基于MODIS红外通道的辐射传输计算

通过建立地气系统的红外辐射传输方程,基于MODIS红外通道进行辐射传输计算.利用快速精确的透过率模型PFAAST计算大气透过率,在红外辐射传输计算中考虑了地面反射大气辐射亮度的影响,指出地面反射大气辐射亮度在整个方程所占比重随着地表发射率变小而增加,其中MODIS第33通道对发射率的改变最为敏感,美国标准大气下,当发射率ε=0.65时,比重达到7.12%,因此,忽略地面反射大气辐射亮度,直接影响红外辐射传输计算的准确性.模拟了MODIS各红外通道辐射亮度,并与MODTRAN4.0模拟结果比较,相对误差不超过0.12%,模拟了大气倾斜路径对卫星红外通道观测亮温的影响.     

基于辐射传输数值模型PCOART的大气漫射透过率精确计算

分析了中国第一颗海洋水色卫星(HY-1A)大气漫射透过率模型的计算精度,结果表明,当气溶胶光学厚度或天顶角较大时,该模型计算相对误差可>5%,最大可达50%以上,不适用于高纬度海区(纬度>60°).在此基础上,利用海洋-大气耦合矢量辐射传输数值计算模型PCOART,进行了大气漫射透过率的精确计算.通过与SeaWiFS精确大气漫射透过率查找表计算结果的比较,表明利用PCOART计算大气漫射透过率的相对误差<1.5%,且当观测天顶角<60°时,相对误差<0.5%,可以用来生成我国海洋水色卫星遥感器的精确大气漫射透过率查找表.     

地球临边场景红外遥感成像仿真方法

地球临边场景仿真是卫星红外探测领域的关键组成部分,是空中高速目标远距离探测场景模拟的重要基础。临边观测下的地球表面近似于球面,传统的基于海洋三维形态并计算表面辐射特性的海洋红外图像仿真方法不适用。云层的厚度和高度对红外辐射传输特性的计算有重要影响,视云层为粒子团的处理方法会大大降低仿真的计算速度。因此,研究了海洋和云的红外辐射模型、地球-空间坐标系与红外相机坐标系的转换关系和大气传输模型,提出地球临边场景红外遥感成像仿真方法。根据场景组分的差异,分别建立海洋分布模型、多层云分布模型,并根据海洋和云层的红外辐射与反射特性,构建地球临边场景红外辐射模型。通过地球-空间坐标系与相机坐标系的转换关系,利用大气传输理论和传感器效应仿真,计算各观测角度的地球临边场景卫星遥感红外仿真图像。实验结果表明:仿真得到的红外图像画质清晰,符合地球临边场景红外辐射特性,其平均拉普拉斯算子和可达0.15,平均灰度梯度可达0.70。     

非平衡大气的临边辐射快速计算模型

针对目前的非局地热力学平衡(NLTE) 大气辐射传输模型计算速度慢的不足,引入了计算速度快、计算精度较高的带模式算法,并建立了大气的NLTE临边辐射快速计算模型。首先基于分子上下能级布居计算了大气振动温度廓线。然后依据大气的动力学温度、振动温度与配分函数计算了偏离系数和吸收截面因子。最后提出了半球累加方法解算NLTE临边辐射传输方程。计算分析了1976 U.S.大气模式下的大气振动温度与吸收截面因子廓线,并给出了典型切向高度时CO2 15 μm波段在白天的临边辐射亮度。通过基于逐线积分算法的SHARC模型,验证了本模型计算结果的正确性。本模型进行一次NLTE辐射计算仅需耗费数秒,且具有理想的光谱分辨率(1 cm-1)。     

经过大气传输的红外热像仿真

大气传输特性对成像红外和目标识别研究具有重要意义。在“漫射灰体”的假设条件下,忽略传输路径上的气温变化,给出了大气传输计算的数值方程,并分析了使用等效黑体辐射光谱分布代替目标有效辐射光谱分布进行大气传输计算的可行性及其带来的误差。结果表明,在8～12 μm波段,使用等效黑体辐射光谱分布进行大气传输计算已经具有足够的精度,并且可以大大节约计算时间;但是在3～5 μm波段,反射太阳辐射对目标表面辐射光谱分布的影响不可忽视,使用等效黑体辐射光谱分布进行大气传输计算将带来较大的偏差。     

大气对红外偏振成像系统的影响

红外偏振成像系统探测的是某个特定偏振方向上的目标和背景辐射强度,有必要对不同目标的偏振特性及偏振辐射大气传输进行研究。首先采用双向反射分布函数对反射辐射偏振特性进行了分析,推导出了反射辐射偏振度的一般表达式。根据表达式模拟了目标的物理特征对反射偏振特性的影响。随后利用MODTRAN软件在典型大气条件下对红外波段的大气吸收以及程辐射进行了建模和计算。大气中的悬浮颗粒对目标的红外辐射进行散射,场景的偏振度随传输距离衰减。对目标反射辐射偏振特性的仿真结果与实测数据基本吻合,验证了理论的正确性。考虑大气对偏振辐射传输的影响使得计算结果更加合理和准确。     

一种改进的辐射传输计算方法

精确、快速计算辐射传输一直是大气辐射学中的一个重要研究课题。我们在Knut Stamnes的离散纵标法（1988）[1]的基础之上,提出了一种辐射传输四流近似计算方法。该算法可以得到一个解析解,并且通过作数值计算,可以看到本算法的计算精度是令人满意的。     

一种高效计算高光谱分辨率红外大气辐射传输的方法

传统的大气辐射传输计算方法受计算资源和效率的限制已无法满足星载高光谱分辨率红外大气遥感资料处理的需要,基于单色波长辐亮度计算加权组合的方法,开发了一种快速准确的高光谱分辨率红外大气辐射传输的计算模型FFRTM_IR.利用FFRTM_IR模型,针对研制中的FY-3D红外高光谱大气探测仪(HIRAS)的光谱指标,模拟计算了仪器的观测通道亮温,并用独立样本对模拟亮温进行了验证和比较,结果显示:FFRTM_IR对HIRAS所有通道的模拟亮温偏差均小于0.06 K,标准差有效控制在0.1 K以内;在同等计算精度下,FFRTM_IR的计算速度略快于目前国际上通用的快速辐射传输计算模型CRTM.利用FFRTM_IR模型,采用解析计算方法可以进一步得到温度廓线、水汽廓线、二氧化碳、臭氧廓线以及地表参数的雅克比矩阵,计算结果与扰动法计算结果一致性较好,有较高的计算精度.计算和分析结果表明,初步建立了一种高效的红外大气辐射传输计算模型,可用于星载高光谱红外大气探测仪器的观测仿真和资料处理.     

利用MODIS数据进行海岸带卫星图像大气校正

提出一种利用同步MODIS图像的水体像元反演出混浊水域上空气溶胶光学特性的算法.在晴空无云的条件下,假设一定范围内的海岸带上空的大气和水体上空的大气一致,借助6S辐射传输模型,并考虑临近像元效应,利用反演出的气溶胶光学特性对卫星海岸带图像进行大气校正的方法,给出了应用该方法对我国沿海地区QuickBird-2卫星图像和CBERS-02卫星图像进行大气订正的结果,并对反演结果进行了比较分析.实验证明,利用MODIS图像进行海岸带卫星图像大气校正取得了很好的效果,该方法无需地面实测数据,具有很高的适用性.     

云遮挡对海上红外透过率影响分析

大气透过率是影响红外辐射传输的重要因素.由于基于海上实际气象参数的有关云对红外波段大气透过特性影响的研究还相对薄弱,因此海上红外透过率的计算不可避免地存在计算误差.构建了我国海上区域实际大气参数廓线,以海洋为下垫面,嵌入成熟、通用的大气辐射传输模型,还原真实大气环境中云遮挡对红外辐射传输的影响.研究发现,海上大气温度、...     

基于统计的MODIS地表反射率简单估算方法

利用NASA-ESE提供的大气校正算法对EOS/MODIS进行计算,得到CH1-7的地面反射率,再与MODIS所接收到的大气上界反射率数据进行比较,参考野外实测得到的大气光学特性和地面反射率数据,提出一种基于统计方法的MODIS前7个通道的大气校正方法.     

Effects of neglecting polarization on the MODIS aerosol retrieval over land

Reflectance measurements in the visible and infrared wavelengths, from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are used to derive aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) and aerosol properties over ocean and land surfaces, separately. Both algorithms employ radiative transfer (RT) code to create lookup tables, simulating the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance measured by the satellite. Whereas the algorithm over ocean uses a vector RT code that includes the effects of atmospheric polarization, the algorithm over land assumes scalar RT, thus neglecting polarization effects. In the red (0.66 /spl mu/m) and infrared (2.12 /spl mu/m) MODIS channels, scattering by molecules (Rayleigh scattering) is minimal. In these bands, the use of a scalar RT code is of sufficient accuracy to model TOA reflectance. However, in the blue (0.47 /spl mu/m), the presence of larger Rayleigh scattering (optical thickness approaching 0.2) results in nonnegligible polarization. The absolute difference between vector- and scalar-calculated TOA reflectance, even in the presence of depolarizing aerosols, is large enough to lead to substantial errors in retrieved AOT. Using RT code that allows for both vector and scalar calculations, we examine the reflectance differences at the TOA, assuming discrete loadings of continental-type aerosol. We find that the differences in blue channel TOA reflectance (vector-scalar) may be greater than 0.01 such that errors in derived AOT may be greater than 0.1. Errors may be positive or negative, depending on the specific geometry, and tend to cancel out when averages over a large enough sample of satellite geometry. Thus, the neglect of polarization introduces little error into global and long-term averages, yet can produce very large errors on smaller scales and individual retrievals. As a result of this study, a future version of aerosol retrieval from MODIS over land will include polarization within the atmosphere.     

基于实测的大气参数计算厦门海域大气层顶大气散射辐射的角度分布

本文由在地面实测的气溶胶光学厚度与海面反射率计算出厦门海域大气层顶0.55μm波段大气散射辐射的空间分布与0.3-3.0μm地面总辐射，计算的地面总辐射与辐射总表的测量值有较好的一致性。     

Determination of land and ocean reflective, radiative, andbiophysical properties using multiangle imaging

Knowledge of the directional and hemispherical reflectance properties of natural surfaces, such as soils and vegetation canopies, is essential for classification studies and canopy model inversion. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), an instrument to be launched in 1998 onboard the EOS-AM1 platform, will make global observations of the Earth's surface at 1.1-km spatial resolution, with the objective of determining the atmospherically corrected reflectance properties of most of the land surface and the tropical ocean. The algorithms to retrieve surface directional reflectances, albedos, and selected biophysical parameters using MISR data are described. Since part of the MISR data analyses includes an aerosol retrieval, it is assumed that the optical properties of the atmosphere (i.e. aerosol characteristics) have been determined well enough to accurately model the radiative transfer process. The core surface retrieval algorithms are tested on simulated MISR data, computed using realistic surface reflectance and aerosol models, and the sensitivity of the retrieved directional and hemispherical reflectances to aerosol type and column amount is illustrated. Included is a summary list of the MISR surface products     

Remote sensing of a film layer of marine surface in the IR spectral range

The reflectance and temperature of the boundary surface layer of marine surface are determined under natural conditions in the presence of the wind wave using the remote sensing of the radiation of marine surface and atmosphere in the IR spectral range. The permittivity of water is determined in the layer where the radiation is generated (1.5?C2.0 thicknesses of skin layer). It is demonstrated that the permittivity of the film layer under natural conditions is a variable quantity that is less than the permittivity of sea water in the laboratory measurements, which is employed in the conventional procedures for the determination of the ocean temperature fields. The data of the measurements under natural conditions are interpreted using the model of a single layer with the skin-layer thickness of at least 10 ??m that contains a static mixture of water and air microbubbles formed under the surface-tension film.     

