Masonry composite material made of limestone powder and fly ash

Large amounts of fly ash (FA) and limestone powder (LP) wastes are accumulating in countries all over the world. Most of these wastes are abandoned and cause certain serious environmental problems and health hazards. In this study, LP waste and class-C FA were used to produce a composite material without the addition of portland cement. LP was mixed with the FA at levels of 10, 20 and 30% by volume in the samples. LP and FA were mixed, wetted and compressed under high pressure in a steel mould. The compressive and flexural strengths were measured, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on samples at ages of 7, 28 and 90 days. Density, water absorption and thermal conductivity values were also determined for the samples aged for 28 days. Preliminary results obtained from the tests indicate that masonry composites can be produced using LP, FA and water.     

The unidirectional glass fiber reinforced furfuryl alcohol for pultrusion. I. Process feasibility and kinetic analysis

The development of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced furfuryl alcohol (FA) composites has been conducted using an in situ polymerization method. The FA prepolymer synthesized in this study was prepared from blends of FA monomer and catalyst (p‐toluene sulfonic acid). The process feasibility, and kinetic analysis of the unidirectional glass fiber reinforced FA composites by pultrusion has been investigated. From the investigations of the long pot life of FA prepolymer, the high reactivity of FA and FA/glass fiber, and excellent fiber wet‐out of FA resin and glass fiber, it was found that the FA resin showed excellent process feasibility for pultrusion. A kinetic autocatalytic model, dα/dt = A exp(−E/RT)α^m(1−α)ⁿ, was proposed to describe the curing behavior of FA/glass fiber composites. Kinetic parameters for the model were obtained from dynamic differential scanning calorimetry scans using a multiple regression technique. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

粉煤灰地质聚合物凝结时间的研究

本文研究了水量、碱量、水玻璃量和矿渣对粉煤灰(FA)地质聚合物凝结时间的影响.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品微观形貌进行了表征,用核磁共震(~(29)SiNMR)对激发剂的结构进行了表征.结果表明:H_2O/FA比对凝结时间影响较大,当H_2O/FA比从0.29增加到0.36,终凝时间由120 min增加到280 min;NaOH/FA比对凝结时间和抗压强度的影响一致,它们均随NaOH/FA比的增加而提高,当NaOH/FA比为0.1时,终凝时间最长为200 min,抗压强度最高为70 MPa;Na_2SiO_3/FA比对地质聚合物凝结时间影响不大;加入矿渣使凝结时间明显缩短.粉煤灰地质聚合物的凝结时间可以通过H_2O/FA质量比、NaOH/FA质量比和加入矿渣进行调节.     

Coleaching behavior of lead of incineration ash waste mixtures

In this paper, the authors reported the coleaching behavior of lead of incineration ash waste mixtures, i.e., fabric filter residues [called fly ash (FA)] and semidry scrubber residues [called reaction product (RP)]. The leaching potential of lead metal of those mixtures was estimated by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) with acidic extractant. And it was found to be under the controls of dissolution rate and interparticulate interactions. The author has developed a linear regression equation to fit the coleaching behavior well, the equation is basing on the chemical compositions of (RP/FA) mixtures. The impact of this study is that the leaching toxicity of mixture could be reduced to be nonhazardous, just only to adjust the mixing ratio of these two ash wastes. And the authors are able to use these ash wastes for wider recycling applications without any intermediate stabilization treatment.     

温度和游离氨对絮状和颗粒污泥硝化系统的短期影响(英文)

The short-term effects of temperature and free ammonia (FA) on ammonium oxidization were investigated in this study by operating several batch tests with two different partial nitrification aggregates, formed as either granules or flocs. The results showed that the rate of ammonium oxidation in both cultures increased significantly as temperature increased from 10 to 30 °C. The specific ammonium oxidation rate with the granules was 2-3 times higher than that with flocs at the same temperature. Nitrification at various FA concentrations and temperatures combination exhibited obvious inhibition in ammonium oxidation rate when FA was 90 mg·L 1 and tempera- ture dropped to 10 °C in the two systems. However, the increase in substrate oxidation rate of ammonia at 30 °C was observed. The results suggested that higher reaction temperature was helpful to reduce the toxicity of FA. Granules appeared to be more tolerant to FA attributed to the much fraction of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and higher resistance to the transfer of ammonia into the bacterial aggregates, whereas in the floc system, the bacteria distributed throughout the entire aggregate. These results may contribute to the applicability of the nitrifying granules in wastewater treatment operated at high ammonium concentration.     

Glass Reinforced Composites Based on (Epoxy-Furfural-Acetone) Resin Blends

Abstract

A novel Epoxy-furfural-acetonc matrix resin (FA resin) has been developed to prepare glass reinforced composites. The polycondensation reaction of FA resin was carried out in a single step under different experimental conditions. This FA resin is used for blending with epoxy resin in presence of various catalysts. The system has been employed to fabricate glass reinforced composites and the laminates have been characterised by mechanical and chemical properties.     

