白酒糟循环流化床燃烧灰直接肥料化利用

研究了白酒糟循环流化床燃烧灰直接作为肥料的可能性和效果,以其为肥料种植油菜,考察了油菜在5种土壤中发芽和生长情况. 结果表明,白酒糟燃烧灰对不同生长阶段的油菜有不同影响,对壤质土中的油菜发芽有抑制作用,但能明显改善粘性土壤中油菜的生长环境,油菜的净增量和产量都有明显增加. 白酒糟燃烧灰还能提高酸性土壤pH值,使土壤环境向中性(pH 6.97~7.74)转变,有利于腐殖酸分解和植物生长. 土壤与白酒糟燃烧灰质量比为5:1时,与原土相比,泸州国窖红土壤、泸州青稞土壤及富阳土壤中油菜净增量分别为80.1%, 80.9%, 163.6%,表明利用白酒糟燃烧灰作为植物生长肥料是可行的.     

A growth inhibitory factor from lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)

Aqueous extract of air-dried lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) at 25 mg/ml significantly inhibited germination and growth of radish and wheat seeds. Soybean seed germination was not inhibited; however, hypocotyl growth was significantly reduced. Germination of radish seeds in sand amended with pulverized lambsquarters shoots at 2 and 4 mg/g was reduced 40 and 95%, respectively. Shoot dry weight and plant height were also reduced 30 and 9%, respectively, at 4 mg/g, but not at 2 mg/g concentration. Residues after extraction with water incorporated in sand were not inhibitory, indicating water solubility of the inhibitor(s). Aqueous extract of shoots decomposed for five days lost nearly 40% of its inhibitory effect; 20% of it still persisted in the extract of shoots decomposed for 30 days. The filtrate from ultrafiltration of aqueous extract through a pad of molecular-weight cutoff 1000 inhibited radish seeds germination and growth, indicating that the molecular weight of the inhibitor(s) was less than 1000. Partitioning of the aqueous extract by a series of solvents resulted in isolation of an inhibitor(s) in the butanol fraction. Seven phenolics were identified in this fraction using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Paper chromatographic analysis of the butanol fraction revealed six bands, of which one band withR _f =0.83 inhibited germination and growth of radish seeds. Chlorogenic acid identified by HPLC appeared to be the principal component of the phytotoxin.     

Cr~（6＋）对植物种子萌发和生长的影响

以白菜、玉米和瘤芥菜为研究对象,探讨了Cr6＋对植物种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明,Cr6＋对不同植物种子萌发和生长影响不同,不同浓度Cr6＋对同一植物种子萌发和生长影响也不同。Cr6＋严重抑制白菜种子萌发和生长;Cr6＋浓度分别小于250 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1时能促进瘤芥菜的种子萌发和生长,Cr6＋浓度分别大于250 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1时则抑制其种子萌发和生长;Cr6＋浓度小于400 mg.L-1时对玉米种子萌发有促进作用,Cr6＋抑制玉米生长。     

Up in smoke: I. Smoke-derived germination cues for postfire annual,Nicotiana attenuata torr. Ex. Watson

Some postfire annuals with dormant seeds use heat or chemical cues from charred wood to synchronize their germination with the postfire environment. We report that wood smoke and polar extracts of wood smoke, but not the ash of burned wood, contain potent cue(s) that stimulate germination in the postfire annual plant,Nicotiana attenuata. We examined the responses of seeds from six populations of plants from southwest Utah to extracts of smoke and found the proportion of viable seeds that germinated in the presence of smoke cues to vary between populations but to be consistent between generations. With the most dormant genotypes, we examine three mechanisms by which smoke-derived chemical cues may stimulate germination (chemical scarification of the seed coat and nutritive- and signal-mediated stimulation of germination) and report that the response is consistent with the signal-mediated mechanism. The germination cue(s) found in smoke are produced by the burning of hay, hardwood branches, leaves, and, to a lesser degree, cellulose. Moreover, the cues are found in the common food condiment, liquid smoke, and we find no significant differences between brands. With a bioassay-driven fractionation of liquid smoke, we identified 71 compounds in active fractions by GC-MS and AA spectrometry. However, when these compounds were tested in pure form or in combinations that mimicked the composition of active fractions over a range of concentrations, they failed to stimulate germination to the same degree that smoke fractions did. Moreover, enzymatic oxidation of some of these compounds also failed to stimulate germination. In addition, we tested 43 additional compounds also reported from smoke, 85 compounds that were structurally similar to those reported from smoke and 34 compounds reported to influence germination in other species. Of the 233 compounds tested, 16 proved to inhibit germination at the concentrations tested, and none reproduced the activity of wood smoke. By thermally desorbing smoke produced by cellulose combustions that was trapped on Chromosorb 101, we demonstrate that the cue is desorbed between 125 and 150°C. We estimate that the germination cues are active at concentrations of less than 1 pg/seed and, due to their chromatographic behavior, infer that a number of different chemical structures are active. In separate experiments, we demonstrate that cues remain active for at least 53 days in soil under greenhouse conditions and that the application of aqucous extracts of smoke to soil containing seeds results in dramatic increases in germination of artificial seed banks. Hence, although the chemical nature of the germination cue remains elusive, the stability of the germination cues, their water-solubility, and their activity in low concentrations suggest that these cues could serve as powerful tools for the examination of dormant seed banks and the selective factors thought to be important in the evolution of postfire plant communities.     

