多轴疲劳破坏准则现状及评估

简要回顾了材料多轴疲劳破坏准则,引用了5种材料在单轴、比例、纯扭和90°非比例加载情况的疲劳试验结果,对基于应力、应变和能量的有关多轴疲劳破坏准则进行了分析评估.分析结果表明:应力准则中Lee准则在各种材料、各种载荷情况下均可得到误差在5%以内的较好的预测结果,但是,Lee准则中含有物理意义不明确的材料常数,需要一定量的试验数据来拟合,从而限制了该准则的应用,比例加载下,Gough准则计算简单并可适用于大部分材料;应变准则中Kandil,Brown和Miller准则和Borodii和Strizhalo准则在各种材料及各种载荷情况下都能较好的预测疲劳寿命,但Borodii和Strizhalo准则需要大量的试验数据支持,从而限制了它的应用.     

45钢电机轴断裂分析

通过化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验及断口分析等对45钢电机轴断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于电机轴过渡台阶根部加工圆角曲率半径偏小,加工粗糙度大而引起的应力集中,是轴发生失效的重要外在因素;同时电机轴退火态组织强度级别不高,非金属夹杂物硫化锰含量较高,导致材料性能下降,使电机轴在交变载荷的作用下发生了疲劳断裂。     

多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一种多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法。该方法基于临界平面理论,计算出缺口件各部位的多轴疲劳损伤参数,以损伤参数最大的部位为缺口件的多轴疲劳危险点。根据临界距离思想,提出了热点法和线法的临界距离的计算方法,采用热点法和线法考虑缺口件疲劳危险点附近损伤梯度的影响,以临界距离修正的损伤参数计算多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命。采用SAE1045钢缺口件的多轴疲劳试验对该文提出的寿命估算方法进行评估和验证,结果表明：该文所建立的寿命预测方法具有较好的预测能力,预测结果大部分分布在试验结果的3倍分散带之内。     

800MPa级低合金高强度钢的循环软硬化特性

在不同应变级别控制下,研究了800MPa级低合金高强度钢10CrNiSMoV轴向加载低周循环软硬化特性,研究结果表明：应变加载级别不同,材料表现出不同的循环软硬化特性,当应变幅在0．4％～1．0％范围变化时,材料表现出循环软化的特性,且应变幅越大,循环软化速率越高;当应变幅在0．30％-0．40％范围变化时,材料表现出先硬化,再趋于循环饱和,再轻微循环软化直至断裂的特性。采用透射电镜观察了不同应变级别下试样断口的位错形态,用位错理论解释了产生上述现象的原因。     

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳单胞模型

在680和850℃下对DD3镍基单晶合金进行多轴非比例加载低周疲劳试验,结果表明等效应变范围△ε_e、试验温度、等效应力范围△σ_e对单晶合金的低周疲劳寿命有显著影响。基于能量耗散理论,引入参量k表征多轴非比例加载对疲劳寿命的影响,构造循环塑性应变能作为损伤参量,建立镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型。参量k与循环寿命之...     

纤维增强复合材料多轴疲劳的实验研究

采用缠绕成型的玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料管型试样,对复合材料在拉扭双轴载荷作用下的多轴疲劳行为进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,复合材料多轴疲劳失效是基体中疲劳损伤累积的结果,最终的失效裂纹通常平行于纤维方向;根据实验中得出的应力应变曲线、疲劳寿命曲线,重点讨论了不同缠绕角复合材料的多轴疲劳寿命随双轴载荷比例、平均应力等因素的变化规律,为今后的多轴疲劳理论研究提供了依据。     

拉弯扭比例加载下50CrVA弹簧钢的多轴疲劳寿命及损伤特征

用MTS 809拉-扭电液伺服材料试验机研究50CrVA弹簧钢标准试样以及各偏心试样在比例加载下的多轴疲劳寿命,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对疲劳断口形貌进行观察。结果表明:比例加载下当弯曲应力幅值不超过等效应力的11%时,附加弯矩对试样的疲劳寿命无影响。各试样断口在疲劳扩展前期可以观察到轮胎花样;疲劳裂纹的扩展方向有周向和径向两种。断口上的疲劳特征为综合应力作用的结果;沿径向和周向分布的疲劳条带分别为轴向应力作用和扭转切应力作用的结果。     

