High strength circular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns, Part II: Fundamental behavior

There is relatively little experimental and numerical research on the fundamental behavior of high strength circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns. In a companion paper, a new numerical model for predicting the nonlinear inelastic behavior of high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns under axial load and bending was presented. The numerical model developed accounts for confinement effects on the strength and ductility of the concrete core and on circular steel tubes as well as initial geometric imperfections of beam-columns. This paper presents the verification of the numerical model and extensive parametric studies on the fundamental behavior of high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns. The ultimate strengths and axial load-deflection responses of circular CFST slender beam-columns under eccentric loading predicted by the numerical model are verified by corresponding experimental results. The computer program implementing the numerical model is used to investigate the fundamental behavior of high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns in terms of load-deflection responses, ultimate strengths, axial load-moment interaction diagrams, and strength increase due to concrete confinement. Parameters examined include column slenderness ratio, eccentricity ratio, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths, steel ratio and concrete confinement. It is demonstrated that the numerical model developed is an efficient computer simulation and design tool for high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns. Benchmark numerical results presented in this paper are valuable in the development of composite design codes for high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns.     

偏心荷载下钢管混凝土圆形短柱的非线性分析

提出了一个有效的理论模型,用于钢管混凝土圆形短柱在偏心荷载作用下的非线性弹塑性分析。理论模型中考虑了普通或高强钢管中填充的普通和高强混凝土的精确材料构成关系,用于计算混凝土强度和延性升高时对约束效应的影响。将偏心荷载下对钢管混凝土圆柱预测的极限抗弯强度和完整的弯矩-曲率曲线,与现有的试验数据进行对比以验证理论模型的准确性。利用经过验证的理论模型对圆形钢管混凝土梁柱的基本性能包括径厚比、混凝土抗压强度、钢筋屈服强度、轴向荷载水平和截面形状进行了研究。基于大量的数值研究,针对圆形钢管混凝土梁柱提出了一个用于确定极限纯弯强度的设计模型。理论模型和公式可以对偏心荷载下圆形钢管混凝土梁柱的非线性弹塑性性能进行有效的模拟和设计。     

Nonlinear analysis of circular concrete-filled steel tubular short columns under axial loading

The confinement effect provided by the steel tube in a circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) short column remarkably increases the strength and ductility of the concrete core. The reliable prediction using nonlinear analysis methods for circular CFST columns relies on the use of accurate models for confined concrete. In this paper, accurate constitutive models for normal and high strength concrete confined by either normal or high strength circular steel tubes are proposed. A generic fiber element model that incorporates the proposed constitutive models of confined concrete is created for simulating the nonlinear inelastic behavior of circular CFST short columns under axial loading. The generic fiber element model developed is verified by comparisons of computational results with existing experimental data. Extensive parametric studies are conducted to examine the accuracy of various confining pressure models and the effects of the tube diameter-to-thickness ratio, concrete compressive strengths and steel yield strengths on the fundamental behavior of circular CFST columns. A new design formula accounting for concrete confinement effects is also proposed for circular CFST columns. It is demonstrated that the generic fiber element model and design formula adequately predict the ultimate strength and behavior of axially loaded circular CFST columns and can be used in the design of normal and high strength circular CFST columns.     

High strength circular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns, Part I: Numerical analysis

High strength circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns are frequently used in high-rise composite buildings because they possess higher strength and stiffness than normal strength ones. Most nonlinear inelastic methods of analysis for circular CFST slender beam-columns have not considered the effects of high strength materials and concrete confinement that significantly increases the strength and ductility of the concrete core. As a result, these methods produce computational solutions that deviate considerably from experimental results. This paper presents a new numerical model for predicting the nonlinear inelastic behavior of high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns under axial load and bending. The numerical model developed not only accounts for confinement effects on the concrete core and circular steel tubes but also incorporates initial geometric imperfections of beam-columns. Axial load-moment-curvature relationships obtained from the fiber element analysis of column cross-sections are utilized to determine the equilibrium states in the inelastic stability analysis of slender beam-columns. Computational algorithms are developed for determining the axial load-deflection and axial load-moment interaction curves for slender beam-columns. The numerical model is implemented in a computer program, which is shown to be an efficient and accurate simulation tool that can be used to investigate the fundamental behavior of high strength circular CFST slender beam-columns. The verification and applications of the numerical model are given in a companion paper.     

高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件(1):数值分析

由于具有比普通构件强度高、刚度大等特点,高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件被广泛用于高层建筑中。然而,针对此类构件的大多数非线性分析方法都没有考虑高强材料属性和混凝土约束的影响,这很大程度上高估了核心混凝土的强度和韧性。因此,这些方法的求解结果与试验结果相差很大。针对高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件的非线性性能,提出新的数值模型。该模型不仅考虑了混凝土约束对核心混凝土和钢管的影响,还考虑了压弯构件的初始几何缺陷。根据通过有限元分析求得的轴力-弯矩曲线,确定压弯构件非线性稳定分析中的平衡状态。为确定轴力-变形及轴力-弯矩曲线,提出了计算准则。在计算机程序中应用该数值模型,可研究高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件的基本性能。在后续文章中,将验证该模型的正确性,并应用此模型。     

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part II: Behavior

Experimental and numerical research on full-scale high strength thin-walled rectangular steel slender tubes filled with high strength concrete has not been reported in the literature. In a companion paper, a new numerical model was presented that simulates the nonlinear inelastic behavior of uniaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. The progressive local and post-local buckling of thin steel tube walls under stress gradients was incorporated in the numerical model. This paper presents the verification of the numerical model developed and its applications to the investigation into the fundamental behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. Experimental ultimate strengths and load-deflection responses of CFST slender beam-columns tested by independent researchers are used to verify the accuracy of the numerical model. The verified numerical model is then utilized to investigate the effects of local buckling, column slenderness ratio, depth-to-thickness ratio, loading eccentricity ratio, concrete compressive strengths and steel yield strengths on the behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. It is demonstrated that the numerical model is accurate and efficient for determining the behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. Numerical results presented in this study are useful for the development of composite design codes for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns.     

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part I: Modeling

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns under eccentric loading may undergo local and overall buckling. The modeling of the interaction between local and overall buckling is highly complicated. There is relatively little numerical study on the interaction buckling of high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns. This paper presents a new numerical model for simulating the nonlinear inelastic behavior of uniaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. The cross-section strengths of CFST beam-columns are modeled using the fiber element method. The progressive local and post-local buckling of thin steel tube walls under stress gradients is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. New efficient Müller's method algorithms are developed to iterate the neutral axis depth in the cross-sectional analysis and to adjust the curvature at the columns ends in the axial load–moment interaction strength analysis of a slender beam-column to satisfy equilibrium conditions. Analysis procedures for determining the load–deflection and axial load–moment interaction curves for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns incorporating progressive local bucking and initial geometric imperfections are presented. The new numerical model developed is shown to be efficient for predicting axial load–deflection and axial load–moment interaction curves for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns. The verification of the numerical model and parametric studies is given in a companion paper.     

Nonlinear analysis of short concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending

This paper presents a nonlinear fiber element analysis method for determining the axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for short concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Nonlinear constitutive models for confined concrete and structural steel are considered in the fiber element analysis. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a composite section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The accuracy of the fiber element analysis program is verified by comparisons of fiber analysis results with experimental data and existing solutions. The fiber element analysis program developed is employed to study the effects of steel ratios, concrete compressive strengths and steel yield strengths on axial load-moment interaction diagrams and the C-ratio of CFST beam-columns. The proposed fiber element analysis technique is shown to be efficient and accurate and can be used directly in the design of CFST beam-columns and implemented in advanced analysis programs for the nonlinear analysis of composite columns and frames.     

