of horizontally curved composite plate girders. Finite element analysis using the computer package LUSAS has been employed to investigate the behavior and ultimate strength capacity of the girders with web openings of different proportions. The opening sizes and their locations within the web panels have been studied in detail, and the results are presented in the form of load–deflection and load–opening size plots. An approximate method to determine the ultimate strength capacity of horizontally curved composite plate girders accounting for the presence of web openings and composite action between the steel girder and concrete slab is presented. The accuracy of the method is established by comparing the predicted strength with the corresponding values predicted by the finite element method.     

Performance of composite girders strengthened using carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminates

This paper highlights the structural performance of steel–concrete composite girders strengthened using advanced composite laminates. Nonlinear 3-D finite element models have been developed to investigate the flexural behaviour and load carrying capacity of the girders. The composite laminates comprised carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates and sheets as well as steel reinforced polymer (SRP) sheets. The elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the laminates varied from low to high 60–300 GPa and 700–3100 MPa, respectively. The nonlinear material properties of the strengthened composite girder components comprising concrete, structural steel beam, reinforcement bars, adhesive and composite laminates were incorporated in the finite element model. The interfaces between the composite girder components were also considered allowing the contact and bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the strengthened composite girder. Furthermore, the load-slip characteristic of headed stud shear connectors was incorporated in the finite element models based on previous experimental and numerical investigations conducted by the author. The finite element models have been validated against published tests on composite girders strengthened using different advanced composite laminates and having different cross-section geometries, lengths, layers of laminates with different elastic moduli and ultimate tensile strengths, concrete strengths and structural steel strengths. The load carrying capacity of strengthened composite girders, load–vertical displacement behaviour and failure modes were predicted from the finite element analyses and compared against test results. Parametric studies were conducted to study the effects on the load carrying capacity and structural behaviour of strengthened composite girders owing to the change in the composite laminate elastic modulus, number of laminate layers, concrete strengths and structural steel strengths. The study has shown that the increase in the load carrying capacity and ductility of strengthened composite girders due to the increase in steel beam strength is significant with high strength concrete slab. Also, it has been shown that the increase in concrete strength offers a considerable increase in the initial stiffness of strengthened composite girders, while the increase in structural steel strength offers a considerable increase in the stiffness of strengthened composite girder in the post-yielding stage.     

波形或桁架式钢腹板的预应力钢混组合桥主梁的安全性能和使用性能评估

在许多国家,预应力混凝土箱梁被认为是中等跨径(30～50m)混凝土梁最有效的结构形式。但是当混凝土梁的单跨长度超过50m时,相对钢梁,混凝土箱梁自重问题成为其最大约束。因此,在韩国,中等跨径桥梁主要采用钢箱梁。在20世纪,研究者们多次尝试提高预应力混凝土箱梁结构的有效性,最终采用混凝土-钢混合梁以减轻结构自重。但是,混合桥采用不同类型钢腹板及不同连接形式,会引起结构安全性能和使用性能的变化。为了全面了解钢腹板梁及钢腹板连接形式的性能,对5根带腹板的预应力混凝土梁进行静力荷载试验。这5根试件中,有2根混合梁采用波形钢腹板,而另3根采用桁架式钢腹板。结果显示:通过加强钢腹板与预应力筋的连接节点,可以改善使用性能相关问题(开裂荷载和挠度)及安全性能相关问题(刚度和极限承载力)。     

Effect of secondary elements on bridge structural system reliability considering moment capacity

Secondary elements such as barriers, sidewalks, and diaphragms may increase the load carrying capacity of girder bridges. This in turn affects reliability. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential benefit of secondary elements on the system reliability of girder bridges, if these elements are designed with the structural system to participate resisting vehicular live loads. Simple span, two lane structures are considered, with composite steel girders supporting a reinforced concrete deck. For structural analysis, a finite element procedure is developed that combines a grillage model of the bridge deck with solid elements for edge-stiffening effects. Random variables considered are composite girder, barrier, and sidewalk flexural strengths (each in turn composed of many random variables), load magnitude (dead load and truck traffic live load), and live load position. System resistance parameters are estimated with a point integration method. System resistance is evaluated in terms of maximum load carried at ultimate capacity. It was found that the interaction of typical secondary element combinations has a varying effect on system reliability, depending on element stiffness, bridge span, and girder spacing.     

