一种基于临界平面法的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型

在多轴交变应力作用下,由于非比例循环附加强化效应导致疲劳寿命降低。针对这一问题,以薄壁圆管疲劳试件为研究对象,在分析临界平面上剪应变和正应变随相位角变化特征的基础上,引入了一个新的有效循环变量———临界平面上的等效应力,提出了一种新的多轴疲劳预测模型。新的损伤参量不含经验常数,便于工程实际的运用。通过和铝合金7075-T651多轴疲劳实验数据比较,结果表明,所提出的多轴寿命预测模型具有更好的预测精度,适用于比例与非比例加载条件。     

考虑应变路径的多轴低周疲劳寿命预测模型

通过分析材料在多轴非比例加载下产生附加强化的机理,该文以拉扭薄壁管试件为研究对象,分析了临界平面上的应变状态,并在此基础上以塑性应变能为控制参数定义表征多轴低周疲劳寿命对应变路径依赖性的非比例度。基于多轴疲劳临界损伤面原理,应用von-Mises 准则和本文定义的应变路径非比例度参数建立起能反映应变路径对非比例附加强化影响的多轴低周疲劳寿命预测模型。利用该模型预测08X18H10T 不锈钢、Ti-6Al-4V合金、S460N 钢和2.25Cr-1Mo 钢这4 种材料的多轴疲劳寿命,并与试验值进行比较。结果表明:该模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合良好,能同时适用于比例与非比例加载,预测精度较高,便于工程应用。     

热等静压对圆形加载路径下A319铝合金多轴疲劳特性的影响

采用MTS809拉扭复合疲劳试验机、扫描电镜(SEM)研究了热等静压(Hot isostatic pressing,HIP)处理前后,圆形加载路径下,A319铝合金多轴疲劳特性。结果表明,HIP处理后,材料中的孔洞缺陷数量减少,疲劳失效过程中产生的微裂纹的数量减少且尺寸减小。相同等效应变幅值下产生的轴向应力幅值、切向应力幅值、等效应力幅值均显著增加。材料轴向上表现为先产生循环硬化而后循环软化,切向则表现为先产生循环硬化后趋于循环稳定,HIP处理前后循环软化硬化趋势大致相同。轴向应力应变滞后回线、切向扭矩扭角滞后回线面积有所降低,附加强化效果增强。     

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳单胞模型

在680和850℃下对DD3镍基单晶合金进行多轴非比例加载低周疲劳试验,结果表明等效应变范围△ε_e、试验温度、等效应力范围△σ_e对单晶合金的低周疲劳寿命有显著影响。基于能量耗散理论,引入参量k表征多轴非比例加载对疲劳寿命的影响,构造循环塑性应变能作为损伤参量,建立镍基单晶合金低周疲劳寿命预测模型。参量k与循环寿命之...     

相位角加载条件下2A12铝合金多轴疲劳失效行为

采用SDN100/1000电液伺服拉扭复合疲劳试验机对2A12铝合金进行不同相位角加载条件下多轴疲劳试验研究,通过加载循环曲线和微观断口形貌分析失效机理,对不同损伤累积模型的预测效果进行评价,修正Manson损伤曲线模型以期达到更好的预测效果。结果表明:单级加载条件下,随相位角正弦值的增加疲劳寿命线性递减,当相位角为0°时,轴向硬化、软化交替出现,切向出现循环硬化,90°加载下轴向和切向单独作用效果明显;两级累积路径下,随一级加载周次的增加多轴疲劳寿命延长,0°加载阶段轴向和切向都出现循环硬化现象,两种路径下断口都呈现出多裂纹源特征,在裂纹源区附近观察到台阶状形貌,扩展区存在大量划痕和鳞片状花样;修正后的Manson损伤曲线模型预测误差均在15%以内。     

加载路径对Sr变质A319铝合金疲劳行为的影响

研究了Sr变质A319铸造铝合金在0.2%应变幅不同加载路径条件下的疲劳性能,包括循环应力响应特征及疲劳寿命,并分析了失效试样的断口特征以及Si颗粒的破坏方式。结果表明:在不同加载路径下材料发生循环硬化程度和速率从大到小排序是:圆形加载、比例加载和单轴加载;疲劳寿命随着加载路径的变化与材料循环硬化程度和速率随着加载路径的变化相对应。断口分析结果表明,宏观断口在比例路径下表现为"人"字形的两条主裂纹,且从单轴、比例到圆形路径,裂纹源区逐渐不明显,裂纹源区和稳定扩展区尺寸也变小;在单轴加载条件下裂痕的断面基本上与主轴平行,而在多轴加载条件下裂痕的分布较为分散。     

TA5钛合金大厚板低周疲劳特性研究

本文给出了ＴＡ５钛合金的低周疲劳性能试验数据。研究了主冷凝器在循环载荷下，材料循环硬化或软化特性、应力与应变曲线以及应变与寿命的关系，并预示了低周疲劳寿命。此外，对疲劳断口进行了分析对比。     