Consolidation of mine tailings through geopolymerization at ambient temperature

Mine tailings-based geopolymers were prepared at ambient temperature. The evolution of their microstructure and the immobilization of lead were studied. Characterizations include measurements in compressive strength, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests. With increasing the ratio of metakaolin from 0% to 50%, geopolymer gel in the mine tailings-based geopolymers increased from 33.92% to 79.45%, leading to the compressive strength that increased from 2 to 15.5 MPa. With addition of Pb(NO₃)₂, a three-stepped changes in the compressive strength and microstructure of the geopolymers were observed. As increasing Pb(NO₃)₂ dosage from 0% to 6%, geopolymer gel was kept constant, while lead silicate glass increased from 0% to 10.51%, and Si sites in calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel decreased from 20.55% to 11.3%. Pb²⁺ was effectively immobilized in the geopolymers. This study first presents the evolution of geopolymer gel, belite, lead silicate glass, and CSH gel in mine tailings-based geopolymers as the functions of metakaolin and Pb(NO₃)₂ additions.     

The application of fracture mechanics to short fiber composites

The fracture performances of three short glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite systems, PET with 30 wt% glass, nylon 6/6 with 33% glass fibers, and a nylon 6 and 6/6 copolymer with 33% glass, have been characterized using both standard mechanical characterization and fracture mechanics. These results have been compared to fracture tests of an experimental chair base. None of the characterizing techniques was successful in predicting the chair base fracture performances of the materials when the tests were conducted on standard 3-mm-thick test specimens. When larger specimens with comparable morphologies to the chair base were tested, the fracture mechanics tests compared favorably to the chair base fracture tests while the tensile test results were inconsistent in their predictive ability. The findings emphasize the importance of testing laboratory specimens that are similar in morphology to the final part and suggest that fracture mechanics methodologies can be used in materials selection of glass reinforced systems for structural applications. However, for quantitative design, it is necessary to address issues regarding the nature of the inherent flaw in the finished parts.     

Sintered glass-ceramics from Municipal Solid Waste-incinerator fly ashes—part I: the influence of the heating rate on the sinter-crystallisation

A glass composition, made by mixing 70% of MSW ashes and 30% of waste from feldspar production, was studied. The batch was melted at 1350 °C and the melt was quenched in water. The chemical stability of the glass was investigated by TCLP leaching test. DTA experiment, at 10 °C/min heating rate in the 20–1200 °C range, showed that the glass has a high crystallisation trend with a gehlenite (2CaO.Al₂O₃.SiO₂) formation at 935 °C. The percentage of crystal phase formed as a function of the heat treatment was measured by density variation and XRD. In order to obtain sintered glass ceramics, the frit was heat treated in Al₂O₃ moulds at 950, 1000 and 1050 °C by 2 and 20 °C/min heating rates. At high heating rate predominantly surface crystallisation occurred with fibre-like crystals growing perpendicularly from the surface; at low heating rate bulk crystallisation took place. At low rate, the sintering was inhibited by the crystallisation process. Non porous sintered samples were obtained by a 30 °C/min heating rate and a 40 min isothermal step at 1120 °C, near the liquidus temperature.     

Characterization of coal fly ash for possible utilization in glass production

The recycling of three different fly ashes obtained from the coal fired thermal power plants has been studied. Coal fly ashes were vitrified by melting them at 1773 K for 5 h without any additives. After the glass production, glass samples were subjected to a heat treatment process to be able to see whether or not the glasses could be transformed into a microcrystalline structured materials. Produced glass samples were heated to 1423 K and held at this temperature for 2 h to determine the effect of heat treatment process on the properties of glasses. The properties of glass and the heat treated glass samples produced from coal fly ash were investigated by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. DTA study indicated that there were only inflection points of the endothermic peaks in the DTA curves of the glass samples. XRD analysis showed the amorphous state of the glass samples and also the presence of only the diopside phase in the heat-treated glass samples. SEM investigations revealed that small amount of crystallites occurred in the microstructure of the heat treated glass samples in contrast to the amorphous structure of the glass samples. The mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the heat-treated glass samples are found better than those of the glass samples. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results showed that the heavy metals of fly ashes were successfully immobilized into both glass and heat treated glass samples. It can be said that glass and heat treated glass samples obtained by the recycling of coal fly ash can be taken as a non-hazardous material. Overall, results indicated that the vitrification technique is an effective way for the stabilization and recycling of coal fly ash.     

Interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and furfuryl alcohol. I. Morphology and mechanical properties

Polyurethane/furfuryl alcohol (PU/FA) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthesized from furfuryl alcohol using p-toluene sulfonic acid as a catalyst and blocked NCO-terminated PU prepolymer with m-xylylenediamine (MXDA) as a chain extender. From IR spectrum analysis it was found that the major reactions in the PU/MXDA/FA system are the polymerization of PU/MXDA and the self-polymerization of FA. The tensile strengths of PU/FA IPNs that contain 5 p.h.r. PU are greater than those of the pure components. The flexural strength, flexural modulus, Shore D hardness and HDT decrease and the notched Izod impact strength increases with the polyurethane content. The compatibility of the compounds in these PU/FA IPNs was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that glass transition temperatures are shifted inwardly which indicated that the PU/FA IPNs were semicompatible. It was confirmed from scanning electron micrography that the system was heterogeneous.     

Influence of processing parameters on the microstructure of the eco-friendly glass foam

Eco-friendly glass foam (GF) with a specific mechanical strength of 5.96 MPa g⁻¹ cm³ and thermal conductivities between 0.131 and 0.282 Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹ was produced using fluorescent lamp glass residue (FLGR) and white eggshell as foaming agent (FA). The influence of the FLGR average diameter particle, the amount of FA, and the heat treatment on the GF final properties were evaluated. The highest expansion (500%) and the lowest density (0.24 g cm⁻³) were achieved using 32.90 μm mean diameter FLGR particles, 5 wt% FA, and foaming at 700°C. The produced GF showed promising application as porous building materials with load-bearing function.     

Structure optimisation and biological evaluation of bone scaffolds prepared by co-sintering of silicate and phosphate glasses

A degradable phosphate glass (ICEL) and a bioactive silicate glass (CEL2) were mixed in different ratios (wt-%: 100%ICEL, 70%ICEL–30%CEL2, 30%ICEL–70%CEL2, 100%CEL2; codes 100-0, 70-30, 30-70, 0-100) and then co-sintered to obtain three-dimensional porous scaffolds by gel casting foaming. Thermal analyses were carried out on the glass mixtures and were used as a starting point for the optimisation of the scaffold sintering treatment. The microcomputed tomography and field emission scanning electron microscope analyses allowed the selection of the optimal sintering temperature to obtain an adequate structure in terms of total and open porosity. The scaffolds showed an increasing solubility with increasing ICEL glass content, and for 30-70 and 0-100, the precipitation of hydroxyapatite in simulated body fluid was observed. In vitro tests indicated that all the scaffolds showed no cytotoxic effect. The co-sintering of silicate and phosphate glasses showed to be a promising strategy to tailor the scaffold osteoconductivity, degradation and bioactivity.     

活性炭对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化的影响

对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰(FA)及其灼烧灰(IFA)进行水泥固化实验研究,考察了飞灰中活性炭对水泥固化体凝结时间、抗压强度、重金属浸出毒性等的影响. 结果表明,掺60% FA的水泥固化体终凝时间长达63 h,超出48 h的限值,相同IFA配比下水泥固化体终凝时间低于该值; 掺40%和60% FA的水泥固化体7 d的抗压强分别仅为0.187和0.16 MPa,低于0.2 MPa的标准,但2种IFA配比下水泥固化体的抗压强度均达标;掺40%和60% FA的水泥固化体中Pb的渗沥浓度分别为5.634和6.032 mg/L,均超过5 mg/L的限值,而掺60% IFA的水泥固化体Pb渗沥浓度超过限值. 结果证实医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中活性炭是导致水泥固化体凝结时间延长、抗压强度降低、重金属渗沥浓度升高的主要原因.     

Assessment of recycling use of GFRP powder as replacement of fly ash in geopolymer paste and concrete at ambient and high temperatures

Environmental issues caused by glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste have attracted much attention. The development of cost-effective recycling and reuse methods for GFRP composite wastes is therefore essential. In this study, the formulation of the GFRP waste powder replacement was set at 20–40 wt%. The geopolymer was formed by mixing GFRP powder, fly ash (FA), steel slag (SS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with a sodium-based alkali activator. The effects of GFRP powder content, activator concentration, liquid to solid (L/S) ratio, and activator solution modulus on the physico-mechanical properties of geopolymer mixtures were identified. Based on the 28-day compressive strength, the optimal combination of the geopolymer mixture was determined to be 30 wt% GFRP powder content, an activator concentration of 85%, L/S of 0.65, and an activator solution modulus of 1.3. The ratios of compressive strength to flexural strength of the GFRP powder/FA-based geopolymers were considerably lower than those of the FA/steel slag-based geopolymers, which indicates that the incorporation of GFRP powder improved the geopolymer brittleness. The incorporation of 30% GFRP powder in geopolymer concrete to replace FA can enhance the compressive and flexural strengths of geopolymer concrete by 28%. After exposure to 600 °C, the flexural strength loss for geopolymer concretes containing 30 wt% GFRP powder was less than that of specimens without GFRP powder. After exposure to 900 °C, the compressive strength and flexural strength losses of geopolymer concretes containing 30 wt% GFRP powder were similar to those of specimens without GFRP powder. The developed GFRP powder/FA-based geopolymers exhibited comparable or superior physico-mechanical properties to those of the FA-based geopolymers, and thus offer a high application potential as building construction material.     