循环压缩载荷下缺口残余拉应力场的X射线分析

用细束 x 射线研究了循环压缩载荷下缺口残余拉应力的分布及变化。试验表明,循环压缩加载后形成的残余拉应力大于一次压缩加载后的数值,压缩应力幅对残余拉应力分布的影响大于压缩平均应力的影响,其原因除了加载-降载过程中形成的残余应力直接与应力幅有关外,尚与应力幅加剧材料循环软化程度有关。形成疲劳裂纹后,在完全卸载的裂纹面上,残余拉应力基本松弛,但垂直于裂纹面稍远处的残余拉应力仍保持有相当大的数值,这部分残余应力是否对裂纹扩展起作用,在计算残余应力的应力强度因子时如何予以考虑值得注意。     

多轴载荷下车轮辐板裂纹扩展特性研究

针对车轮在运行过程中的典型运用工况,采用有限元方法数值模拟了不同运用条件下车轮的机械应力分布,选取辐板最高应力部位作为裂纹的萌生位置。根据线弹性断裂力学理论研究了辐板裂纹在二轴载荷下的应力强度因子和T应力,最后结合Paris疲劳裂纹扩展方程及裂纹扩展门槛值,得到了二轴载荷下辐板表面裂纹的扩展特性和规律。从而得出了二轴载荷条件对辐板表面裂纹扩展的影响。分析结果表明:典型工况下,车轮辐板外侧处于受压状态,内侧处于受拉状态而且变化幅值较大。车轮辐板的内外表面的应力不同,使得辐板同时承受了弯矩,并且弯矩的周向分量和径向分量近乎于正比。由于T应力的影响,车轮辐板裂纹扩展速度比不考虑此应力时的值较为偏低。分析结果对预防车轮疲劳失效、优化车轮设计、保障行车安全,具有重要意义。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金细晶组织的应变疲劳行为研究

研究了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金细晶等轴组织的应变疲劳性能及其断裂行为.实验结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V铁合金的应变疲劳的过渡疲劳寿命Nt约为560个循环周次,其疲劳行为具有非常明显的循环软化特性.在不同应变幅测试条件下,均为多源疲劳萌生模式.Ti-6Al-4V合金应变疲劳断口表面大量的二次裂纹特征说明该合金具有优异的应变疲劳性能.     

钢构件在循环大应变作用下的有限元分析

采用混合强化本构关系、剪切厚壳单元及U.L.方法对钢构件循环加载进行了有限元 分析,并编制了相应的计算程序,用于模拟地震作用下钢构件的滞回性能。通过与其它分析 方法及试验的分析比较,证明了该程序具有较高的精度,适用于板、壳及组合体的强度和稳 定及循环加载问题的分析。     

非对称荷载下疲劳强度临界值的统一公式

本文对非对称荷载下的疲劳强度临界值预测公式和疲劳寿命预测公式进行了系统深 入的研究,分析了着名的Goodman公式,Soderberg公式和Gerber公式的适用条件,建立了 一种新的疲劳强度临界值预测公式和疲劳寿命预测公式。新公式的最大优点是,对实际破坏 面的形状不做任何限制,并可使用任意疲劳寿命实验数据进行拟合。     

Notch fatigue life prediction considering nonproportionality of local loading path under multiaxial cyclic loading

An innovative numerical methodology is presented for fatigue lifetime estimation of notched bodies experiencing multiaxial cyclic loadings. In the presented methodology, an evaluation approach of the local nonproportionality factor F for notched specimens, which defines F as the ratio of the pseudoshear strain range at 45° to the maximum shear plane and the maximum shear strain range, is proposed and discussed deeply. The proposed evaluation method is incorporated into the material cyclic stress‐strain equation for purpose of describing the nonproportional hardening behavior for some material. The comparison between multiaxial elastic‐plastic finite element analysis (FEA) and experimentally measured strains for S460N steel notched specimens shows that the proposed nonproportionality factor estimation method is effective. Subsequently, the notch stresses and strains calculated utilizing multiaxial elastic‐plastic FEA are used as input data to the critical plane‐based fatigue life prediction methodology. The prediction results are satisfactory for the 7050‐T7451 aluminum alloy and GH4169 superalloy notched specimens under multiaxial cyclic loading.     

