我国生物质能发电技术路线探讨

我国生物智能蕴藏丰富,潜力巨大,对生物质能发电,国家无论在规划层面还是在开发利用层面的投入和政策优惠都优于可再生能源,令人惋惜的是,生物质能发电的发展速度,明显地低于太阳能,风力发电的发展速度,提出了以直燃式热气机生物质能发电厂来发展以村为单位的生物质能分布式发电企业的技术路线.     

生物质能发电技术分析

在不可再生能源濒临枯竭,环境污染日益加剧的今天,生物质能源替代化石能源利用的研究和开发,已成为国内外学者研究和关注的热点。介绍了国内外生物质能的主要转化利用技术,分析了生物质直接燃烧发电技术和气化发电技术,提出了符合能量梯级利用原则的生物质能发电方式,将是生物质能利用的主要形式。     

生物质能发电技术学习曲线和发电政策相互影响分析

通过对不同技术学习曲线参数的量化分析,确定了处于技术研发和试点示范阶段的8类生物质能发电技术的学习曲线方程.通过设置生物质能发电技术进步政策情景,对技术学习曲线效应和生物质能发电政策的相互影响进行了量化分析.结果表明,生物质能发电政策的实施可加快该技术进入初步商业化阶段的速度,其中,激励电价对生物质能发电技术的学习曲线效应影响比较明显.在生物质能发电技术进入初步商业化阶段后,应该在不同阶段对所制定的电价进行核准,使生物质能发电技术的发展更符合商业化竞争的需要.     

生物质能发电电价的敏感因素分析

通过设定电价敏感度和电价下降系数两个分析参数，对加工废弃物发电、秸秆发电、沼气发电和垃圾发电等4大类生物质能发电技术的电价敏感性因素进行了定量分析。分析结果显示．发电时间和固定资产为影响4类生物质能发电电价的主要敏感因素，其中固定资产通过规模化降低成本后会带来电价的减少。而原料成本仅对秸秆发电技术的影响较大。     

生物质能及其利用

生物质能资源生物质能来源于生物质。生物质是有机物中除矿物燃料外的所有来源于动植物的能再生的物质。动物以植物为生,而绿色植物通过光合作用将太阳能转变为生物质的化学能,因此,生物质能都来源于太阳能。据估计,陆地上绿色植物利用的太阳能,约占到达地球表面太阳能的4—5‰,约400亿千瓦。水下绿色植物利用的太阳能,估计比陆上植物多好几倍。地球上的生物质资源十分丰富,据美国康奈尔大学估算,全世界陆地和海洋所有生态系统中,每年干     

太阳能和生物质能联合热发电技术研究

针对目前发展独立太阳能热发电存在的障碍,提出了太阳能和生物质能联合热发电技术,取长补短、优势互补,以使太阳能热发电早日进入商业应用阶段。     

生物质发电技术分析比较

文章主要对三类生物质发电技术进行了分析比较.生物质混烧发电技术在已有燃煤电站的基础上将生物质与煤混烧发电,投资成本是三类技术中最少的,但可能降低原燃煤电站效率.由于低热值燃气轮机技术尚未成熟,因此生物质气化发电技术仅适用于10MW以下中小规模发电系统,气化-余热发电系统效率较高,特别适用于5-6MW的发电系统.生物质直接燃烧发电技术比较成熟,但在小规模发电系统中蒸汽参数难以提高,只有在大规模利用时才具有较好的经济性,比较适合于10MW以上的发电系统.     

Assessment of oxyfuel power generation technologies

In this work, a cost–benefit analysis concerning the use of oxyfuel combustion technology is carried out. For the analysis, the IPP optimization software is used in which a decouple optimization method for power technology selection in competitive markets is employed and the electricity unit cost and the CO₂ avoidance cost are calculated. The results indicate that oxyfuel technology is a competitive CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) technology. In addition, the effect of varying loan interest rates was investigated in the economic performance of an oxyfuel combustion plant. This analysis, revealed that up to a value of loan interest of approximately 5.3% the oxyfuel plant retains the competitive electricity unit costs (compared to other CCS technologies). For higher interest rate levels, other CCS technologies become more economically attractive.     

Thermoelectric power generation from biomass cook stoves

The use of biomass cook stoves is widespread in the rural communities of developing countries. It is important to improve the efficiency of these stoves in order to reduce the global warming contribution. An improved biomass fired stove has been developed in our laboratory and a prototype has been built. The combustion chamber is designed to achieve the almost complete combustion of wood thus increasing the efficiency and decreasing indoor air pollution.     

Increasing biomass based power generation in the UK

As the UK strives to increase its level of renewables based power generation, the contribution that biomass makes and could make in the future is examined. The role of power generation from biomass in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is evaluated, alongside an evaluation of the wider environmental, social and economic impacts of increasing the level of bioenergy in the UK. Progress with implementation of biomass projects is compared to UK national targets and the policy support framework is critically examined, with recommendations regarding future support mechanisms.     

Emerging technologies to power next generation mobile electronic devices using solar energy

Mobile electronic devices such as MP3, mobile phones, and wearable or implanted medical devices have already or will soon become a necessity in peoples’ lives. However, the further development of these devices is restricted not only by the inconvenient charging process of the power module, but also by the soaring prices of fossil fuel and its downstream chain of electricity manipulation. In view of the huge amount of solar energy fueling the world biochemically and thermally, a carry-on electricity harvester embedded in portable devices is emerging as a most noteworthy research area and engineering practice for a cost efficient solution. Such a parasitic problem is intrinsic in the next generation portable devices. This paper is dedicated to presenting an overview of the photovoltaic strategy in the chain as a reference for researchers and practitioners committed to solving the problem.     