Strength and ductility of high strength concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns

The ultimate strength and ductility of high strength thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects, are investigated in this paper, using a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique. The PBA technique accounts for the effects of geometric imperfections, residual stresses, strain hardening, local buckling and concrete confinement on the behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST beam-columns. The accuracy of the PBA technique is further examined by comparisons with experimental results. The PBA program is employed to study the effects of depth-to-thickness ratio, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths and axial load levels on the stiffness, strength and ductility of high strength thin-walled CFST beam-columns under combined axial load and biaxial bending. The results obtained indicate that increasing the depth-to-thickness ratio and axial load levels significantly reduces the stiffness, strength and ductility of CFST beam-columns. Increasing concrete compressive strengths increases the stiffness and strength, but reduces the axial ductility and section performance of CFST beam-columns. Moreover, the steel yield strength has a significant effect on the section and strength performance of CFST beam-columns but does not have a significant effect on their axial and curvature ductility.     

Biaxially loaded high-strength concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part I: Multiscale simulation

The steel tube walls of a biaxially loaded thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-column may be subjected to compressive stress gradients. Local buckling of the steel tube walls under stress gradients, which significantly reduces the stiffness and strength of a CFST beam-column, needs to be considered in the inelastic analysis of the slender beam-column. Existing numerical models that do not consider local buckling effects may overestimate the ultimate strengths of thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns under biaxial loads. This paper presents a new multiscale numerical model for simulating the structural performance of biaxially loaded high-strength rectangular CFST slender beam-columns accounting for progressive local buckling, initial geometric imperfections, high strength materials and second order effects. The inelastic behavior of column cross-sections is modeled at the mesoscale level using the accurate fiber element method. Macroscale models are developed to simulate the load-deflection responses and strength envelopes of thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. New computational algorithms based on the Müller's method are developed to iteratively adjust the depth and orientation of the neutral axis and the curvature at the column's ends to obtain nonlinear solutions. Steel and concrete contribution ratios and strength reduction factor are proposed for evaluating the performance of CFST slender beam-columns. Computational algorithms developed are shown to be an accurate and efficient computer simulation and design tool for biaxially loaded high-strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. The verification of the multiscale numerical model and parametric study are presented in a companion paper.     

高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件(2):基本性能

目前,有关高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件基本性能的试验及数值研究相对较少。在之前文章中,已经提出评估此类压弯构件非线性性能的数值模型,考虑约束和初始几何缺陷对核心混凝土强度和韧性及钢管的影响。验证该模型的正确性,并进行压弯构件基本性能的参数化研究。通过相应的试验结果,验证根据此模型求得的偏心荷载作用下极限承载力和轴力-变形性能的正确性。在计算机程序中应用该模型,研究高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件的基本性能,如:荷载-位移曲线,极限承载力,轴力-弯矩曲线及由混凝土约束引起的强度增量。参数包括:构件长细比,偏心率,混凝土抗压强度,钢材屈服强度,钢材百分比,混凝土约束条件等。结果表明:提出的数值模型能有效模拟和设计高强圆钢管混凝土压弯构件。本基准数值结果对完善组合结构设计规范中有关高强混凝土压弯构件的规定很有意义。     

In-plane strength of concrete-filled steel tubular circular arches

More than 400 concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridges have been constructed worldwide so far. However, design codes or guidance for the in-plane strength design of CFST arches are yet to be developed. In current design practice, the philosophy for the in-plane strength design of reinforced and prestressed concrete arches is widely adopted for CFST arches. For this, the CFST arches are considered under central or eccentric axial compression and are treated similarly to CFST columns, and the classical buckling load of CFST columns is used as the reference elastic buckling load of CFST arches. However, under transverse loading, the in-plane elastic buckling behaviour of CFST arches, particularly shallow CFST arches, is very different from that of CFST columns under axial compression. In addition, different from CFST columns under central or eccentric axial compression, CFST arches are subjected to significant nonlinear bending actions and transverse deformations prior to buckling and these will influence the strength of CFST arches greatly. Therefore, it is doubtful if the current method for in-plane strength design of CFST arches can provide correct strength predictions. In this paper, a method for the in-plane strength design of CFST circular arches, which is consistent with the current major design codes for steel structures, is developed by considering both geometric and material nonlinearities. A design equation for the in-plane strength capacity of CFST arches under uniform compression, and a lower-bound design equation for the in-plane strength check of CFST arches under combined actions of bending and compression are proposed.     