Lipid changes during pre-germination and germination ofstriga asiatica seeds

Witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze) seeds were incubated at 28 C in a moist environment for a 14-day period, after which seeds germinated only when exposed to specific natural or synthetic germination stimulants. Changes in lipid composition were determined during germination of witchweed seeds and during early seedling growth. Witchweed seeds contained 37.5% (w/w) oil. Increased levels of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol suggested the enlargement or multiplication of plastids after witchweed seeds had germinated. In contrast to the usual course of events in seeds with high oil reserves, witchweed seeds did not hydrolyze triacylglycerol rapidly during or after germination. These findings indicated that triacylglycerol in germinating witchweed seeds was conserved for subsequent use during haustorial formation and host invasion.     

Possible Mechanism of Inhibition of 6-Methoxy-Benzoxazolin-2(3H)-One on Germination of Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)

6-Methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (MBOA) inhibited the germination of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds at concentrations greater than 0.03 mM. Inhibition was overcome by sucrose, suggesting that MBOA may inhibit sugar metabolism in cress seeds. Induction of α-amylase activity in seeds was also inhibited by MBOA at concentrations greater than 0.03 mM. Inhibition of both germination and induction of α-amylase activity increased with increasing concentrations of MBOA, and the extent of germination correlated positively with the activity of α-amylase in the seeds. MBOA added to a reaction mixture for α-amylase assay did not affect enzyme activity, indicating that MBOA does not inhibit in vitro α-amylase activity. Cress seeds germinated approximately 16 hr after incubation, and inhibition of α-amylase by MBOA occurred within 6 hr after incubation. These results suggest that MBOA may inhibit the germination of cress seeds by inhibiting the induction of α-amylase activity, because α-amylase plays a key role in the conversion of reserve carbohydrate into soluble sugars, a prerequisite for seed germination.     

Effect of growth regulators on lipase activity of peanut during germination

Lipase activity is affected by the growth regulator treatments prior to germination of the seeds. The order of magnitude of this effect is as follows: Suc > MH ⋍ AA > Sul > DW ⋍ GA > control. The effect induced by the growth regulators is explained on the basis of interfering effect of the regulators with the functions of mitochondria. The lipase activity of all the seeds is found to increase with the period of germination reaching maximum values on different periods. The increase of lipase activity is not only dependent on the plant physiology, but other metabolic products such as ascorbic acid oxidase and amino acids produced during germination also play a great role on its production in oil-bearing seeds.     

壳寡糖浸种对玉米戊唑醇种衣剂低温药害的缓解效果

[目的]研究壳寡糖对玉米戊唑醇种衣剂低温药害的缓解效果.[方法]选用不同质量浓度壳寡糖对玉米种子浸种处理,晾干后以60 g/L戊唑醇FS按包衣比为1:300包衣,采用纸培法进行萌发试验,分别在2、3、4、5、6、7、8 d统计各项形态指标和生理指标的变化.[结果]采用350 mg/L的壳寡糖浸种处理,玉米种子的萌发指数...     

