Earthquake analysis of reinorced concrete minarets using ambient vibration test results

This paper describes a Turkish style reinforced concrete minaret, its finite element model, modal testing, finite element model updating and earthquake behaviour, before and after model updating. The minaret of a mosque located in Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an application. A three‐dimensional (3D) model of the minaret and its modal analysis is performed to obtain analytical frequencies and mode shapes using ANSYS finite element program. The ambient vibration tests are conducted on the minaret under natural excitations such as wind effects and human movement. The output‐only modal parameter identification is carried out by Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods in Operational Modal Analysis software and in doing so, dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) are determined. A 3D finite element model of the minaret is updated to minimize the differences between analytical and experimental modal properties by changing some uncertain modelling parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions. The earthquake behaviour of the minaret is investigated using 1992 Erzincan earthquake before and after finite element model updating. Maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced from 21% to 8%, and good agreement is found between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. In addition to this, it is realized that finite element model updating is effective on the earthquake behaviour of the minaret. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration-based operational modal analysis of the Mikron historic arch bridge after restoration

This research presents finite element modelling, vibration-based operational modal analysis, and finite element model updating of a restored historic arch bridge. Mikron historic bridge, constructed on F?rt?na River in Rize, Turkey, is the subject of this case study. The General Directorate for Highways of Turkey repaired the bridge's main structural elements, arches, sidewalls, and filler material in 1998. To construct a 3D finite element model of the bridge, ANSYS finite element software estimated the analytical dynamic characteristics. Induced ambient vibrations such as human walking and wind excited the model bridge to allow measurement of the bridge's responses. Enhanced frequency domain decomposition in frequency domain and stochastic subspace identification in time domain methodologies extracted experimental dynamic characteristics. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed significant agreement between mode shapes, but some differences in natural frequencies appeared. Consequently, updating the finite element model of the bridge by changing boundary conditions minimised the differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies. After the finite element model updating process, the differences between natural frequencies declined from 7% to 2%.     

Ambient vibration testing and updating of the finite element model of a simply supported beam bridge

An ambient vibration test on a concrete bridge constructed in 1971 and calibration of its finite element model are presented. The bridge is characterized by a system of post-tensioned and simply supported beams. The dynamic characteristics of the bridge, i.e. natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios were computed from the ambient vibration tests by using the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA). Then, these characteristics were used to update the finite element model of the bridge by formulating an optimization problem and then using Genetic Algorithms (GA) to solve it. From the results of the ambient vibration test of this type of bridge, it is concluded that two-dimensional mode shapes exist: in the longitudinal and transverse; and these experimentally obtained dynamic characteristics were also achieved in the analytical model through updating. The application of GAs as optimization techniques showed great versatility to optimize any number and type of variables in the model.     

Ambient vibration test and finite element modeling of tall liquid storage tanks

This paper addresses the experimental and numerical investigations of the dynamic parameters, natural frequencies and mode shapes, of fixed roof, ground supported, steel storage tanks. Three tall liquid storage tanks with aspect ratios greater than unity are considered. The considered tanks have similar height of 12.190 m and different radius of 6.095, 8.00, and 9.144 m. The effect of the aspect ratio, along with the liquid level on dynamic parameters is discussed. Finite element models of tanks are constructed using the finite element package ANSYS. The fluid-structure interaction is governed in the models. Yet, before using numerical techniques for analyzing the tank-liquid systems, they should be validated by experimental results. For this purpose, a series of ambient vibration tests are carried out to determine the natural frequencies and, if possible, the modes of the vibration. Comparison between numerical and experimental values shows good agreement. The new feature considered in the paper is the influence of roof on the natural frequencies and the modes of vibration. It is found that the influence of roof on the natural frequency of vibration of the considered tanks is negligible, while it does restrain the tank top against radial deformations and has significant effect on the mode shapes of tank.     

结构动力模型的改进直接修正方法及工程应用

直接模型修正方法是一类经典的解析动力模型修正技术,该方法具有计算高效和精确匹配目标模态参数等优点,但仅考虑与频率和振型相关的约束,导致修正模型预测的模态参与因子与实际识别值存在差异.针对该模态参数匹配不完备问题,提出了一种改进的直接模型修正方法.改进方法考虑模态参与因子在质量矩阵中的修正,采用约束最小化技术,推导了质量...     

粘钢加固对简支T型梁桥动力特性的影响

以福建安溪清溪大桥为工程背景,首先进行了粘钢加固前后的环境振动测试和刹车等强迫振动测试,并进行了实验模态分析;其次,分别建立了粘钢加固前后全桥的有限元模型,进行了模型参数修正,并比较了加固前后桥梁动力特性的变化;最后,基于修正后的模型,考察了粘贴钢板厚度和高度、T梁横向联结程度、桥面铺装厚度以及主梁腹板损伤程度等参数对粘钢维修加固桥梁动力特性的影响。结果表明:清溪大桥加固前后动力特性测试和分析结果基本吻合,粘钢加固改造能有效提高桥梁的振动频率和整体刚度。     

Anti-seismic reliability analysis of continuous rigid-frame bridge based on numerical simulations

This paper investigates the earthquake-resistance performance of a continuous rigid-frame bridge under different strong seismic loads. To this end, an ideal finite element mechanical model for a continuous rigid-frame bridge was first constructed through the use of ANSYS codes. Based on the developed model, the seismic behaviours of the continuous rigid-frame bridge with and without a base isolated system were investigated with respect to the natural frequencies, mode shapes, displacements and stresses. Further, based on the foregoing results and the limit state method, the earthquake-resistance reliability was calculated. From the computed results, it is found that this large continuous rigid-frame bridge has a relatively high seismic-resistance capacity and could satisfy the design requirements under the action of earthquake excitations. The findings herein are also expected to provide some design guidelines on the seismic analysis for other similar large engineering structures.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of brace configuration effects on steel structures

The study is concerned with the experimental and numerical investigations of brace configurations on steel buildings in terms of dynamic characteristics. A three-storey steel building model with 1/2 scale of a real building, which was constructed at the laboratory of Civil Engineering Department of Karadeniz Technical University, was selected for investigations. A series of ambient vibration tests were conducted on the building model for bare frame and braced cases. Four different brace types were applied to the model: cross type, Λ type, V type and K type. The natural frequencies and their associated mode shapes and modal damping ratios were identified for each different case in the frequency domain by the Frequency Domain Decomposition method. Also, finite element models for these cases were developed to simulate dynamic behavior. The effect of brace configurations was evaluated by comparing the braced dynamic characteristics with those of the bare case. Also, the experimental and numerical dynamic characteristics were compared with each other, the differences between results were revealed by considering experimental results as exact. The study showed that the stiffness of steel buildings can be increased by applying brace elements considerably and the effects of braces vary depending on brace configuration. The cross type bracing produced the highest stiffness both experimentally and numerically. From the finite element analysis, it was observed that the numerical results were bigger than the experimental results in all cases; therefore the initial finite element models need to be updated.     

Experimental and analytical system identification of Eynel arch type steel highway bridge

This paper describes a full scale arch type steel highway bridges, its finite element modelling and Operational Modal Analysis. Eynel Highway Bridge which has arch type structural system with a total length of 336 m and located in the Ayvac?k county of Samsun, Turkey is selected as a case study. The bridge connects the villages which are separated with Suat U?urlu Dam Lake. The three dimensional finite element model is constructed using project drawings and an analytical modal analysis is then performed to generate natural frequencies and mode shapes in the three-orthogonal directions. The ambient vibration tests on the bridge deck under natural excitation such as traffic, human walking and wind loads are conducted using Operational Modal Analysis. Sensitive seismic accelerometers are used to collect signals obtained from the experimental tests. To obtain experimental dynamic characteristics, two output-only system identification methods are employed namely, Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition method in the frequency domain and Stochastic Subspace Identification method in time domain. The correlation between the finite element model and experimental results is studied. Good agreement is found between dynamic characteristics in the all measurement test setups performed on the bridge deck. It is demonstrated that the ambient vibration measurements using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods are enough to identify the most significant modes of steel highway bridges. It is seen that there are some differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies and experimental natural frequencies are generally bigger than the others.     