Emerging technologies to power next generation mobile electronic devices using solar energy

Mobile electronic devices such as MP3, mobile phones, and wearable or implanted medical devices have already or will soon become a necessity in peoples’ lives. However, the further development of these devices is restricted not only by the inconvenient charging process of the power module, but also by the soaring prices of fossil fuel and its downstream chain of electricity manipulation. In view of the huge amount of solar energy fueling the world biochemically and thermally, a carry-on electricity harvester embedded in portable devices is emerging as a most noteworthy research area and engineering practice for a cost efficient solution. Such a parasitic problem is intrinsic in the next generation portable devices. This paper is dedicated to presenting an overview of the photovoltaic strategy in the chain as a reference for researchers and practitioners committed to solving the problem.     

Climate change impacts of power generation from residual biomass

The European Union relies largely on bioenergy to achieve its climate and energy targets for 2020 and beyond.We assess, using Attributional Life Cycle Assessment (A-LCA), the climate change mitigation potential of three bioenergy power plants fuelled by residual biomass compared to a fossil system based on the European power generation mix. We study forest residues, cereal straws and cattle slurry.Our A-LCA methodology includes: i) supply chains and biogenic-CO₂ flows; ii) explicit treatment of time of emissions; iii) instantaneous and time-integrated climate metrics.Power generation from cereal straws and cattle slurry can provide significant global warming mitigation by 2100 compared to current European electricity mix in all of the conditions considered.The mitigation potential of forest residues depends on the decay rate considered. Power generation from forest logging residues is an effective mitigation solution compared to the current EU mix only in conditions of decay rates above 5.2% a⁻¹. Even with faster-decomposing feedstocks, bioenergy temporarily causes a STR(i) and STR(c) higher than the fossil system.The mitigation potential of bioenergy technologies is overestimated when biogenic-CO₂ flows are excluded. Results based solely on supply-chain emissions can only be interpreted as an estimation of the long-term (>100 years) mitigation potential of bioenergy systems interrupted at the end of the lifetime of the plant and whose carbon stock is allowed to accumulate back.Strategies for bioenergy deployment should take into account possible increases in global warming rate and possible temporary increases in temperature anomaly as well as of cumulative radiative forcing.     

Safe and waste-free technologies using hydrogen electric power generation

A task of the Arctic integrated development affects the development of the new safe and waste-free technologies of waste processing using hydrogen electric power generation. This problem is multifaceted and concerns both large port cities and small towns, mines, islands, platforms, mining and processing plants, etc., despite the fact that many of them have not removed the wastes from their previous activities. The presence of melting permafrost, especially in the Western part of the Russian Arctic, high logistics costs, a small number of indigenous people and mainly rotational method of development make use of new technologies for the production of electricity, heat, water treatment, which provide the use of hydrogen power on the basis of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The use of LNG as a fuel is not effective enough, especially in the Arctic, given the low efficiency of diesel and gas turbine power plants, as well as the environmental degradation from their use. A more effective, environmentally friendly and integrated solution is the use of hydrogen electric power generation together with hydrogen fuel cells (HFC).The structure and method of waste-free technologies of waste processing are analyzed. The structure of wastes is multifaceted and contains: the most common solid waste from industry and life, including natural and man-made landfills; liquid wastes including sewage sludge from household and rainwater, oil-containing and other industrial wastes; leachate from landfills, including landfill gases; wastes resulted from transportation and transshipment of oil products, etc.In the paper purification methods are described; industrial shipping equipment and its characteristics for the application at facilities of the Arctic are presented. These installations include: incinerators, installations for treatment and filtrate of sewage from municipal solid wastes (MSW), desalination plants of reverse osmosis, snow-and ice-melting installations, cleaning and filtration of flue gases with an emphasis on methods of electric cleaning, cargo arms for loading and unloading the oil products and hazardous wastes. The advantages of hydrogen sources and energy storage using LNG in the Arctic both in terms of energy efficiency and ecology, the possibility of their use in conjunction with the above waste treatment plants are shown.Characteristics of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and solid polymer fuel cells and their scope are presented. For the most dynamically developing solid oxide elements, their characteristics in the traditional and cogeneration cycles are given and the scope of their application in small and distributed energy at power up to 10 kW is shown. Atmospheric hybrid schemes for thermodynamic efficiency are significantly inferior to schemes under pressure, but in large-capacity plants, for example, with coal gasification, they can be quite promising. Modern SOFC work under pressure of 7–9 bar; with the growth of their capacity over 1–5 MW in hybrid power plants (HPPs) it is necessary to increase the pressure up to 11 bar and even more. For HPPs with capacity over 10 MW, cogeneration cycle with gas turbines (CCGT) is the most efficient. The highest electrical efficiency of HPPs with the capacity over 10 MW reaches 75% with the use of CCGT and boilers at three pressure units with intermediate superheating.The paper presents the characteristics of traditional sources of electricity based on ship and aircraft gas turbine units operating on LNG, which can be used in autonomous power supply networks of Arctic facilities. Their advantages in terms of specific power in comparison with diesel power plants and storage devices are shown, but high LNG consumption and environmental indicators limit their use in the Arctic, taking into account the logistics problems. Comparison of the energy efficiency of traditional sources and hydrogen storage shows significant advantages of the latter, and if the efficiency of traditional sources increases with their power, the efficiency of storage devices does not change in the entire range of capacities. This circumstance makes the use of hydrogen sources and accumulators uncontested in the field of small capacities typical for Arctic consumers, especially taking into account the possibilities for safe and waste-free technology for processing industrial and life wastes.