Up in smoke: II. Germination ofNicotiana attenuata in response to smoke-derived cues and nutrients in burned and unburned soils

Nicotiana attenuata is a native tobacco that is commonly found usually one growing season after fires in the blackbrush, sagebrush and pinyon-juniper forests of the Great Basin desert of North America. This plant also occurs in isolated dry washes and roadsides for many consecutive seasons. Postfire annuals are thought to synchronize their germination from the seed bank with the postfire environment in response to increases in (1) fire-related cues or (2) nutrient supply rates resulting from the mineralization of nutrients by fire, or (3) the removal of allelochemicals produced by the dominant vegetation occupying the sites before the burn or the microbial community associated with the dominant vegetation. We examine the effect of these three changes on the germination ofN. attenuata seed from artificial seed banks made with burned and unburned soil taken in 1993 from under four dominant shrub species (Coleogyne ramosissima, Yucca baccata, Lycium andersonnii, Purshia tridentata) of an area that burned in 1992 and from two dry washes in whichN. attenuata populations have persisted since at least 1988. We utilize our recent discovery that aqueous extracts of wood smoke contain potent germination cue(s) for this species and the established observation that nitrate stimulates germination in manyNicotiana species. In two experiments, we added smoke-derived germination cues and nutrients separately and in combinations to the artificial seed banks, measured germination rates, and inferred the effect of burning by the response of the seed banks to these additions. Germination rates of seed in burned soil were consistently higher than those in unburned soil collected from under all species tested; concentrations of nitrate, P, Mn, and Ca were also higher in burned than unburned soils. Because the addition of more cue and nitrate to burned soil increased germination rates, these soil components may not be at concentrations sufficient to saturate the germination response one year after a fire. The germination of seeds in soil collected from beneath unburnedYucca bacatta plants increased to the same level as that found under burned plants of the same species with the addition of cue and nitrate. Similarly, unburned bitterbrush soil attained the same germination potential with the addition of cue and a complete nutrient solution as burned bitterbrush soil. We conclude that the effect of fire on the germination potential of bitterbrush and yucca soil is due to increases in germination cue and nutrients. However, since the addition of cue and nutrients to the unburned soils under blackbrush and wolfberry shrubs did not elevate the germination potential of these soils to that found in burned soils, we conclude that these species alter the soil so as to inhibit germination and burning reverses this alteration. The presence of persistentN. attenuata populations in washes could not be attributed to particular chemical characteristics of these soils. Additions of cue dramatically increased germination potential of these soils, whereas the addition of nitrate did not. The concentrations of most mineral nutrients resembled those found in the unburned sites with the exception of Mn, Cu, and Zn, which were higher. However, these cations do not influence germination rates. Treatment of soil taken from these washes with cue resulted in significant increases in germination ofN. attenuata seeds in the natural seed bank compared to water-treated controls, demonstrating that the plants growing in washes also produce dormant seeds that require the smoke cue for germination.     

Frontal polymerization of superabsorbent polymers based on vermiculite with slow release of urea

Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/vermiculite (VMT) superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were prepared by frontal polymerization (FP), a kind of polymerization model characterized by short reaction times and low‐energy consumption. The effects of VMT content and monomer ratios on frontal parameters and water absorbency were investigated. Due to the good heat insulation property of VMT, the propagating front still sustained at high VMT concentrations (over 30%). The preparation of SAPs with high VMT‐loading via FP has advantages of low energy consumption and low materials prices, decreasing the cost of SAPs effectively. SAPs with slow‐release fertilizer (SSRF) were obtained by embedding urea into their networks during the FP process. The addition of urea not only endows SAPs with slow release function of urea (more than 30 days in soil), but also increases their water absorbency (by 17.4%). The effects of obtained SSRF on tall fescue seeds germination and growth were studied. Compared with the control group, the germination rate and vigor index of tall fescue seeds applied SSRF with 10% urea increased by 17.5 and 80.2%, respectively. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:69–77, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Solution volume and seed number: Often overlooked factors in allelopathic bioassays

Cucumber seeds were germinated under various combinations of solution volume and seed number with a range of ferulic acid concentrations. At each concentration, radicle growth decreased as the relative amount of ferulic acid available per seed increased from (25 seeds/5 ml) to 5 (5 seeds/5 ml) to 19 (25 seeds/95 ml). With 2.0 mM ferulic acid in buffered solution, radicle lengths after 48 hr ranged from 71 to 47% of control. The amount of ferulic acid remaining in 2.0 mM solution after 48 hr was directly proportional to the amount initially available per seed, and ranged from 9 to 91%. Solution volume and seed number also significantly affected inhibition by vanillic acid, caffeic acid, and juglone. With 0.1 mM juglone, radicle lengths after 48 hr were 88% of control with 25 seeds/5 ml, 68% with 5 seeds/5 ml, and 56% with 25 seeds/90 ml. The data demonstrated that lower phytotoxin concentrations can produce equivalent or greater inhibitory effects than higher concentrations when the amount available per seed for uptake is greater. Equivalent inhibition of radicle growth was observed with 1.0 mM (5 seeds/5 ml) and 2.0 mM (25 seeds/5 ml) ferulic acid. Available literature on herbicides indicates that similar effects occur in greenhouse and field studies.     