Design of composite hybrid plate girder bridges based on reliability and optimization

A practical and efficient reliability-based optimization approach to the design of both unstiffened and stiffened composite hybrid plate girders for highway bridges is presented. The steel weight of the built up plate girder is adopted as the objective to be minimized and all constraints specified in the AASHTO bridge code are considered in the optimization process. The solution is obtained by coupling an optimization program with a reliability analysis program. Numerical examples illustrate the application of the approach to reliability-based optimum design of unstiffened and stiffened composite plate girders. Sensitivity analyses are also performed for finding the rates of change of the optimum solution with respect to changes in problem preassigned parameters.     

Stress concentration factors of N-joints of concrete-filled tubes subjected to axial loads

The use of concrete filled circular hollow steel section (CFCHS) members in bridge design is a relatively new concept. In the design of recently constructed steel-concrete composite bridges using CFCHS truss girders for the main load carrying structure, the fatigue verification of the tubular spatial truss joints is a main issue. This paper presents a comprehensive study on stress concentration in welded tubular steel N-joints. Finite element analyses are performed in order to derive stress concentration factors (SCFs) from hot-spot stresses for typical three load conditions. The SCF values are presented in the form of equations in terms of the non-dimensional joint parameters. The proposed SCF equation for CFCHS N-joints shows good agreement with the test results on a tubular girder model. The presence of infilled grout in the chord is found to reduce the SCF.     

Ultimate load behaviour of webs in steel–concrete composite plate girders

The paper is concerned with the tension field action in webs of steel–concrete composite plate girders. A three-dimensional finite element model has been used to carry out nonlinear analyses on composite plate girders. The results obtained from the finite element analyses are compared with those from experiments. It is observed from the comparative study that the proposed nonlinear finite element model is capable of predicting the ultimate load behaviour of steel–concrete composite plate girders to an acceptable accuracy. Results are presented to explain the development of the tension field action in the webs and to illustrate a measure of the contribution by the concrete slab acting compositely with the girder to the changes in tension field compared to a plain steel girder.     

非对称外倾式钢箱拱桥扁平弯钢箱梁扭转与翘曲

以正在设计中的非对称外倾式钢箱拱肋扁平钢箱弯主梁结构形式的异型钢拱桥为背景，采用空间杆系模型对该桥进行恒栽和活栽作用下扁平钢箱主粱的扭转与翘曲受力特性分析；活载影响采用空间影响面方法计算，翘曲应力按乌曼斯基（Wumnansji）理论计算。计算结果表明，在恒载和活栽作用下，异形钢箱拱桥扁平钢弯箱梁的扭转剪应力可达到钢材容许剪应力的23．4％，在设计中必须加以考虑。     

车轮荷载作用下双工字钢组合梁桥横桥向 焊钉拉拔效应

针对双工字钢组合梁在车轮荷载作用下引起的钢混界面横桥向掀起效应导致焊钉出现拉拔应力的问题展开讨论,为分析此效应对双工字钢组合梁焊钉受力的影响从而为焊钉布置提供参考,对2×35 m双工字钢组合连续梁的焊钉拉拔应力分布规律及影响因素进行了研究。分析了6种采用不同单元类型、焊钉模拟方式、接触关系的ABAQUS有限元模型组合梁钢混界面横桥向掀起效应计算结果,通过对比已有文献中的试验结果,确定了合理的有限元模拟方法。基于此方法,分析了车轮荷载作用位置、加劲肋与横梁设置形式对焊钉拉拔应力沿纵横桥向分布的影响; 研究了横梁位置、桥面板厚度与主梁间距比、焊钉横桥向间距对焊钉拉拔应力的影响并讨论了焊钉拉拔应力对各参数的敏感性。结果表明:加劲肋限制了钢梁上翼缘随桥面板变形,导致焊钉产生明显拉拔应力; 焊钉应力沿纵桥向衰减速度很快; 设置横梁能减小双工字钢组合梁的侧向变形,导致焊钉拉拔应力大幅提高,最多能提高317.97%; 焊钉拉拔应力随着桥面板厚度与主梁间距比增大而逐渐减小,随着横梁中心线距钢梁上翼缘距离的增大呈现出先增大、后不变、最后略微减小的趋势,随焊钉横向间距增大出现先增大后减小的现象; 各参数中,桥面板厚度与主梁间距比对焊钉拉拔应力数值的影响最为显著; 根据焊钉拉拔应力分布规律及影响因素,建议应适当加密双工字钢组合梁加劲肋与横梁附近的焊钉。     