拉-压及拉-扭载荷下6063合金的疲劳行为

对6063锻造铝合金进行了不同应力幅值下拉-压及拉-扭复合疲劳试验,并用透射电子显微镜观察了疲劳失效试样的位错结构。结果表明:在循环加载过程中,循环硬化占据主要地位,循环硬化的速率和程度对应力幅值和加载路径有依赖性;相同应力幅值下,试样在拉-扭复合加载下失效比拉-压失效形成更为复杂的位错结构,且位错密度更高;位错之间及位错与析出相的交互作用是材料发生循环硬化的主要原因,循环硬化程度越高,疲劳寿命越短。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金细晶组织的应变疲劳行为研究

研究了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金细晶等轴组织的应变疲劳性能及其断裂行为.实验结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V铁合金的应变疲劳的过渡疲劳寿命Nt约为560个循环周次,其疲劳行为具有非常明显的循环软化特性.在不同应变幅测试条件下,均为多源疲劳萌生模式.Ti-6Al-4V合金应变疲劳断口表面大量的二次裂纹特征说明该合金具有优异的应变疲劳性能.     

高强轨道钢双轴压-扭棘轮行为的实验和模拟

在室温下对高强轨道钢进行了单轴和非比例双轴压-扭循环变形行为的实验,讨论了不同加载路径对轨道钢棘轮变形行为的影响。结果显示:该轨道钢呈现出明显的循环软化效应和压缩方向的棘轮行为,且棘轮行为的演化表现出强烈的加载路径相关性;在椭圆路径下,棘轮应变较其他四种路径更小。进而建立了基于Abdel Karim-Ohno非线性随动硬化律的非比例多轴循环棘轮本构模型,并通过在随动硬化和各向同性软化律中引入非比例因子来考虑非比例路径对双轴压-扭棘轮行为的影响。实验结果和模拟结果的对比表明:该本构模型能够较好地模拟高强度轨道钢的非比例双轴压-扭棘轮行为。     

Multiaxial notch fatigue life prediction based on the dominated loading control mode under variable amplitude loading

A new calculation approach is suggested to the fatigue life evaluation of notched specimens under multiaxial variable amplitude loading. Within this suggested approach, if the computed uniaxial fatigue damage by the pure torsional loading path is larger than that by the axial tension–compression loading path, a shear strain‐based multiaxial fatigue damage parameter is assigned to calculate multiaxial fatigue damage; otherwise, an axial strain‐based multiaxial fatigue damage parameter is assigned to calculate multiaxial fatigue damage. Furthermore, the presented method employs shear strain‐based and axial strain‐based multiaxial fatigue damage parameters in substitution of equivalent strain amplitude to consider the influence of nonproportional additional hardening. The experimental data of GH4169 superalloy and 7050‐T7451 aluminium alloy notched components are used to illustrate the presented multiaxial fatigue lifetime estimation approach for notched components, and the results reveal that estimations are accurate.     

Torsional fatigue with axial constant stress of oligo‐crystalline 316L stainless steel thin wire

A series of symmetric torsional fatigue with axial constant stress tests, a kind of multiaxial fatigue test, was conducted on oligo‐crystalline 316L stainless steel thin wire, which was less than 3.5 grains across diameter of 200 μm. The material presents significant cyclic hardening under symmetric torsion cycling, and hardening is more obvious with the increasing shear strain amplitude. However, symmetric torsional cycle with constant axial stresses tests characterize rapid initial hardening and then gradually softening until fatigue failure. The axial stress has a great effect on torsional fatigue life. Fractography observation shows a mixed failure mode combined torsional fatigue with tensile strain because of axial tensile stress. A newly proposed model with axial stress damage parameter is used to predict the torsional fatigue life with constant axial stress of small scale thin wire.     

Notch fatigue life prediction considering nonproportionality of local loading path under multiaxial cyclic loading

An innovative numerical methodology is presented for fatigue lifetime estimation of notched bodies experiencing multiaxial cyclic loadings. In the presented methodology, an evaluation approach of the local nonproportionality factor F for notched specimens, which defines F as the ratio of the pseudoshear strain range at 45° to the maximum shear plane and the maximum shear strain range, is proposed and discussed deeply. The proposed evaluation method is incorporated into the material cyclic stress‐strain equation for purpose of describing the nonproportional hardening behavior for some material. The comparison between multiaxial elastic‐plastic finite element analysis (FEA) and experimentally measured strains for S460N steel notched specimens shows that the proposed nonproportionality factor estimation method is effective. Subsequently, the notch stresses and strains calculated utilizing multiaxial elastic‐plastic FEA are used as input data to the critical plane‐based fatigue life prediction methodology. The prediction results are satisfactory for the 7050‐T7451 aluminum alloy and GH4169 superalloy notched specimens under multiaxial cyclic loading.     