蒸养条件下矿粉、粉煤灰对高铁相硅酸盐水泥基材料毛细孔和抗侵蚀性能的影响

为提高蒸养高铁相硅酸盐水泥(HFC)构件的抗侵蚀性能,推进HFC在海洋工程中的应用,本文通过力学性能测试、毛细孔测试、氯离子固化测试及X射线衍射等手段,研究了50 ℃蒸养条件下矿粉(SL)和粉煤灰(FA)对HFC水泥基材料毛细孔结构和抗侵蚀性能的影响。结果表明,由于SL具有较高的火山灰反应活性,掺入SL可以提高蒸养HFC砂浆的早期力学性能,同时降低HFC砂浆的28 d毛细孔率。掺入FA显著降低了HFC砂浆的早期力学性能,且后期强度增长缓慢,但FA的“微集料”效应导致HFC砂浆的毛细孔率降低。氯离子固化结果表明,SL促进了水泥对氯离子的物理吸附,而FA促进了水泥对氯离子的化学固化,SL和FA均提高了复合胶凝材料的氯离子结合能力。     

High‐strength biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol)/fly ash composite films

We prepared biodegradable composite films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and fly ash (FA) spanning 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt % concentrations by casting aqueous solutions. The tensile strengths of the composite films were increased proportionally via the addition of FA. The strength of the film was enhanced by 193% with 20% FA compared to the neat PVA control. Further addition of FA deviated from the linear trend. The moduli of the composites also increased proportionally with FA addition to 212% at 20 wt % FA addition compared to the control. The percentage strain at break exponentially decreased with the addition of FA. In the dynamic mechanical behavior, the storage and loss moduli both increased with FA content. The tan δ peaks corresponding to the glass‐transition temperature shifted 5–10°C higher above the control sample (73°C). This shift was attributed to a reduction in the mobility of PVA segments because they were anchored by the FA surface. The reductions in mobility manifested in strong interfacial interactions were indicative of hydrogen bonding. Broadening and reduction in the intensities of the stretching and bending peaks of ? OH, ? CH and ? C?O of PVA in the Fourier transform infrared spectra were observed. This suggested that hydrogen bonding was active between the functional groups in the FA and PVA chains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Effect of surface‐modification on the dynamic behaviors of fly ash cenospheres filled epoxy composites

An inexpensive fly ash (FA), which is from a waste production, has been used as the filler to prepare the epoxy composites. With the purpose of characterizing the effect of surface‐modification on the dynamic behaviors of FA cenospheres/epoxy composites, Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis (FTIR), microstructure observation as well as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were systematically investigated, respectively. At the same time, the impact toughness was also evaluated by impact property testing. With FTIR analysis, it can be found that the functionalized groups exist on the surface of FA cenospheres. The SEM photographs show that the FA cenosphere particulates with surface‐modification are distributed homogeneously and have a good interface bonding with the matrix, and the ruptures occur not in the two phases interface, but in the middle parts of FA cenospheres after impact. In addition, DMA indicates that the composite filled with surface‐modified FA cenospheres has a wider glass transition temperature region and a higher loss factor, and its relatively higher impact toughness can also be revealed through impact property test. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Special features of the technology of continuous production of sheet figured glass with an elevated content of glass scrap

The possibility of using from 30 to 100% glass scrap in the production of figured glass is described. Industrial tests of the developed technology in a large tank bath have shown a substantial saving of scarce raw materials.Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1995.     

Viscoelastic,mechanical, and thermal characterization of fly ash‐filled ABS composites and comparison of fly ash surface treatments

In the present investigation, viscoelastic, mechanical, thermal properties, and microstructural analysis of ABS reinforced with various surface treated fly ash (FA) has been studied. FA particles were surface treated with various chemical reagents, i.e., Ca(OH)₂, NaOH, and Bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane (Si69) to improve the interfacial adhesion between ABS and FA. DMA tests confirmed an increase in the stiffness in the surface treated composites. Hybrid ABS/FA composites showed optimum storage modulus and T_g as compared with the virgin matrix. TGA analysis also showed higher thermal stability of ABS/FA composites than virgin matrix with the surface treatments of FA. The treated FA composites also show improved mechanical properties compared to untreated FA composite. The morphology of virgin matrix, untreated and treated FA composites was studied employing SEM. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers