质量师在型号项目管理中的作用

在型号项目的研制和生产过程中，质量师不但要加强设计和开发策划、批产前生产准备状态和关键工序等各项工作的监督与管理，而且要积极组织开展能够解决质量问题、质量评审等方面的工作；还要勇于创新，并持续学习相关技术和质量管理知识。不断提高业务水平，为型号项目的质量监管开辟新局面。     

Development of a mechatronics laboratory-eliminating barriers to manufacturing instrumentation and control

The integration of electronics, sensors, actuators, and microprocessor technology into manufacturing processes and consumer products is requiring engineers to possess greater mechatronics knowledge. Students must be encouraged to embrace a mechatronics perspective through combined classroom and "hands-on" laboratory activities to develop critical systems skills for multidisciplinary teams. In this paper, laboratory experiments and their accompanying learning objectives are introduced and discussed which highlight key industrial technologies and establish a foundation for skill achievement.     

An integrated framework for yield management and defect/faultreduction

An integrated framework for yield management and defect/fault reduction is presented. A 3D space consisting of a quality axis, a process integration axis, and a scaling axis encompasses all process and manufacturing parameters. Cross-functional teams of process, equipment, operations, and materials personnel proactively explore this space, and provide process engineers with a stable and capable environment for process development and manufacturing activities     

AI-based generation of production engineering labor standards

Increased automation of manufacturing is necessary to compete in today's worldwide markets. The role of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for incorporating the automation with changing manufacturing environments needs to be investigated. AI techniques can assist in meeting the challenge of transforming shop floor production engineering data into appropriate production engineering labor standards in a timely, consistent, and cost effective manner. Production heuristics can be incorporated into an expert system that can learn from the changing manufacturing environment. This paper presents a prototype expert system which transfers the knowledge of experienced methods engineers into a rule-based system to develop the appropriate job elements and standard times for each engineering task. Manufacturing data taken from a leading US company are used for the testing and validation of the prototype system. The prototype system demonstrated the applicability of automated generation of knowledge transfer to the decomposition of the job into tasks. Further implications of the automated systems are discussed     

The hidden professionals: product designers and their impact ondesign quality

The authors discuss the roles of designers in the development engineering phase of product development and examine the effects of designer communication, job design, organization climate, and CAD system quality on design quality. A survey of designers and design engineers at ten manufacturing sites was conducted. Communication with downstream processes, task significance, and job commitment was associated with greater achievement of manufacturability objectives. Communication with downstream processes and within the design core team was associated with achievement of strength objectives. Job commitment was a significant predictor of achievement of cost objectives. CAD system quality was not associated with any of the outcome measures. These results suggest that managers of development engineering organizations should treat designers more as professionals and less as workers. They should also redesign the jobs of both designers and design engineers to insure that the designers have greater responsibility and authority for linking with external groups     

The knowledge contribution of engineers to software development: acase study

The focus of the authors is on the domain knowledge advantage of end user prototyping (EUP). The authors present the case history of an industrial engineer in an aluminum manufacturing company who becomes a sophisticated user of microcomputers and successfully prototypes an expert decision support system. Previous work in the field is extended and enhanced, and how EUP builds upon the domain knowledge possessed by end users, and thereby overcomes the domain knowledge deficiency of software engineers, is demonstrated. When compared to rapid prototyping by software engineers, prototyping by end users enables more effective utilization of domain knowledge     

Genetic algorithms: concepts and applications [in engineeringdesign]

This paper introduces genetic algorithms (GA) as a complete entity, in which knowledge of this emerging technology can be integrated together to form the framework of a design tool for industrial engineers. An attempt has also been made to explain “why” and “when” GA should be used as an optimization tool     

A mechatronics educational laboratory – Programmable logic controllers and material handling experiments

The integration of robotics, conveyors, sensors, and programmable logic controllers into manufacturing and material handling processes requires engineers with technical skills and expertise in these systems. The coordination of assembly operations and supervisory control demands familiarity with mechanical and electrical design, instrumentation, actuators, and computer programming for successful system development. This paper presents an educational mechatronics laboratory that encourages multi-disciplinary hands-on engineering discovery within team settings. Three focused progressive experiments are reviewed that allow students to program and operate a programmable logic controller, a traditional conveyor system, and a distributed servo-motor based conveyor. The students also program and implement two robotic arms for material handling applications. The equipment, learning objectives, and experimental methodology for each laboratory are discussed to offer insight. A collaborative design project case study is presented in which student teams create a smart material handling system. Overall, engineering graduates have generally been required to learn material handling and other multi-disciplinary concepts in the field, and therefore, a well-rounded engineering curriculum should incorporate mechatronics in both the classroom and laboratory.     