Bullfinches and ash trees

Wild bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) feed heavily on the seeds of ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior). Field and laboratory studies show that individual trees with high levels of fat and low levels of phenolic chemicals in their seeds are especially liable to predation. This paper discusses (1) the complexity of effects that need to be examined in order to identify the role of secondary chemicals in determining herbivore preferences, and (2) the consequences of seed predation for the dispersal of seeds. Because of bullfinches' habits, and the many factors influencing seed dispersal and germination, it is not clear whether the birds' activities are necessarily damaging. This study emphasises the value of understanding the whole ecology of both plants and herbivores in order to interpret their interactions.     

The role of activating solution concentration on alkali–silica reaction in alkali-activated fly ash concrete

To enable commercial use of alkali-activated fly ash concrete, its durability must be better understood. Alkali–silica reaction is a primary concern since highly alkaline solutions are generally used for activation. This study investigated the effect of NaOH activating solution concentration on pore solution alkalinity and subsequent alkali–silica reaction in alkali-activated fly ash concrete. It was found that pore solution alkalinity increased with increasing activating solution NaOH concentration, and this effect was amplified at concentrations above an optimum, defined as the concentration that resulted in the highest mortar compressive strength. Expansion of concrete prisms containing highly reactive fine aggregate and activating solution concentrations above the optimum concentration was approximately three times that of concrete with optimum activating solution concentrations, but only about 5% of the expansion observed in the ordinary portland cement control. The low expansion may be attributed to the low calcium levels in the alkali-activated fly ash concrete.     

Endogenous Polyamines and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Relation to Germination of Osmoprimed Brassica napus Seeds under Salt Stress

Currently, seed priming is reported as an efficient and low-cost approach to increase crop yield, which could not only promote seed germination and improve plant growth state but also increase abiotic stress tolerance. Salinity represents one of the most significant abiotic stresses that alters multiple processes in plants. The accumulation of polyamines (PAs) in response to salt stress is one of the most remarkable plant metabolic responses. This paper examined the effect of osmopriming on endogenous polyamine metabolism at the germination and early seedling development of Brassica napus in relation to salinity tolerance. Free, conjugated and bound polyamines were analyzed, and changes in their accumulation were discussed with literature data. The most remarkable differences between the corresponding osmoprimed and unprimed seeds were visible in the free (spermine) and conjugated (putrescine, spermidine) fractions. The arginine decarboxylase pathway seems to be responsible for the accumulation of PAs in primed seeds. The obvious impact of seed priming on tyramine accumulation was also demonstrated. Moreover, the level of ethylene increased considerably in seedlings issued from primed seeds exposed to salt stress. It can be concluded that the polyamines are involved in creating the beneficial effect of osmopriming on germination and early growth of Brassica napus seedlings under saline conditions through moderate changes in their biosynthesis and accumulation.     

中国粗榧提取物除草选择作用初探

以种子萌发法测定中国粗榧乙醇提取物对2种作物、4种蔬菜、4种牧草、8种杂草共18种供试植物种子发芽后幼根及幼芽生长抑制作用.试验结果表明:10 g/L粗榧提取物对灰绿藜种子幼根生长抑制率大于80%,对7种供试作物、蔬菜或牧草种子幼根生长抑制率均小于50%,表现出一定选择性.以药土法测定粗榧提取物对不同幼苗期野燕麦及小麦生长抑制作用选择性.结果表明:0～5、5～10、10～15 mm三种根长期野燕麦幼根对粗榧提取物敏感性均显著大于同期小麦幼根敏感性,表现出一定选择性;粗榧提取物对5～10 mm根长期野燕麦和小麦幼根及幼芽生长抑制作用显著大于其他2个根长期抑制作用,表明5～10 mm根长期是小麦和野燕麦较敏感时期.0～5 mm/b麦幼芽对粗榧提取物敏感性大于同期野燕麦幼芽敏感性;5～10 mm小麦及野燕麦幼芽对粗榧提取物敏感性无显著差异.     