桥梁防撞系统动力特性分析

研究了桥墩防撞系统的动力特性。首先阐述了空间杆系结构有限元分析的基本原理,然后采用大型商业化软件ANSYS建立了桥墩防撞系统的三维有限元模型。在此基础上,简要阐述了结构动力特性分析的基本原理,研究了桥墩防撞系统的动力特性并分析了结构频率和振型的特点。     

LNG储罐有限元静动力分析方法的探讨

目前,国内自主设计和建造LNG全容罐还存在很大的困难,有限元软件的发展给储罐的研究提供了有效的途径,但是,大型LNG储罐的有限元静动力分析在国内还相对较少,如何建立与实际工程相一致的有限元模型是一个关键问题.本文总结了部分前人对储罐构筑物结构的有限元静动力分析方法,并针对大型LNG全容罐自身的特点,对其有限元静动力分析方法做了探讨,最后提出了在模型建立中需要深入考虑的几个问题,给相关工程设计研究人员提供参考.     

Response surface‐based finite‐element model updating of a historic masonry minaret for operational modal analysis

This study aimed to use the response surface (RS) method for finite element (FE) model updating, using operational modal analysis (OMA). The RS method was utilized to achieve better agreement between the numerical and field‐measured structure response. The OMA technique for the field study was utilized to obtain modal parameters of the selected historic masonry minaret. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were experimentally determined by the enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD) method. The optimum results between the experimental and numerical analyses were found by using the optimization method. The central composite design was used to construct the design of experiments, and the genetic aggregation approach was performed to generate the RS models. After obtaining the RS models, an attempt was made to converge the natural frequency values corresponding to the five‐mode shapes with the frequency values identified by the experimental analysis. ANSYS software was used to perform 3D finite element (FE) modeling of the historic masonry minaret and to numerically identify the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the minaret. The results of the experimental, initial, and updated FE model were compared with each other. Significant differences can be seen when comparing the experimental and analytical results with the initial conditions.     

消能减震建筑结构的附加有效阻尼比估计

为估计一栋实际消能减震建筑结构在地震作用下的附加有效阻尼比,提出了一种基于有限元模型修正技术的阻尼比估计和验证方法。考虑到结构初始有限元模型存在较大模型误差,采用基于结构振动模态参数的直接模型更新方法修正初始有限元模型,其中,对于实测振型不完整问题,利用振型扩阶方法补充完整振型。基于模态应变能概念,利用整体结构模态参数识别值,推导了油阻尼器支撑系统附加给结构的有效阻尼比和有效频率的计算公式,并估计了主体结构的频率和阻尼比。以一组实际地震动监测数据为例,采用建议方法估计有效阻尼比和有效频率,通过对比修正模型的预测响应与实际监测数据,验证了建议方法的有效性。     

基于优化理论的某钢框架模型修正研究

提出一种基于振动测试和优化理论的两阶段模型修正方法。首先对一个3层钢框架进行振动台试验,通过对试验数据的分析,识别出该框架的动力特性（前3阶频率和振型）。随后基于优化理论进行有限元模型修正,先采用零阶方法进行初步修正,缩小搜索范围后采用一阶方法进行精确修正。结果表明,该两阶段模型修正方法简单、有效,可广泛应用于土木工程结构的损伤识别及健康监测。     

飞机库钢结构平移门门扇的静力和动力有限元分析

利用ANSYS分析软件对天津飞机库钢结构平移门门扇的应力、变形和振动模态进行结构计算分析。在保证结构刚度和强度的同时,降低结构重量,门扇的最大弯曲应力低于材料的屈服应力,且抗震性能良好。     

Experimental and analytical system identification of Eynel arch type steel highway bridge