Kurzzeitschwingfestigkeit von duktilen Stählen unter mehrachsiger Beanspruchung

Low-Cycle Fatigue of Ductile Steels under Multiaxial Deformations To investigate the fatigue behaviour of cyclically softening and hardening steels under multiaxial elastic-plastic strains, axial strain and shear strain controlled fatigue tests under constant amplitude loading were carried out. S-N curves under axial strain and torsional pure shear as well as under combined axial strain and shear, in and out of phase, were obtained for the cyclically softening tempered steel 30 CrNiMo 8 (similar to AlSI-Type 4340) and the cyclically hardening quenched stainless steel X 10 CrNiTi 189 (AISI-Type 321) in the region of low-cycle fatigue. For both steels, used in the design of vessels, pipings, shafts, etc. the fatigue life to crack initiation is reduced by an out of phase (δ = 90°) shearing of the strained specimens in comparison to the in phase loading. The decrease of fatigue life under out of phase strains is caused by changing direction of principal strains resulting in an interaction of the deformations in all directions of the surface. This interaction is taken into account by a calculation procedure deriving an equivalent strain and predicting the fatigue life under combined strain on the base of S-N curves for unaxial strain.     

Low‐cycle fatigue of 316L stainless steel under proportional and nonproportional loadings

This paper discusses low‐cycle fatigue characteristics of 316L stainless steel under proportional and nonproportional loadings. Tension–torsion multiaxial low‐cycle fatigue tests were performed using five strain paths. Additional hardening was observed under nonproportional loadings and was more significant in tests with larger nonproportionality. Mises equivalent strain, Smith–Watson–Topper, Fatemi–Socie, Kandil–Brown–Miller and nonproportional strain parameters were applied to the experimental data to evaluate the multiaxial low‐cycle fatigue damage. The applicability of the damage laws to practical design was discussed.     

A simple energy‐based model for nonproportional low‐cycle multiaxial fatigue life prediction under constant‐amplitude loading

From the literature concerning the traditional nonproportional (NP) multiaxial cyclic fatigue prediction, special attentions are usually paid to multiaxial constitutive relations to quantify fatigue damage accumulation. As a result, estimation of NP hardening effect decided by the entire history path is always proposed, which is a challenging and complex task. To simplify the procedure of multiaxial fatigue life prediction of engineering components, in this paper, a novel effective energy parameter based on simple material properties is proposed. The parameter combines uniaxial cyclic plastic work and NP hardening effects. The fatigue life has been assessed based on traditional multiaxial fatigue criterion and the proposed parameter, which has been validated by experimental results of 316 L stainless steel under different low‐cycle loading paths.     

A Method for the Evaluation of Fatigue Life under Nonproportional Low-Cycle Loading

We consider a method for the evaluation of fatigue life under multiaxial nonproportional low-cycle loading based on the concept of equivalent strains. The expression for the equivalent strain range is a function only of the strain path and contains a constant depending on the additional hardening of the material under nonproportional loading. We propose a new parameter of the material based on the work of plastic strains in a cycle. This parameter is universal when applied to materials with both low and high degrees of additional hardening. It is in good agreement with the results of testing of 08Kh18N10T stainless steel and VT9 titanium alloy under nonproportional low-cycle loading.     

Cyclic stress–strain response and crystal plasticity finite element analysis of AISI 9310 steel in biaxial fatigue loading

There are still many gaps in the research on the multiaxial fatigue failure mechanism of the gear shaft. In this paper, cyclic stress–strain response and biaxial fatigue damage characteristics of gear steel AISI 9310 were investigated. The specimens showed obvious cyclic softening characteristics at all phase angles, and the softening rate was directly associated with the initiation and propagation of cracks. The fractographies at different phase angles revealed that the specimens under out-of-phase loading suffered fatigue failure caused by a single crack source on the surface, while the fatigue crack under in-phase loading was gathered together by the propagation of different crack sources. Finally, the established crystal plastic finite element model showed a good prediction of the plastic strain energy density at different phase angles, and the maximum error was 13.03%. Furthermore, a biaxial fatigue life prediction method was proposed, with a maximum error of 39.5%.     

LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE UNDER NON-PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A series of strain-controlled, low-cycle fatigue experiments have been conducted on 42CrMo steel under various loading paths including circular, square, cruciform, and rectangular paths. Present experiments have shown that there is additional hardening under non-proportional cyclic loading. Non-proportional cyclic additional hardening also results in a shorter life for multiaxial low cycle fatigue. A non-proportionality measure of strain path based on both a physical basis and macromechanical phenomena is proposed. The loading path effect on additional hardening is also described well. Low-cycle fatigue damage accumulation and the evolution process under non-proportional loading is analysed via the Continuum Damage Mechanics Model of Chaboche. A non-proportinality measure is introduced in the damage evolution equation and a modified Coffin-Manson type formula is derived. A novel fatigue life prediction approach based on the critical-plane concept of Brown and Miller is proposed.