Lightweight steel–concrete–steel sandwich system with J-hook connectors

This paper investigates a new concept for designing composite structures comprising a lightweight concrete core sandwiched in between two steel plates which are interconnected by J-hook connectors. Specifically, lightweight concrete (density less than 1450 kg/m³) and novel J-hook connectors have been developed for this purpose. The hook connectors are capable of resisting tension and shear, and their uses are not restricted by the core thickness. Push-out tests confirms that the shear transfer capability of J-hook connector is superior to the conventional headed stud connector in achieving composite action between steel plate and concrete core. Twelve sandwich beam specimens have been tested to evaluate the flexural and shear performance subjected to static point load. Parameters investigated include degree of partial composite, concrete with and without fibres and concrete strength. Using Eurocodes as a basis of design, theoretical model is developed to predict the flexural and shear capacity considering partial composite and enable construction of sandwich structures with J-hook connectors. Compared with test results, the predicted capacity is generally conservative if brittle failure of connectors can be avoided. Test evidence also shows that inclusion of 1% volume fraction of fibres in the concrete core significantly increases the beam flexural capacity as well as its post-peak ductility.     

Steel-Concrete-Steel sandwich slabs with lightweight core — Static performance

This paper investigates the static performance of Steel-Concrete-Steel (SCS) sandwich slabs which consist of an ultra-lightweight concrete core sandwiched between two steel plates. Special J-hook connectors have been developed to develop composite action between the concrete core and the two steel plates. The core is made of lightweight concrete of density less than 1450 kg/m³. Laboratory tests were carried out on eight SCS sandwich slabs under centrally applied patch load. Test results showed that the mode of failure and crack pattern of SCS sandwich slabs were very similar to those of reinforced concrete slabs especially when the concrete core and steel plates act in a fully composite manner. Flexural and punching are the primary modes of failure. After flexural yielding, membrane action developed in the slab due to the effectiveness of J-hook connectors in maintaining composite action which further increases its load carrying capacity after flexural yielding. Theoretical models are proposed to predict the flexural and punching resistance and a good correlation with test results is obtained. A large deflection analysis considering plate membrane action is also proposed to predict the force deflection relation of SCS sandwich slabs.     

Analysis and design of steel-concrete composite sandwich systems subjected to extreme loads

This paper presents the design guide based on analytical, numerical and experimental investigation of Steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich structural members comprising a lightweight concrete core with density ranged from 1300 to 1445 kg/m³ subjected to static, impact and blast loads. The performance of lightweight sandwich members is also compared with similar members with normal weight concrete core and ultra high strength concrete core (f _c = 180 MPa). Novel J-hook shear connectors were invented to prevent the separation of face plates from the concrete core under extreme loads and their uses are not restricted by the concrete core thickness. Flexural and punching are the primary modes of failure under static point load. Impact test results show that the SCS sandwich panels with the J-hook connectors are capable of resisting impact load with less damage in comparison than equivalent stiffened steel plate panels. Blast tests with 100 kg TNT were performed on SCS sandwich specimens to investigate the key parameters that affect the blast resistance of SCS sandwich structure. Plastic yield line method is proposed to predict the plastic capacity and post peak large deflection of the sandwich plates. Finally, an energy balanced model is developed to analyze the global behavior of SCS sandwich panels subjected to dynamic load.     

Impact tests on steel–concrete–steel sandwich beams with lightweight concrete core

This paper studies the impact performance of Steel–Concrete–Steel (SCS) sandwich beams consisting of a lightweight concrete core sandwiched between two face plates that are connected by J-hook connectors. Impact tests were carried out by dropping free weights on to sandwich beams to investigate their structural response against impact loads. Test results revealed that the proposed J-hook connectors provide an effective means to interlock the top and bottom steel face plates, preventing them from separation during impact. The use of fibres in concrete core and J-hook connectors for composite action enhances the overall structural integrity of the sandwich beams when compared with those without such enhancement. An elastic–plastic analysis method is developed to predict the force-indentation relationship of sandwich sections subjected to local impact. Dynamic analysis based on the local force-indentation relationship is carried out to predict the impact force and global response behavior of the sandwich beams. The predicted results are compared with those obtained from the tests to validate their accuracy so that they can be used to evaluate the performance of sandwich beams under low velocity hard impact.     

Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures subjected to extreme loads

This paper summarizes the latest research and development work on steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich composite structures for the use as Arctic offshore platform, and to resist impact and blast loads. Current development of ultra-lightweight cement composite (ULCC) and a floatable structural cement composite (FSCC) to be used as infilled materials for SCS sandwich structure are presented. This paper aims to advance the application of SCS sandwich composite with the use of steel plate and lightweight concrete materials. A series of tests on lightweight SCS sandwich panels with shear connectors has been carried out. The superior performance of SCS sandwich panel is demonstrated. The results show that SCS sandwich with novel J-hook connectors is effective in preventing plate separation from concrete core, maintaining the structural integrity.     

Experiment study on fatigue performance of perforated shear connectors

In order to investigate the fatigue behavior of perforated shear connection in steel-concrete composite bridges, 24 connection specimens with different geometric configurations were subjected to static and fatigue testing protocols. Using the design shear resistance of perforated shear connectors obtained from static push-out tests as a reference load level, numbers of fatigue cycles under different cyclic load levels were determined. Accumulated relative slip between steel and concrete components was used to characterize and track fatigue damage accumulation. The relationship between cycle numbers and accumulated relative slip between steel and concrete was established. Test results revealed that the fatigue damage of perforated shear connectors can be divided into three stages, and fatigue life of perforated shear connectors can be evaluated by the accumulated slip, which depends on the maximum shear stress and stress range.     

装配式建筑预制轻质保温墙体系统设计与性能研究

以轻骨料混凝土技术为基础,开展装配式建筑预制轻质保温墙体系统设计,并对保温墙体系统性能进行了综合测试分析。研究结果表明:与相同强度等级的普通混凝土相比,轻骨料混凝土保温墙体的防水性能不及普通混凝土,其与FRP拉接件的抗拉拔承载力和抗剪承载力分别降低了12%和13%,系统自重减轻了23%;设计了由轻骨料混凝土内叶墙板100 mm、XPS保温板40 mm、轻骨料混凝土外叶墙板55 mm和面砖饰面层组成的预制轻骨料混凝土夹心保温外挂墙板系统,可满足65%的建筑节能设计要求和防水要求。     

Fatigue performance and stiffness variation of stud connectors in steel–concrete–steel sandwich systems

In this study, a series of fatigue tests on six nominally identical push-shear specimens is conducted. The test specimens were subjected to an initial quasi-static test, up to a predefined maximum load, followed by a fatigue test to failure. For all the fatigue tests the mean applied load was the same while the load range varied to induce fatigue failure. The push-shear fatigue tests indicated that stiffness of the shear connections is gradually decreased during the test. Overall, the test results revealed that the lifetime of steel–concrete–steel sandwich systems under cycling loads could be predicted beforehand through the evaluation of the stiffness reduction in shear connections.     

混凝土双轴抗压疲劳累积损伤规律试验研究

本文在对混凝土立方体试件进行定侧压下双轴等幅与变幅抗压疲劳试验的基础上,研究了素混凝土双轴抗压疲劳累积损伤性能。通过对试验结果的分析,证明Miner准则不适于描述疲劳损伤的累积规律;CortenDolan损伤公式可以用于混凝土剩余疲劳寿命的预测。分别选择疲劳最大应变、疲劳残余应变、疲劳变形模量和横向超声波速定义了损伤,得到了不同的损伤累积规律;在综合了纵向变形、模量及横向微裂缝的发展程度的基础上提出了混凝土平均损伤变量,得到了损伤演化方程。本文还应用二级变幅疲劳试验结果修正了常用的损伤等效原理,大大提高了混凝土剩余疲劳寿命预测的精度。本文的研究为混凝土在定侧压下双轴抗压疲劳寿命的预测和损伤评价奠定了基础。     

Experimental and analytical study on fatigue behavior of composite truss joints

In order to fully understand the performance of composite joints in a truss bridge with double decks, fatigue tests of three composite joints with different connectors such as headed studs, concrete dowels and perforated plates under constant repeated loading were carried out, and the responses of displacement, strain distribution, crack development, relative slip between concrete and steel were observed after different loading cycles. The experimental results showed that the deflection increased almost linearly with applied load even after certain repeated loading cycles, but the stiffness reduced gradually with the repeated loading cycles. No serious damage occurred except tiny cracks at the steel–concrete interface caused by slip after 2 million repeated loading cycles, which means all three composite joints have good fatigue performance. Based on experimental works, three dimensional finite element models of composite joints were established. The results from finite element analysis were consistent with those from tests in terms of strength and stiffness. Finally, the fatigue details involving reinforcing bars, welding seams and shear connectors were evaluated according to related specifications. The presented overall investigation may provide reference for design and construction of composite joints in composite truss bridges.     