Remote Sensing of Angular Characteristics of Canopy Reflectances

The influence of the atmosphere on the remotely sensed angular distribution of canopy reflectance is studied by radiative transfer calculations with both a coupled atmosphere-canopy model and a pure atmosphere model with the canopy replaced by an equivalent bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). The canopy model, although one-dimensional, is able to reproduce typical canopy features like the "bowl shape" and the canopy "hot spot." In the decoupled mode, it can be used to compute canopy-equivalent BRDF's. The atmospheric perturbation of the angular reflectance pattern of a Lambertian, a mixed Lambertian/specular BRDF, and of the measured BRDF's of savannah and coniferous forest canopies is studied using one aerosol-free and two polluted atmospheres with surface visual ranges of V0 = 23 km and V0 = 5 km. It is shown that for surface albedoes > 10%, local extremes in the angular distribution of the surface reflectance and dependencies on the view azimuth angle are still detectable above the atmosphere and are nearly invariant to atmospheric perturbations. This result leads to the recommendation that off-nadir satellite observations in the near-infrared may contribute additional valuable information to crop identification. However, canopy reflectance variations with varying view zenith angles are dominated by atmospheric perturbations even for relatively clear atmospheres.     

Inversion of ocean color observations using particle swarm optimization

Inversion of ocean color reflectance measurements can be cast as an optimization problem, where particular parameters of a forward model are optimized in order to make the forward-modeled spectral reflectance match the spectral reflectance of a given in situ sample. Here, a simulated ocean color dataset is used to test the capability of a recently introduced global optimization process, particle swarm optimization (PSO), in the retrieval of optical properties from ocean color. The performance of the PSO method was compared with the more common genetic algorithms (GA) in terms of model accuracy and computation time. The PSO method has been shown to outperform the GA in terms of model error. Of particular importance to ocean color remote sensing is the speed advantage that PSO affords over GA.     

Retrieving ocean surface wind speed from the TRMM Precipitation Radar measurements

Spaceborne scatterometery has been used for many years now to retrieve the ocean surface wind field from normalized radar cross-section measurements of the ocean surface. Though designed specifically for the measurement of precipitation profiles in the atmosphere, the Precipitation Radar (PR) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) also acquires surface backscattering measurements of the global oceans. As such, this instrument provides an interesting opportunity to explore the benefits and pitfalls of alternative radar configurations in the satellite remote sensing of ocean winds. In this paper, a technique was developed for retrieving ocean surface winds using surface backscattering measurements from the TRMM PR. The wind retrieval algorithm developed for TRMM PR makes use of a maximum-likelihood estimation technique to compensate for the low backscattering associated with the PR configuration. The high vertical resolution of the PR serves to filter-out rain-contaminated cells normally integrated into Ku-band scatterometer measurements. The algorithm was validated through comparisons of ocean surface wind speeds derived from PR with remotely measured winds from TMI and QuikSCAT, as well as in situ observations from oceanographic buoys, revealing good agreements in wind speed estimations.     

1994 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS'94) - Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, DataAnalysis, and Interpretation

The following topics were dealt with: land surface, ocean, ice, remote sensing, atmosphere, classification, volume scattering, surface scattering, data processing and interferometry     

国产卫星多角度偏振传感器的光谱特征云检测方法研究

在卫星遥感研究中, 云检测是基础环节, 其结果影响大气、地表各种参数的定量遥感, 同时也影响云微物理特 性的反演。本研究针对多角度偏振卫星载荷(高分五号DPC 传感器), 建立了一种改进的光谱特征云检测算法。该算 法综合利用云像元和非云像元在可见光反射率光谱、氧A 波段吸收、蓝光偏振反射率以及偏振虹等特性上的差异, 分别提出了陆地、海洋上空的云检测方案, 并进一步建立了多角度云检测融合策略以标记云、晴空和未定像元。在 陆地检测中, 通过增加表观压强检测和偏振虹检测分别改进了高层薄云和低层薄云的识别; 在海洋检测中, 利用表观 压强与云层的退偏特性改进了耀光区云像元的识别。全球云检测结果示例显示该算法整体检测效果较好, 同时典型 区域的检测结果与MODIS 云产品也具有较好的一致性。该研究可为高分五号02 星上的多角度偏振传感器云检测提 供方法基础。