梁柱组合节点受弯承载力统计分布

在钢-混凝土组合抗弯框架的抗震设计中,梁柱组合节点转动响应的随机性会影响能量耗散区域的位置。事实上,在节点的强度作用全部发挥的情况下,地震能量的耗散发生在梁端,相反地,在节点的强度作用部分发挥的情况下,则耗散也会发生在梁柱连接节点的连接部件上。在结构框架中,节点构件的材料随机性变化扮演了重要的角色,因为它影响了节点的弯曲强度,从而也影响了其塑性转角。因此,框架的研究项目旨在评估包括材料随机变化在内的钢-混凝土组合框架的地震可靠性,并着重分析了材料随机变化对梁柱节点转动响应的影响。特别是通过蒙特卡罗模拟法从整体来对梁柱节点转动性能描述参数的统计分布法则进行评估。这种分布法则提出了关于钢-混凝土组合抗弯框架的一个完整的概率地震需求分析的重要输入数据,而其节点建模所使用的转动弹簧的随机值参数也满足之前推断出的分布法则。     

Moment resistance statistical distribution of beam-to-column composite joints

In seismic design of steel–concrete composite moment resisting frames, the randomness of beam-to-column joint rotational response can affect the location of dissipative zones. In fact, in case of full-strength joints, the dissipation of the earthquake input energy occurs at the beam ends; conversely, in case of partial-strength joints, the connection components of beam-to-column joints are involved. Within this framework, random material variability of joint components plays an important role, because it affects the joint flexural strength and, as a consequence, also the plastic rotation supply. Therefore, within the framework of a research program aimed at the evaluation of the seismic reliability of steel–concrete composite frames including random material variability, this paper focuses the attention on the analysis of the influence of random material variability on the rotational response of beam-to-column joints. In particular, the aim of the work is the evaluation, by means of Monte Carlo simulations, of the statistical distribution laws of the parameters describing, from the overall point of view, the rotational behaviour of beam-to-column joints. Such distribution laws represent important input data for a complete probabilistic seismic demand analysis of steel–concrete composite moment-resisting frames where the joint modelling is performed by using rotational spring elements whose parameters are selected as random values satisfying the distribution laws previously derived.     

Dynamic response of composite frames with different shear connection degree

The influence of partial composite action between concrete slab and steel beam and of partial-strength connections on the seismic response of composite frames is evaluated. To this end, experimental tests were carried out at the Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens. The specimens, one-story one-bay moment-resisting frames with steel–concrete composite beams, were tested under base acceleration on the shaking table. Experimental results demonstrated that for different degrees of partial interaction between the slab and the beam the response of the specimens varied significantly. Specimens with intermediate and low shear connection degree showed the most favourable performance, in terms of ductile behavior and energy dissipation. The slip between the slab and the beam interface contributed to the energy dissipated by the system and the ductility demands decreased on other parts like the beam ends and the joints. Then, finite element models simulating the behavior of the tested specimens were developed and, after validation, extended parametric studies were carried out. The main objective is to investigate the influence of the partial interaction and the employment of partially restrained beam-to-column joints on the dissipative capacities of composite frames under strong ground motions. Numerical results confirmed the experimental conclusions and revealed that the use of intermediate and low shear connection degrees with partial-strength joints results in an advantageous seismic design.     

Post-earthquake fire and seismic performance of welded steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints

The performance of steel-concrete composite full strength joints endowed with concrete filled tubes, designed with a multi-objective methodology dealing with seismic actions followed by fire is presented in this paper. In detail, instead of a traditional single-objective design where fire safety and seismic safety are independently achieved and the sequence of seismic and fire loading are not taken into account, the proposed design approach guarantees: (i) both seismic safety and fire safety with regard to accidental actions; (ii) fire safety for at least 15 min fire exposure on a joint characterised by stiffness deterioration and strength degradation due to seismic loading.In order to achieve the multi-objective design, full strength beam-to-composite tubular column joints were designed by means of the component method of Eurocode 4 Part 1-1 and Eurocode 3 Part 1-8, while Eurocode 4 Part 1-2 was considered for fire design. Moreover, to face a seismic-induced fire, they were enhanced with specific joint components which will be detailed.Both the experimental programme and the results provided by seismic tests, pre-damaged tests and fire tests carried out on beam-to-column joints are presented and discussed. The results demonstrate their adequacy in terms of design and performance. Moreover, non-linear numerical simulations clearly show that these joints can be deemed adequate for moment resisting frames of medium ductility class characterised by a behaviour factor of about 4.     

Seismic reliability assessment of a two-story steel-concrete composite frame designed according to Eurocode 8

Recent earthquakes have shown that some buildings designed primarily for life safety according to the seismic provisions of current building codes could be subjected to severe damage to structural and non-structural elements and building contents. In order to overcome this drawback, the scientific community is developing more accurate methodologies to assess seismic performances of structures. In this framework, the present paper aims at the evaluation of mean annual frequency (MAF) of exceeding a limit state (limit value of interstory drift ranging from 0.002 to 0.05) following the probabilistic approach introduced by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center adopting (PEER) the application procedure suggested by Jalayer and Cornell. Reference is made to a single two-story steel-concrete composite frame, designed according to Eurocode 8 and tested in real scale at the ELSA Laboratory of Ispra. The reason for investigating this frame is related to the availability of results both of pseudo-dynamic tests performed on 3D steel-concrete composite frame and of monotonic and cyclic tests performed on internal and external beam-to-column joint sub-assemblages belonging to the building. As a consequence, it has been possible to assess the seismic reliability of a 3D steel-concrete composite building, designed according to Eurocode 8, taking into account both randomness and uncertainty.     

半刚性连接梁柱组合节点低周反复荷载试验研究

为研究半刚性连接梁柱组合节点的抗震性能,开展了1个纯钢框架梁柱中节点、2个组合框架梁柱中节点的低周反复荷载试验。梁柱采用平齐式高强螺栓端板连接,试验采用柱顶加载模式。对试件的试验现象、变形、应变和耗能能力等进行了分析和比较。试验结果表明,组合节点相对于纯钢节点而言,由于负弯矩作用下钢筋的抗拉作用和正弯矩作用下混凝土板的抗压作用,其受弯承载力和转动刚度均有较大程度地提高;连接弯矩-转角关系的滞回曲线饱满、稳定,具有良好的耗能能力;平端板连接梁柱组合节点在反复荷载作用下具有较高的承载力和良好的延性,抗震性能良好。     

Seismic performance of CFST column to steel beam joint with RC slab: Experiments

The objective of this research is to investigate the seismic behaviour of the composite joint consisting of circular concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) column and steel beam with reinforced concrete (RC) slab. Six specimens, including four interior and two exterior joints, were tested under constant axially compressive load on the top of the columns and cyclic loads at the ends of the beams. The main experimental parameters were the type of the joint, the axial load level on the CFST column and the section configuration of the beam. Several indexes that could reflect the seismic behaviour of the composite joint, such as the ductility, the strength degradation, and the energy dissipation capacity were analyzed. It was found that the composite joints exhibited favorable seismic performance.     

Seismic-induced fire resistance of composite welded beam-to-column joints with concrete-filled tubes

Major earthquakes in urban areas have often been followed by significant fires that cause extensive damage to property. Therefore, a seismic-induced fire is a scenario that should be addressed properly in performance-based engineering. In this paper, numerical and experimental results of welded steel-concrete composite full-strength beam-to-column joints under post-earthquake fires are described. This was part of a European project aimed at developing fundamental data and prequalification design guidelines of ductile and fire-resistant composite beam-to-column joints with concrete-filled tubes. In detail, seismic and fire analyses were used to design moment-resisting frames endowed with the proposed joint typology. A total of six specimens were designed and subjected to both monotonic and cyclic lateral loads. The specimens were subassemblages of beam-to-column joints, and performed well. Since the scope of the project was to promote joint typologies able to survive a seismic-induced fire, some specimens were pre-damaged before being subjected to fire loadings by imposing monotonic loads equivalent to damage levels induced by seismic loadings. Thus, after fire testing, valuable information about the performance of the proposed joint typology was obtained, and the adequacy of the concurrent seismic and fire design was demonstrated.     

胶合木-混凝土组合梁与木柱组合体抗震性能试验研究

木-混凝土组合楼盖已经得到了广泛的应用,但在木结构节点设计中一般均忽略混凝土楼板对节点受力性能的影响。为研究混凝土楼板的组合作用和混凝土板内纵向钢筋配筋率对胶合木-混凝土组合节点抗震性能的影响,对3个胶合木-混凝土组合梁与木柱组合体和1个胶合木梁柱组合体试件进行了低周反复加载试验,研究了试件变形特征与破坏模式、荷载-位移滞回曲线、骨架曲线及组合梁界面相对滑移等的变化规律,探讨了试件承载力、刚度退化及耗能能力等抗震性能指标,并对比分析了纯木与带有混凝土楼板的试件的抗震性能。研究结果表明,胶合木梁与混凝土板的组合作用能显著提高试件的承载力和耗能能力等,且混凝土板对节点的约束作用可以有效抑制其刚度退化;在一定范围内,混凝土板配筋率越大,其对节点的约束作用越大,对刚度退化的抑制作用也越强,从而可有效提高试件的抗震性能。     

采用纤维梁单元分析钢-混凝土组合结构地震反应的应用

将用于钢-混凝土组合结构地震反应分析的纤维梁单元应用于各种类型构件的非线性分析中,包括普通钢筋混凝土构件（钢筋混凝土梁、钢筋混凝土柱和钢筋混凝土受弯剪力墙）、钢-混凝土组合梁构件（承受正、负弯矩的简支组合梁、连续组合梁和往复荷载作用下的组合梁）以及钢管混凝土构件（圆形、方形以及矩形轴心受压短柱构件、纯弯构件、压弯构件和往复荷载作用下的压弯构件）,数值模拟结果和试验结果均吻合良好,证明了该模型具有良好的精度以及广泛的适用性。通过对关键截面关键纤维的应力-应变发展过程进行分析,对这些构件的内在受力机理和破坏规律进行了深入的讨论。经过验证可知,开发的纤维梁单元不仅能充分兼顾准确性、通用性以及高效性,同时还具备求解速度快、数值稳定性好以及前后处理强大方便的特点,为组合结构体系的地震反应分析提供了可靠的手段。     

Behaviour of single-sided composite joints at room temperature and in case of fire after an earthquake

In 2003, a European research program entitled “PRECIOUS-Prefabricated composite beam-to-concrete filled tube or partially reinforced-concrete-encased column connections for severe seismic and fire loadings” and funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) was initiated for three years (Bursi et al., 2008). The objective of this project was to develop fundamental data, design guidelines and prequalification tools for two types of composite beam-to-column joints able to ensure a suitable behaviour during an earthquake and its eventual subsequent fire. At the University of Liege, as part of this project, analytical and numerical investigations were conducted mainly on single-sided beam-to-column composite joints at room and at elevated temperatures. The present paper summarizes the activities developed within this project and presents the main achievements.     

Behaviour of flush end plate joints to concrete-filled steel tubular columns

This paper presents the results of an experimental program for bolted moment connection joints of circular or square concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, and H-shaped steel beams using high-strength blind bolts. In order to investigate the static performance and failure modes of the blind bolted connection, an experimental program was conducted involving four sub-assemblages of cruciform beam-to-column joints subjected to monotonic loading. Moment-rotation relationships of the tested connections were obtained and their performance was evaluated in terms of their stiffness, moment capacities and ductility. The test parameters varied were the column section type and the thickness of the end plate. The results showed that the proposed blind bolted connection, which behaves in a semi-rigid and partial strength manner according to the EC3 specification, displays reasonable strength and stiffness. The rotation capacity of this type of connection to square or circular CFST columns exceeds 70 mrad and this satisfies the ductility requirements for earthquake-resistance in most aseismic regions. The blind bolted connection is shown to be a reliable and effective solution for moment-resisting composite frame structures.     

钢管混凝土柱与钢梁组合节点的抗震试验

研究了由带钢筋混凝土板的钢管混凝土柱与钢梁组成的组合节点的抗震性能。进行了4个内部节点和2个外部节点的试验,柱顶承受恒定轴力,梁端承受循环荷载。主要参数有:节点形式,柱顶轴力大小及梁截面构造形式。对能反映组合节点韧性、强度退化、耗能能力等抗震性能的几个指标进行分析,结果证明组合节点的抗震性能非常好。     

青岛万邦中心型钢混凝土柱-钢梁-钢斜撑节点抗震性能试验研究

青岛万邦中心1#楼高度232.4m,采用钢-混凝土混合结构,体系为混合斜撑框架-核心筒结构。其中,型钢混凝土柱-钢梁-钢斜撑节点为本工程典型节点,受力复杂,对两个1∶4缩尺节点模型进行了试验研究。结果表明,节点核心区在低周往复试验下基本完好,未发生明显剪切破坏;通过对节点的承载力、延性、耗能能力、变形能力的分析评估表明,节点具有良好的承载能力、延性、耗能能力。     