预制夹芯保温墙体连接件的研究现状

随着建筑产业现代化的发展,预制混凝土夹心保温墙体得到了一定的应用,其主要是由内外层混凝土墙板、保温层与连接件组成,连接件性能的优良直接对内外层混凝土墙板的组合效率产生重要影响。主要介绍了预制夹芯保温墙体中连接件的相关性能,总结了国内外有关保温墙中连接件性能的研究现状,并对连接件未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Structural behaviour of eccentrically loaded precast sandwich panels

Results of an experimental investigation to study the ultimate strength behaviour of precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) with steel truss shear connectors are reported. Six full-scale sandwich panels with variable slenderness ratio were cast and tested under eccentric loads. Deflection characteristics, variations of strains across the insulation layer, strains in shear connectors, crack appearance and propagation under increasing load were recorded and analysed. The role of the shear truss connectors in transferring load from the outer wythe (layer) to the inner and ensuring composite behaviour was also observed. Results obtained showed that all panels behaved in a fully composite manner under eccentric load till failure. The ultimate strength of the PCSPs was found to decrease non-linearly with the increase in the slenderness ratio. Because of the complex behaviour of PCSP due to its material non-linearity and the interaction between its various components, finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted. Comparison with test results indicated that the FEA closely estimate the wall strength and formulae based on reinforced concrete principles underestimate the wall strength.     

Aggregate interlock in lightweight concrete continuous deep beams

There are very few, if any, available experimental investigations on aggregate interlock capacity along diagonal cracks in lightweight concrete deep beams. As a result, the shear design provisions including the modification factor of ACI 318-08 and EC 2 for lightweight concrete continuous deep beams are generally developed and validated using normal weight simple deep beam specimens. This paper presents the testing of 12 continuous beams made of all-lightweight, sand-lightweight and normal weight concrete having maximum aggregate sizes of 4, 8, 13 and 19 mm. The load capacities of beams tested are compared with the predictions of strut-and-tie models recommended in ACI 318-08 and EC 2 provisions including the modification factor for lightweight concrete. The beam load capacity increased with the increase of maximum aggregate size, though the aggregate interlock contribution to the load capacity of lightweight concrete deep beams was less than that of normal weight concrete deep beams. It was also shown that the lightweight concrete modification factor in EC 2 is generally unconservative, while that in ACI 318-08 is conservative for all-lightweight concrete but turns to be unconservative for sand-lightweight concrete with a maximum aggregate size above 13 mm. The conservatism of the strut-and-tie models specified in ACI 318-08 and EC 2 decreased with the decrease of maximum aggregate size, and was less in lightweight concrete deep beams than in normal weight concrete deep beams.     

预应力混凝土结构在冻融循环条件下的疲劳性能研究

以预应力混凝土试件为研究对象,对不同冻融循环次数条件下的疲劳损伤特性进行分析。混凝土结构在经历一定冻融循环次数后,等效于先进行了一级疲劳加载,根据多级加载疲劳理论,以相对动弹性模量的衰减为参数建立多级疲劳损伤参量,引入冻融损伤因子kn来表征冻融损伤的影响,建立冻融循环条件下的混凝土结构疲劳损伤模型。该模型可考虑试件总体损伤程度。试验验证,模型计算损伤度值与试验值之间的误差在16%以内。     

波纹钢腹板组合箱梁桥力学性能研究现状及发展

波纹钢腹板组合箱梁桥以波纹钢代替普通混凝土作为腹板,可有效减轻桥梁自重,提高跨越能力,近几十年来得到广泛关注和深入研究。对国内外关于该组合结构的波纹钢腹板力学性能、整体静力学性能、动力学性能、疲劳性能及剪力连接件和转向块等方面的研究现状及成果进行总结、分析。指出:波纹钢腹板组合箱梁体外预应力筋的应力增量、组合箱梁几何参数对其力学性能影响的综合分析、剪力连接件几何参数对其力学性能的影响及剪力连接件在重复荷载下的力学行为规律等方面是需要进一步研究的课题。     

CS夹芯墙板的保温特性及应用

介绍了CS轻质保温夹芯墙板,通过与几种常见墙体的对比,分析了其保温节能方面的特性。结合CS墙板的工程应用情况,指出该墙板是一种符合国家节能标准的新型墙材。     

Experimental analysis of shear connection between steel and lightweight concrete

This work describes the experimental tests carried out at the University of Minho to evaluate the behaviour of shear connection between steel and lightweight concrete. Two types of shear connectors are studied in the experimental campaign. These are headed studs with 19 mm, 22 mm and 25 mm of shank diameter and Perfobond rib with circular openings. The standard push-out test, as defined in EN 1994-1-1, is chosen for this analysis. The connection behavior is analysed in terms of its load-slip relation and the failure modes are identified. Also, the load capacity, maximum slip, elastic slip and plastic slip are quantified. Some of the push-out tests performed try to isolate the components of the steel to concrete connection in order to evaluate each one’s contribution. All the results that allow the characterisation of the connection between steel and lightweight concrete are compared with the results obtained by other authors with similar specimens made of normal density concrete.     

Study of the flexural performance and a novel calculation formula for the degree of composite action for precast concrete sandwich panels

This study investigates the flexural performance and degree of composite action (DCA) of precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSPs) with four types of connectors. Five full-scale specimens were designed, and 4-point bending tests were performed. The specimens included four PCSPs utilizing glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) truss connectors, steel truss connectors, concrete rib connectors, and GFRP pin connectors, respectively, along with a solid panel (SP). The results indicated that the flexural performance and DCA provided by the four types of connectors followed an ascending order as follows: GFRP pin-type connectors, GFRP truss connectors, steel truss connectors, and concrete rib-type connectors. Moreover, the study presented a novel method for calculating DCA, namely, the neutral axis method, which was compared with the displacement and strain methods. The reasonableness and accuracy of the neutral axis method in calculating DCA during the linear elastic stage were verified. Results indicated that the neutral axis method provided more precise and reasonable DCA that closely matched the experimental results compared with the displacement and strain methods. Additionally, the neutral axis method was simpler to calculate DCA and had a broader range of applications. Finally, the study provided recommendations for the optimal application scenarios of each calculation method.     

装配式夹心剪力墙结构抗震性能研究

夹心剪力墙包含夹心段和暗柱,在装配式夹心剪力墙结构中只考虑暗柱区域的竖向连接。为了研究采用不同连接形式的装配式夹心剪力墙结构的抗震性能,设计了3种连接形式,即湿式连接、干式刚性连接和摩擦耗能连接,并对3种连接形式的装配式夹心剪力墙结构进行了拟静力试验。结果表明：采用湿式连接和干式刚性连接的结构抗震性能基本一致,两者都主要依靠底层的塑性变形耗散能量;夹心构造改变了传统低矮剪力墙容易发生剪切破坏的模式,该类剪力墙主要发生弯曲变形及破坏;在采用摩擦耗能连接的结构中,混凝土结构主体在加载结束时仍保持弹性工作状态,刚度和承载力均较采用刚性连接结构的低,累积耗能未降低,摩擦耗能连接件达到了耗散地震能量和保护混凝土结构主体免遭塑性破坏的目的,底层水平缝处的连接件依靠水平缝的开合位移耗散能量,竖缝处的连接件依靠竖缝两侧墙体的相互错动位移耗散能量;采用摩擦耗能连接的结构需要额外的预应力增大其自复位能力。另外,建立了数值分析模型,采用分层壳和桁架单元分别模拟夹心剪力墙和接缝处的连接件,模拟分析的滞回曲线和主应变分布与试验结果吻合较好,该数值分析模型可用于模拟装配式夹心剪力墙结构在地震作用下的响应。     

钢 超薄UHPC轻型组合桥面短钢筋连接件#br# 抗剪性能研究

为解决钢-超薄UHPC轻型组合桥面板由于UHPC层过薄而难以采用常规剪力连接件的问题,提出一种新型剪力连接件 短钢筋连接件。通过静力推出试验以及疲劳推出试验对短钢筋连接件的抗剪性能进行初步研究。静力推出试验结果表明：①该试验存在焊缝剪断和UHPC局部破坏(短钢筋拔出)两种破坏模式;②短钢筋连接件承载力随着焊缝长度增加而提高;③短钢筋连接件抗剪承载力高于栓钉,略低于钢筋网焊接件。疲劳推出试验结果表明：80MPa剪应力幅下,3个试件疲劳寿命分别为194.2、271.0、195.8万次,去掉最大值,剩余两者平均疲劳寿命为195万次,略低于规范相应的200万次。通过Miner-Palmgren线性累积损伤理论对不同应力幅下的疲劳次数转化,可得200万次疲劳下的剪应力幅为79.6MPa。仿真结果表明：在纵横向间距200mm×200mm布置方式下,两类疲劳细节(连接件位置与钢顶板位置)均能够满足抗剪疲劳设计要求。文章研究成果可为今后实桥应用提供理论依据。