This paper describes a full scale arch type steel highway bridges, its finite element modelling and Operational Modal Analysis. Eynel Highway Bridge which has arch type structural system with a total length of 336 m and located in the Ayvacık county of Samsun, Turkey is selected as a case study. The bridge connects the villages which are separated with Suat Uğurlu Dam Lake. The three dimensional finite element model is constructed using project drawings and an analytical modal analysis is then performed to generate natural frequencies and mode shapes in the three-orthogonal directions. The ambient vibration tests on the bridge deck under natural excitation such as traffic, human walking and wind loads are conducted using Operational Modal Analysis. Sensitive seismic accelerometers are used to collect signals obtained from the experimental tests. To obtain experimental dynamic characteristics, two output-only system identification methods are employed namely, Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition method in the frequency domain and Stochastic Subspace Identification method in time domain. The correlation between the finite element model and experimental results is studied. Good agreement is found between dynamic characteristics in the all measurement test setups performed on the bridge deck. It is demonstrated that the ambient vibration measurements using Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods are enough to identify the most significant modes of steel highway bridges. It is seen that there are some differences between analytical and experimental natural frequencies and experimental natural frequencies are generally bigger than the others.     

某大跨度钢管拱桁架屋盖结构抗震性能分析

以某餐饮公司餐饮中心的钢屋盖拱桁架结构为研究对象,首先用设计程序3D3S 8.0对结构进行初步的选型与设计,然后用有限元分析软件ANSYS研究其动力特性和抗震性能,得到了该结构的自振频率、振型特点,地震作用下的位移分布、内力等.结果表明:设计出的钢管拱桁架屋盖结构,不论是结构形式、截面类型还是截面尺寸,在地震作用下均具...     

Free vibrations of steel mill buildings

The vibration characteristics of steel mill buildings designed according to standard specifications are investigated. The dynamic stiffness influence coefficient method is used in deriving a simple, yet rigorous, method of extraction of the first few planar horizontal and vertical natural frequencies and modal shapes. The advantage of this method is that the final system matrix is only of rank two. The finite element method is also used for the complete three-dimensional representation of a typical steel mill building with an overhead crane at two different positions. In all cases, the representation of real structures by idealized mathematical models is meticulously performed in order to ensure that all salient structural features are correctly included. It is concluded that the two-dimensional representations yield natural frequencies and modal shapes that are in good agreement with the corresponding ones obtained from complete three-dimensional representations.     

Experimental and analytical evaluation of the dynamic characteristics of conical shells

Truncated conical shaped shell structures are used in various engineering applications such as components of missiles and spacecrafts and liquid containers for elevated water tanks. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of such type of shell structures when subjected to a transverse dynamic excitation. This paper focuses on conical steel vessels as superstructure of elevated tanks. However, results of the study can be applied to other conical shell applications. The study is conducted experimentally using a shake table device and numerically using an in-house developed shell element model. In the experimental phase, the fundamental frequency and the corresponding mode shape of a small-scale aluminum conical shell model were evaluated. Results of this experiment were used to validate the numerical model by comparing the measured values to those predicted by the model. The analytical study was then extended to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of conical steel tanks covering a wide range of practical dimensions. The study included the case of open and fixed-roof tanks. The performed analyses led to the development of a number of charts that can be used to identify the natural frequency, the mode shapes and the generalized mass and stiffness of conical tanks for both the fundamental and the cos(θ)-modes of vibration. These results would be very useful in assessing the dynamic response of conical tanks when subjected to wind and earthquake loads.     

高耸塔台结构地震模拟振动台试验研究及有限元分析

对顶部两层钢框架的高耸筒体塔台结构在地震作用下的动力特性与反应,从模型振动台试验和有限元计算两方面进行了研究。对一个1∶30比例的机场控制塔台模型进行了振动台模拟地震试验,根据试验结果,通过相似关系得到原型结构在地震作用下的动力特性与反应。同时,应用结构有限元分析程序对模型及原型结构进行动力计算,并将两种结果进行比较分析。