EPAS: an emitter piloting advisory expert system for IC emitterdeposition

Emitter piloting is a difficult diffusion process in IC manufacturing. The decision for the adjustment of the piloting drive cycle is a heuristic-oriented task. An expert system, the emitter piloting advisory system (EPAS), is used at Harris Semiconductor to advise fab operators on how to adjust piloting cycle time for emitters based on knowledge extracted from the most experienced engineer. EPAS consists of an input filter to validate the input parameter values; a knowledge base containing the knowledge extracted from the domain expert; a limited learning mechanism for dynamically calculating a better estimate of initial drive time for the next lot; a convergence control mechanism to control the rule inference so that the result of an inference is always closer to the conclusion; a user facility module containing many LISP-based modules developed to let the expert, engineers, and operators maintain the system by themselves; and a user-friendly interface. One EPAS operation example is provided     

A Survey and Comparison of Petri Net-Based Deadlock Prevention Policies for Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Over the last two decades, a great deal of research has been focused on solving deadlock problems in resource allocation systems such as computer communication systems, workflow systems, and flexible manufacturing systems, resulting in a wide variety of approaches. As a well-defined problem in resource allocation systems, deadlock prevention based on a Petri net formalism has received an enormous amount of attention in the literature. This paper intends to review and compare a variety of Petri net-based deadlock prevention policies reported in the literature. Their comparison is done in terms of structural complexity, behavior permissiveness, and computational complexity. This paper should facilitate engineers in choosing a suited method for their industrial application cases.     

Virtual assembly with biologically inspired intelligence

This paper investigates the introduction of biologically inspired intelligence into virtual assembly. It develops a approach to assist product engineers making assembly-related manufacturing decisions without actually realizing the physical products. This approach extracts the knowledge of mechanical assembly by allowing human operators to perform assembly operations directly in the virtual environment. The incorporation of a biologically inspired neural network into an interactive assembly planner further leads to the improvement of flexible product manufacturing, i.e., automatically producing alternative assembly sequences with robot-level instructions for evaluation and optimization. Complexity analysis and simulation study demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this approach.     

Effects of concurrent engineering on make-to-order products

An increasing number of manufacturing organizations are using concurrent engineering product development processes, which rely on parallel scheduling of activities throughout the product development cycle. This study examines the impact of such practices on product development time, product quality, and delivery leadtime. Using data obtained from structured interviews with product managers and engineers, six hypotheses are tested using a sample of 31 make-to-order (MTO) products from several industries. The results suggest that concurrent engineering may he appropriate for incremental innovation, but may have some “hidden costs” in the form of increased defects when applied to new “breakthrough” innovations. However, this strategy may be entirely suited to a specific customer segment that is willing to work with the manufacturer on debugging the product in the field. The study points out the importance of considering the hidden costs of concurrent engineering, and discusses the strategic implications of such decisions for technology managers     

Education and careers 2000. Enhanced skills for engineers

What separates high-potential engineers, who rapidly rise within their organizations to positions of great prominence and leadership, from those who do not advance? Why are some engineers capable of transforming their technical knowledge and experience into successful entrepreneurial ventures, while others fall short of this financially rewarding accomplishment? Or, as a dedicated individual contributor, what will best prepare you as your organization embarks on the widely dreaded restructuring, downsizing, or right-sizing exercise? Highly successful professional engineers are not only technically astute, but also often possess some of the extra or soft skills that many experts believe are necessary for engineers and scientists to increasingly embrace as we move forward in the 21st Century. The ideas presented in this article are based on interviews with various industry executives and managers, and industry-savvy government leaders, as well as academic leaders, from both the USA and around the world. The consensus results indicate that engineers and scientists should understand the career enhancing value of the soft skills in order to progress in today's global open market economy. The paper discusses the importance of developing these skills through educational and other professional enrichment activities. It is expected that these skills will be required for the members of the global workforce of the 21st Century. This will also be an era in which the responsibility for career development is no longer the duty of the organization but rather that of the individual engineer     