钢管混凝土圆拱的面内承载力分析

迄今为止,全世界已有400多座钢管混凝土拱桥。然而,有关钢管混凝土拱面内承载力的设计规范仍没有。目前,钢管混凝土拱的设计广泛采用钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土拱的面内承载力设计方法。这样钢管混凝土拱可认为受轴压或偏压作用,相当于钢管混凝土柱。将钢管混凝土柱的经典屈曲荷载作为钢管混凝土拱的参考弹性屈曲荷载。然而,在横向荷载作用下,钢管混凝土拱的面内弹性屈曲性能与轴压下的钢管混凝土柱完全不同,尤其是对于薄壁钢管混凝土拱。另外,与轴压或偏压下钢管混凝土柱不同,钢管混凝土拱在屈曲之前就发生非线性弯曲和横向变形,这严重影响钢管混凝土拱的承载力。因此,钢管混凝土面内承载力的设计方法是否正确值得商榷。提出与现有钢结构设计规范基本一致的钢管混凝土圆拱承载力设计方法,并同时考虑了几何非线性和材料非线性的影响。提出均匀轴压下钢管混凝土拱的面内承载力设计方程,及弯矩和轴压共同作用下钢管混凝土拱面内承载力验算的下限设计方程。     

Behavior of biaxially-loaded rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns with preload effects

In composite construction, rectangular hollow steel tubular slender beam-columns are subjected to preloads arising from construction loads and permanent loads of the upper floors before infilling of the wet concrete. The behavior of biaxially loaded thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns with preloads on the steel tubes has not been studied experimentally and numerically. In this paper, a fiber element model developed for CFST slender beam-columns with preload effects is briefly described and verified by existing experimental results of uniaxially loaded CFST columns with preload effects. The fiber element model is used to investigate the behavior of biaxially loaded rectangular CFST slender beam-columns accounting for the effects of preloads and local buckling. Parameters examined include local buckling, preload ratio, loading angle, depth-to-thickness ratio, column slenderness, loading eccentricity and steel yield strength. The results obtained indicate that the preloads on the steel tubes significantly reduce the stiffness and strength of CFST slender beam-columns with a maximum strength reduction of more than 15.8%. Based on the parametric studies, a design model is proposed for axially loaded rectangular CFST columns with preload effects. The fiber element and design models proposed allow for the structural designer to efficiently analyze and design CFST slender beam-columns subjected to preloads from the upper floors of a high-rise composite building during construction.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns, Part I: Theory and algorithms

This paper presents a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique based on fiber element formulations for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects. Geometric imperfections, residual stresses and strain hardening of steel tubes and confined concrete models are considered in the PBA technique. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local buckling of a thin-walled steel tube filled with concrete is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. Performance indices are proposed to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a thin-walled CFST beam-column section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The analysis algorithms for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and uni- and biaxial bending are presented. The PBA program can efficiently generate axial load-strain curves, moment-curvature curves and axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under biaxial loads. The proposed PBA technique allows the designer to analyze and design thin-walled CFST beam-columns made of compact or non-compact steel tubes with any strength grades and normal and high-strength concrete. The verification and applications of the PBA program are given in a companion paper.     