穿心莲内酯对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

探究穿心莲内酯对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。采用不同质量浓度穿心莲内酯浸种处理,以清水和生物源植物生长调节剂油菜素内酯为对照,测定发芽率、发芽势、根长、苗高、鲜质量、干质量等指标。结果表明,随着穿心莲内酯质量浓度的升高,其促进作用先升高后降低,质量浓度150 mg/L的穿心莲内酯溶液对小麦种苗生长促进作用明显,为研究绿色农业植物生长调节物质提供基础。     

Potential allelochemicals fromRuta graveolens L. and their action on radish seeds

An aqueous extract ofRuta graveolens L. (250 g/liter) was tested for its allelopathic activity in vitro on radish germination and radicle growth in light and darkness. It caused a delay in the onset and a decrease in the rate of germination (40%) in the light. The photoinhibition of germination was accompanied by an inhibition of water uptake into the seed. Furthermore, the inhibition of radicle growth was slightly higher in the light than in darkness. Three potential allelochemicals, biologically active in the light, were isolated from the extract: 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and 4-hydroxy-coumarin at concentrations of 10^–4 M, 2×10^–4 M, and 0.4 ×10^–5 M respectively. At a concentration of 2×10^–4 M, 5-MOP was the most potent inhibitor, decreasing radish germination to 32% and radicle growth to 17% with respect to control. Microscopic observations of radish seeds treated with 5-MOP suggest that this substance changes the swelling of the seed coat and aleurone layer, which precedes radicle protrusion.     

Starch-based biodegradable hydrogel as seed coating for corn to improve early growth under water shortage

In this work, the effect of a biodegradable hydrogel as a seed coating on the early growth of corn seed was studied. The hydrogel was a succinate-modified potato starch, and it had an equilibrium water absorption capacity of 260 g distilled water (DW)/g hydrogel. To coat corn seeds, the seeds were slightly wetted with an aqueous adhesive solution and then, in a closed container, mixed with a dry mixture of the modified starch (MS), bentonite, and talc. The damp coated seeds were air-dried at 40 °C for 24 h. The seed emergence and postemergence growth of coated and uncoated seeds were assessed with respect to: (1) the amount of MS on coated seeds, and (2) the available water supply. At a water supply of 77% field capacity (FC), the coated seeds showed a significantly higher rate of emergence than uncoated seeds—however, only a minor improvement was observed at higher and lower water supply levels (92, 82, and 65% FC, respectively). This indicates that, while poor water absorption by hydrogel at low water supply (65% FC) has limited benefit to seed water availability, the effect of good water retention by the hydrogel at high water supply (92, 82% FC) appears redundant in the presence high soil water availability. After 14 and 21 days of growth, the dry weights of the corn plants' roots and shoots did not significantly differ between coated and uncoated seeds, which indicate that, after seed emergence and root development, the contribution of the hydrogel coating to the plant's water requirements becomes negligible. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48523.     

Behaviour of lipase activity of the gamma-irradiated groundnut during germination

Lipase activity of gamma-irradiated groundnut has been reported. The dosage levels: 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 120 Kiloroentgen (kr) units have different effects on lipase. Radiation levels of 50 kr units and above induced damage to the active centers. Lipase activity was found to decrease during the initial stages of germination, and to increase in later stages. After reaching maximum value, the activity decreased. The lipase of control seeds doubled during germination in light. Increase in irradiated seeds was about 1.5-fold. Maximum activity for seeds treated under different conditions was attained at different periods of germination. Plant growth and the behaviour of lipase has been explained on the basis of other metabolic factors such as: ascorbic acid oxidase, amino acids and free fatty acids liberated during germination, and their mutual effects.     

Study on the fatty acid composition during germination of peanuts treated with growth regulators

The fatty acid metabolism during germination of a special variety of peanuts treated with growth regulators, viz., GA, AA, Suc, Sul, MH and DW have been studied in sterile media for 1, 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18 days. No marked variation in the oil content of the control and the treated seeds is found during the initial period of germination. Initial growth is explained on the basis of energy supplied by the FFA and carbohydrates (as they are found decreasing during the 24 hr of germination). Practically no accumulation of FFA is observed throughout the complete period of germination. The mode of utilization of neutral oil with the period of germination is correlated with growth. The varied effect of growth regulators on the fat metabolism is explained assuming their various effects on mitochondria, the enzyme center, and on the process of photosynthesis. Active metabolism is marked from the sixth day of germination for both treated and control seeds. From the beginning of germination, interconversion of fatty acids is marked. Metabolism of fatty acids during germination is reported with the preferential utilization of 18:2 acid.