Efficiency measurement of alternative machine component groupingsolutions via data envelopment analysis

Much current research in the area of cellular manufacturing (CM) has focused on the development of cell formation procedures. Many of these procedures yield alternative solutions corresponding to various numbers of clusters or various threshold values. This paper illustrates how data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be used to measure the efficiency of alternative machine component grouping solutions given the existence of multiple inputs and/or outputs in the transformation process with no a priori weightings. An interesting managerial implication that emerged from this study was that hybrid or partial cellular layouts can, in fact, be efficient. Accordingly, pilot cells can be implemented to gain experience with cellular manufacturing and then incrementally implemented plant wide     

芯片制造中因缺陷扫描由激光导致的损伤研究

在集成电路芯片制造中,激光被广泛应用于缺陷扫描或者相关的光学量测工具中。未见报道低功率的缺陷扫描时,输出功率仅数百毫瓦且扫描速度很快时,会对熔点达1420℃上的硅芯片造成影响,在制造中以Compass为代表的缺陷扫描工具被广泛而无顾虑地应用在芯片制造中。然而通过在动态储存器制造中的一个低良率事件,介绍了缺陷扫描及动态储存器的基本原理,并指出在378mW输出功率时,缺陷扫描能将电容表面硅重熔,导致电容结构被破坏。通过试验、计算指出输出功率≤100mW是安全使用功率,为芯片制造业界提供了关于表面材料为硅、氧化硅、氮化硅使用指南,避免了因Compass为代表的缺陷扫描工具广泛应用带来的额外损伤,并为以后的芯片激光快速热处理研究提供了损伤研究依据。     

The virtual IC factory ... can it be achieved?

Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) is the software tool set that allows integrated circuit (IC) technologists to develop new processes and devices without having to build costly test lots. TCAD can potentially provide process engineers the same benefits that electronic circuit CAD (ECAD) has provided to circuit designers. Circuit designers can design, lay out, and test new circuits without fabricating them, and still largely be assured that the circuit will work when manufactured. Will the day come when an engineer can use software to develop a new manufacturing process and predict its performance and yield accurately?     

Fault-tree analysis: a knowledge-engineering approach

This paper deals with the application of knowledge engineering and a methodology for the assessment and measurement of reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety of industrial systems using fault-tree representation. Object oriented structures, production rules representing the expert's heuristics, algorithms, and database structures are the basic elements of the system. The blackboard architecture of the system supports qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the fault tree. A fuzzy set approach analyzes problems with few failure data or much fuzziness or imprecision. Fault-tree analysis is a knowledge acquisition structure that has been extensively explored by knowledge engineers. Reliability engineers can apply the techniques developed by this area of computer science to: (1) improve the data acquisition process; (2) explore the benefits of object oriented expert systems for reliability applications; (3) integrate the several sources of knowledge into a unique system; (4) explore the approximate reasoning to handle uncertainty; and (5) develop hybrid solution strategies combining expert heuristics, conventional procedures, and available failure data     

Effective Technology Transfer?From Laboratory to Production Line

The Engineering Research Center, the central manufacturing research laboratory of the Western Electric Co., uses two personnel programs to enhance cooperative efforts with manufacturing locations. A rotational program brings manufacturing engineers to the Center on 2-yr assignments, and an intern program sends Center engineers and scientists on temporary assignments to manufacturing locations. To further encourage effective technology transfer, the Center pursues a strategy that includes cultivation of cooperative efforts, judicious scale-up by Center personnel, and the provision of a credible warranty.     

用于提高光刻分辨率的光学成像算法的研究

通过对光刻系统中光学成像系统的模拟,提出了改善光刻分辨率的途径以及基于卷积核的计算光强的方法,并介绍了光学系统的传输交叉系数具体计算过程.建立准确描述由于掩模制造工艺、光刻胶曝光、显影、蚀刻所引起的光学邻近效应和畸变所导致的关键尺寸变化的光刻工艺模型,有助于开发由成品率驱动的版图设计工具,自动地实现深亚微米下半导体制造中先进的掩模设计、验证和检查等任务.