不同方式连接下钢柱-一体式预制混凝土墙组合构件抗震性能试验研究

钢框架与内部混凝土墙形成的组合构件具有优越的抗震性能。为进一步分析钢柱-一体式预制混凝土墙不同方式连接（梁柱刚接与柱边焊接、梁柱刚接与柱边不焊、梁柱铰接与柱边焊接、梁柱铰接与柱边不焊）时的抗震性能,分别对4个不同连接形式的钢柱-一体式预制混凝土墙的1/2缩尺模型进行了低周往复加载试验。得到了该类构件的滞回曲线及骨架曲线,并通过分析各构件的试验现象、承载力、刚度、耗能能力、延性及应变和变形,得出了不同连接形式对该类构件抗震性能及受力机理的影响。试验结果表明：钢柱 一体式预制混凝土墙体呈现三道防线特征,其中混凝土墙板为第一道防线,内斜撑为第二道防线,边框为第三道防线。柱边焊接对构件的承载力、刚度及边框与内墙组合作用的影响最为明显;内支撑对构件的刚度贡献最为显著且对边框与内部墙板组合作用的发挥具有关键作用。节点铰接且柱边不焊的构件位移延性系数可达2.83,可按1/20作为其弹塑性最大层间位移角限值,其他连接方式的构件位移延性系数在1.22～1.53之间,建议按1/100作为其弹塑性层间位移角限值。按位移控制进行设计的结构推荐采用节点铰接且柱边不焊的构件,而按承载力控制进行设计的结构推荐采用节点刚接且柱边焊接的构件。     

外包钢—混凝土组合梁与钢筋混凝土柱节点的非线性分析

U形外包钢—混凝土组合梁是一种新型组合梁,在负弯矩作用下具有良好的工作性能,其与柱连接节点的构造还有待合理设计。在试验的基础上,通过ANSYS软件建立了两个不同构造形式的外包钢—混凝土组合梁与钢筋混凝土柱节点的有限元模型,并根据试验的情况对模型施加边界条件与荷载。将ANSYS计算出的两个节点的承载力、滞回曲线、延性和耗能等抗震性能与试验结果进行对比。结果表明,两者吻合较好,但存在一定的误差。     

新型组合结构梁柱节点滞回性能试验研究

为研究新型组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点的抗震性能,开展了新型组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究,对这种类型节点的滞回性能进行了研究,在实验研究的基础上,提出了新型组合梁与钢管混凝土柱连接节点的三折线恢复力模型,结果表明,试件具有良好的耗能能力,建立的恢复力模型骨架曲线与试验值接近。     

Structural assessment of minor axis steel joints using photoelasticity and finite elements

Traditionally, the steel portal frame design assumes that beam-to-column joints are rigid or pinned. However, it is largely recognized that the great majority of joints do not exhibit such idealized behaviour transmitting bending moments with non-negligible rotations. These joints are called semi-rigid and their design should be performed according to their actual structural behaviour. When minor axis beam-to-column joints are considered, the adopted design process generally assumes a flexible response although this is not true for the great majority of structural joints. Minor axis joints present a distinct behaviour that differentiates them from major axis joints. In fact, the absence of transverse stiffeners implies that the column web must resist all the tensile and compressive forces arising from the beam flanges in bending, akin to a plate supported on its vertical sides. In order to evaluate this component’s behaviour, this paper presents a comparison between results obtained from a finite element model analysis and experiments. The experimental programme was based on the use of reflection photoelasticity techniques to determine the column web stress and strain distribution present in minor axis semi-rigid joints. This technique, although widely used for determining stress and strain distributions in other applications, was first used in this investigation to determine the semi-rigid joints structural response.     

钢—混凝土组合节点在正弯矩作用下的试验研究

针对钢—混凝土组合柱组合节点在正弯矩下受力性能进行了试验研究,并探讨了混凝土组合柱对组合节点受力性能的影响。试验结果表明：组合节点在正弯矩作用下,受拉部件主要为中和轴下面的螺栓,受压部件主要为混凝土板。其他条件相同时,柱翼缘内填充混凝土的组合节点,在节点延性略有减小的同时,初始强度得到提高。