Ultimate load behaviour of webs in steel-concrete composite plate girders

The paper is concerned with the tension field action in webs of steel-concrete composite plate girders. A three-dimensional finite element model has been used to carry out nonlinear analyses on composite plate girders. The results obtained from the finite element analyses are compared with those from experiments. It is observed from the comparative study that the proposed nonlinear finite element model is capable of predicting the ultimate load behaviour of steel-concrete composite plate girders to an acceptable accuracy. Results are presented to explain the development of the tension field action in the webs and to illustrate a measure of the contribution by the concrete slab acting compositely with the girder to the changes in tension field compared to a plain steel girder.     

Time-variant reliability profiles for steel girder bridges

Evaluation of existing steel bridges becomes more important due to natural aging, increasing load spectra, deterioration caused by corrosion, and other problems. In the result, bridge structures exposed to aggressive environmental conditions are subjected to time-variant changes of resistance. Therefore, there is a need for evaluation procedures for an accurate prediction of the load carrying capacity and reliability of bridge structures, in order to make rational decisions about repair, rehabilitation, and expected life-cycle costs. The objective of this paper is to develop time-variant reliability models for steel girder bridges. Traditional methods based on deterministic analysis do not reveal the actual load carrying capacity of the structure. The proposed approach is based on reliability analysis of components and structural systems. The study involves the selection of representative structures, formulation of limit state functions, development of load models, development of resistance models for corroded steel girders, development of the reliability analysis method, reliability analysis of selected bridges, and development of the time-dependant reliability profiles including deterioration due to corrosion. The results of the study can be used for a better prediction of the service life of deteriorating steel girder bridges, and development of optimal reliability-based maintenance strategies.     

A numerical investigation on the fire response of a steel girder bridge

The response of bridges subject to fire is an under researched topic despite the number of bridge failures caused by fire. Since available data shows that steel girder bridges are especially vulnerable to fire, this paper delves into their fire response by analyzing with a 3D numerical model the response of a typical bridge of 12.20 m span length. A parametric study is performed considering: (1) two possibilities for the axial restraint of the bridge deck, (2) four types of structural steel for the girders (carbon steel and stainless steel grades 1.4301, 1.4401, and 1.4462), (3) three different constitutive models for carbon steel, (4) four live loads, and (5) two alternative fire loads (the hydrocarbon fire defined by Eurocode 1 and a fire corresponding to a real fire event). Results show that restraint to deck expansion coming from an adjacent span or abutment should be considered in the numerical model. In addition, times to collapse are very small when the bridge girders are built with carbon steel (between 8.5 and 18 min) but they can almost double if stainless steel is used for the girders. Therefore, stainless steel is a material to consider for steel girder bridges in a high fire risk situation, especially if the bridge is located in a corrosive environment and its aesthetics deserves special attention. The methodology developed in this paper and the results obtained are useful for researchers and practitioners interested in developing and applying a performance-based approach for the design of bridges against fire.     

Stahlverbundbrücken mit begehbaren Kastenträgern

Steel‐Composite bridges with box girders which are to be inspected on foot. In the last years the development in shaping of cross sections of bridges over a valley shows a tendency to some special types in dependency on the site, which were built again and again. These are the cross sections with one trapezoid box girder, consisting of a steel trough and a concrete slab, which is to be inspecting on foot as well as cross sections with two airtight welded box girders of steel, connected with the concrete deck slab, too. All the bridges with these cross sections are so designed that there is only a composite effect in longitudinal direction. To realise an economical bridge building, there has to be taken some typical design criterions into consideration for each type of cross section. The following paper describes these design criterions for cross sections with one trapezoid box girder and points out the optimal cross section and the economical area of application.     

广州珠江黄埔大桥钢箱梁防腐方案的选择

特大公路桥梁越来越多的采用钢箱梁主梁结构,作为主要承载构件的钢箱梁长效防腐涂装是工程实施中最重要的内容之一。珠江黄埔大桥是跨越珠江主航道的特大型桥梁,分北汊独塔钢箱梁斜拉桥和南汊单跨钢箱梁悬索桥。文章以该桥为背景,介绍了斜拉桥和悬索桥钢箱梁防腐涂装方案的选择。     

FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥设计与试验

为适应我国桥梁建设环境友好转型发展的需要,并针对传统木-混凝土组合梁自重大、长期变形大及耐久性不足,难以应用到中等跨径桥梁的问题,提出一种可整体预制、整跨吊装的FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥。对20m、30m跨径的FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥试设计,并与同等跨径的传统木 混凝土组合梁桥和预应力混凝土梁桥进行材料用量和经济性的对比;对30m跨径的试设计桥梁进行荷载组合效应计算,根据计算结果以中国桥梁设计规范为基础,同时参考欧洲规范5,基于弹性设计法对FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥的承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态进行设计计算;对30m跨径的试设计桥梁按照纵向1∶5的比例缩尺,设计制作了2根试验梁模型,并进行试验研究。研究结果表明：20m跨径的试设计桥梁的自重分别减至传统木-混凝土组合梁和预应力混凝土梁的72.7%和48.0%,全寿命造价分别为二者的79.1%及106.4%;30m跨径的试设计桥梁的自重减至预应力混凝土梁的49.3%,全寿命造价为它的134.0%;试设计FRP-胶合木-UHPC组合梁桥具有足够的抗弯与抗剪承载力,活载作用下的结构挠度小于限值,满足工程受力要求;按照欧洲规范5进行设计,结构具有较大安全储备,理论计算偏安全;FRP的植入使组合梁的极限承载能力提高了约8.6%,并能改善其破坏形态、提高延性。     

Experimental and analytical investigation of system of horizontally curved bridge girders with tubular top flanges

Abstract

The behaviour of horizontally curved bridge girders with a tubular top flange and a flat plate bottom flange (i.e., a TFG1) was investigated experimentally and analytically. The investigation focused on the behaviour of a curved TFG1 bridge under loading conditions simulating construction of the concrete deck. The objectives include (1) to generate experimental data for the response of a curved TFG1 bridge system under vertical loading up to and beyond the load capacity; (2) to assess the adequacy of finite element (FE) models to predict this response by comparing experimental data and FE analysis results and (3) to use the experimental data and FE results to validate criteria used to design a curved TFG1 bridge. The experimental data demonstrate that the curved TFG1 bridge system satisfies the design criteria, and has a significant safety margin for the anticipated loads. The comparisons between the experimental data and the FE results show that the FE models have sufficient accuracy to predict the detailed response of curved TFG1 bridge systems. Abbreviation List IG I-girder

TFG I-shaped girder with tubular flanges

TFG2 I-shaped girder with a tubular top flange and a tubular bottom flange

TFG1 I-shaped girder with a tubular top flange and a flat plate bottom flange

FE finite element

FTFG1 a full-size, curved TFG1 bridge with two TFG1 girders

     

Reliability-based condition assessment of deteriorating concrete bridges considering load redistribution

A wide variety of models have been proposed for estimating the reliability of highway bridges. For reinforced concrete bridges subjected to environmental attack, time-variant reliability methods have to be used. In this study, the condition of reinforced concrete girder bridges is assessed using a time-variant system reliability approach in which both load and resistance are time-variant quantities. Several system models are considered, including failure of any girder (series system) and failure of a specified number of adjacent girders (series-parallel system). Adaptive importance sampling is used to determine the cumulative-time system failure probability. An existing reinforced concrete T-beam bridge located near Pueblo, Colorado, is investigated. The influence of resistance degradation and post-failure load redistribution is included. A comparison of reliability estimates for several system models is given, including the influence of correlation among initial girder strengths. The results can be used as a guide for the selection of system models for bridge reliability analysis, identification of critical girders in a bridge system, and for the development of optimal reliability-based maintenance strategies for reinforced concrete highway bridges.