Local buckling of steel plates in concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular beam-columns

The availability of high strength steels and concrete leads to the use of thin steel plates in concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns. However, the use of thin steel plates in composite beam-columns gives a rise to local buckling that would appreciably reduce the strength and ductility performance of the members. This paper studies the critical local and post-local buckling behavior of steel plates in concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular beam-columns by using the finite element analysis method. Geometric and material nonlinear analyses are performed to investigate the critical local and post-local buckling strengths of steel plates under compression and in-plane bending. Initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses presented in steel plates, material yielding and strain hardening are taken into account in the nonlinear analysis. Based on the results obtained from the nonlinear finite element analyses, a set of design formulas are proposed for determining the critical local buckling and ultimate strengths of steel plates in concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns. In addition, effective width formulas are developed for the ultimate strength design of clamped steel plates under non-uniform compression. The accuracy of the proposed design formulas is established by comparisons with available solutions. The proposed design formulas can be used directly in the design of composite beam-columns and adopted in the advanced analysis of concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular beam-columns to account for local buckling effects.     

长期荷载作用下带脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱的受力性能研究

为研究长期荷载作用对带脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱受力性能的影响,以脱空类型、脱空率和长期荷载比为主要参数,对长期荷载作用下带脱空缺陷钢管混凝土短柱的变形特性和承载力进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：在长期荷载作用下,与普通无脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱类似,脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱徐变系数终值的上限值为0.9;长期荷载比大的脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱较长期荷载比小的脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱的承载力略大。采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对考虑长期荷载作用影响时脱空构件的受力性能进行分析,有限元计算结果和试验结果吻合良好。利用验证过的有限元模型,系统地分析了长细比、含钢率、钢管屈服强度、混凝土强度、长期荷载比、脱空率和荷载偏心率等参数对长期荷载作用下带脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱的承载力影响规律。结果表明,混凝土脱空缺陷对考虑长期荷载作用的承载力影响系数的不利影响小于1.5%;现有的考虑长期荷载影响的普通钢管混凝土柱的设计方法可用于预测带脱空缺陷钢管混凝土柱的承载力。     

大长细比钢管混凝土轴心受压柱承载力的试验研究

进行了12个钢管混凝土和4个空铜管轴心受压构件的试验研究．研究结果表明,由于填充了混凝土,可以有效地延缓钢管的局部屈曲,从而使钢管混凝土长柱具有较高的承载力．通过试验结果表明,对于长细比为130～155的钢管混凝土柱,《钢-混凝土组合结构设计规程》（DL5058／T）中有关承载力计算公式的计算结果与实测结果相比偏于保守,浇灌混凝土以后,钢管混凝土构件的承载力较空钢管可提高30％左右．     

Behaviour of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns under eccentric partial compression

This paper investigates the behaviour of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns subjected to eccentric partial compression. Twenty-eight specimens were tested and presented. The main parameters in test program include: (1) section type: circular, square and rectangular; (2) load eccentricity ratio (including uniaxial and biaxial loading): from 0 to 0.4; and (3) shape of the loading bearing plate (BP): circular, square, strip and rectangular. The test results indicated that, similar to the corresponding fully loaded CFST stub columns under eccentric loading, CFST stub columns under eccentric partial compression have generally reasonable bearing capacity and favorable ductility. A finite element analysis (FEA) model for CFST stub columns under eccentric partial compression is developed and the predicted performances are validated through measured results. The FEA model is then used to investigate the mechanisms of such composite columns further.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam–columns,Part II: Verification and applications

The theory and algorithms of a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam–columns with local buckling effects were presented in a companion paper. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas for steel plates are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. Performance indices are used in the PBA program to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam–columns. This paper presents the verification and applications of the PBA program developed. The axial load–strain curves, ultimate axial loads and moment–curvature curves for thin-walled CFST columns predicted by the PBA program are verified by experimental data. The PBA program is then utilized to investigate the effects of local buckling, depth-to-thickness ratio, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths and axial load levels on the stiffness, strength and ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam–columns under axial load and biaxial bending. The PBA technique developed is shown to be efficient and accurate and can be used directly in the performance-based design of thin-walled CFST beam–columns and implemented in advanced analysis programs for composite columns and frames.