混凝土双轴拉压、三轴拉压压变幅疲劳性能研究

利用大型多轴疲劳试验机,进行了拉压双轴和拉压压三轴荷载作用下混凝土两级、三级变幅疲劳试验研究,重点分析了残余应变的变化规律。试验结果表明：混凝土在拉压和拉压压加载工况下的残余应变主要与相对疲劳次数和侧压应力比有关,基本不受加载历程因素的影响。定义相对残余应变为损伤变量,建立了损伤演变方程,并进行了疲劳损伤分析和剩余疲劳寿命预测,为混凝土在多轴变幅疲劳试验研究及疲劳损伤评价提供参考。     

钢纤维混凝土等幅弯曲疲劳加载下的疲劳应变和疲劳模量以及损伤研究

利用已有试验数据,对最大疲劳应变和疲劳残余应变进行拟合,得到疲劳应变演化方程,其相关系数均在0.97以上。考虑到等幅弯曲疲劳加载条件下,疲劳模量与疲劳应变成反比关系,利用对称性,由疲劳应变演化方程得到疲劳模量演化方程,通过拟合试验结果,发现由疲劳模量演化方程表达的拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合很好,其相关系数均在0.99以上。最后,利用疲劳应变与疲劳模量定义损伤变量,得到损伤变量演化曲线,经对比发现,由最大疲劳应变和疲劳残余应变定义的损伤变量演化曲线基本一致,且相差很小;而由疲劳模量定义的损伤变量演化曲线明显大于由疲劳应变定义的损伤变量演化曲线。     

A FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION METHOD BASED ON A MESOSCOPIC APPROACH IN CONSTANT AMPLITUDE MULTIAXIAL LOADING

The aim of this paper is to present a high cycle multiaxial fatigue life prediction method for metallic materials based on Papadopoulos' previous works and limited to constant amplitude loading. The initiation process of a crack is treated as a mesoscopic phenomenon taking place on a scale of the order of a grain or a few grains. The damage variable chosen is the accumulated plastic strain at this mesoscopic scale. Its estimation requires a macro-meso passage and the location of the plane subjected to maximum damage. Initiation is achieved as soon as a critical value of the accumulated plastic mesostrain is reached in these grains, so-orientated that their easy glide directions coincide with a particular direction of the critical plane. The detrimental effect of out-of-phase loading on damage accumulation is taken into account through a newly defined coefficient estimated from mechanical loading parameters; no adjustable parameter is required. A good agreement has been found between the predicted and experimental results for in-phase and out-of-phase sinusoidal constant amplitude loadings by examining a large amount of experimental data.     

钢纤维混凝土在低周反复荷载下力学性能的研究

对钢纤维混凝土棱柱体试件做了低周轴心压缩循环加、卸载试验,试验采用恒位移控制,通过试验和参数研究,提出了钢纤维混凝土反复加、卸载应力~应变曲线方程及计算变形的公式,这些数学表达式简便且可根据材料特性进行调整,具有较广泛的适应性。     

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF SM45C STEEL UNDER MIXED-MODE I AND II LOADING

The practical applications of studies related to constant amplitude mode I loading are somewhat limited in situations where more than one mode exists. So, criteria, rules and laws for these situations have to be validated with experiments. This paper extends previous results by the authors for mixed-mode I and II fatigue loading. An effective stress intensity factor range which considers crack closure and crack surface interference is described for the analysis of a crack under mixed-mode I and II fatigue loadings, and this factor is assessed from experimental results.     

LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE UNDER NON-PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A series of strain-controlled, low-cycle fatigue experiments have been conducted on 42CrMo steel under various loading paths including circular, square, cruciform, and rectangular paths. Present experiments have shown that there is additional hardening under non-proportional cyclic loading. Non-proportional cyclic additional hardening also results in a shorter life for multiaxial low cycle fatigue. A non-proportionality measure of strain path based on both a physical basis and macromechanical phenomena is proposed. The loading path effect on additional hardening is also described well. Low-cycle fatigue damage accumulation and the evolution process under non-proportional loading is analysed via the Continuum Damage Mechanics Model of Chaboche. A non-proportinality measure is introduced in the damage evolution equation and a modified Coffin-Manson type formula is derived. A novel fatigue life prediction approach based on the critical-plane concept of Brown and Miller is proposed.