在中低温条件下环境辐射对光谱发射率测量的影响

讨论了有效光谱发射率和有效亮度温度的概念。介绍了光谱发射率的测量方法及测量装置。在考虑到环境辐射的情况下,给出了光谱发射率的计算方程,指出中低温条件下的光谱发射率测量必须考虑环境辐射的影响,否则会出现较大的误差。     

Nonlinear optical behavior of ocular tissue during laser irradiation

A pump (cw Ho-YAG laser) and probe (He-Ne laser) system was used to study the dynamics of the optical behavior of ocular tissue during laser heating. The nonlinear optical behavior of porcine corneal and vitreous-humor tissue was characterized in vitro by means of measurements of the radial profile of a He-Ne laser beam transmitted through the tissue. Temperature gradients in the tissue created by the absorption of pump radiation caused the probe beam to diverge. For constant laser power, the rate of divergence was made dependent on the spot size of the pump beam. The profile of the transmitted probe beam returned to its original magnitude and shape after the tissue was permitted to cool. This reversible change in optical behavior was attributed to the formation of a negative lens owing to thermally induced local gradients in the refractive index of the tissue.     

Low dose cryogenic neutron irradiation effects in G-10CR

Insulators in superconducting magnets for fusion reactors will be exposed to radiation doses of 10 to 100 MGy, with more than half the dose coming from neutrons. Samples of the epoxy-matrix laminate G-10CR were irradiated with fast neutrons in liquid helium to a dose of 2.5 MGy, to simulate the operating environment. Mechanical and electrical properties were subsequently measured at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Results are compared to other studies of changes due to gammas. Dose effects due to the heterogeneous nature of this composite material and the nature of the radiation sources are discussed.     

合肥800MeV同步辐射源光谱功率分布的计算

依据Ｓｃｈｗｉｎｇｅｒ理论计算公式，对合肥８００ＭｅＶ电子储存环同步辐射的光谱功率特性进行了理论计算，并讨论了储存环基本参数的测量误差及其对光谱功率分布的影响，由此产生的不确定度将对今后建立基标准有直接的影响。     

一种新颖的镀膜玻璃可见光透射比测量方法

镀膜玻璃可见光透射比是其光学特性的重要指标之一.本文提出一种玻璃透射比光电积分测量法.与传统光电积分法相比,该方法一次性解决了实验光源与CIE标准照明体、光探测器的光谱灵敏度与CIE光谱光视函数不匹配的问题.给出了该方法中设计校正滤色器光谱透射比的基本算式,并用相对误差最小对校正滤色器进行优化设计,得到了较为满意的结果.实验表明,该方法测量误差为±1%,小于国标标准要求的±2%.利用该方法所设计的测量装置结构简单,测量速度快,开发成本低,有可能应用于在线快速的质量检测.     

Investigation and Elaboration of Methods of Multicolor Optical Thermometry

The various complex mathematical transformations previously proposed for eliminating methodological errors of multicolor radiation pyrometry are mainly reduced to the determination of such combinations of wavelengths or corrections of registered brightness for the spectral distribution of the radiating capacity of the object being thermometered at which its equivalent radiating capacity is equal to unity. Mathematical formulas of the determining parameters of multicolor pyrometry of radiation have been obtained. Engineering techniques for calculating the critical values of the determining and adjustable parameters at which the application of multicolor optical thermometry is excluded because of large errors have been developed. Algorithms of a priori and a posteriori calibration systems of multicolor pyrometry of radiation of objects with practically any spectral distribution of the radiating capacity are proposed.     

Degradation in optical reflectance of Al film mirror induced by proton irradiation

Mirror made of Al films can yield high reflectance over a broad wavelength range, and have been widely used in spacecraft optical instruments for high quality optical applications. However, such mirrors might be deteriorated under the irradiation of charged particles in the Earth radiation belt. In order to reveal the deterioration mechanism, the change in optical properties of Al film mirrors induced by proton irradiation with less than 200 keV was studied in a vacuum environment with a heat sink. Experimental results showed that the proton irradiation led to an obvious degradation of spectral reflectance of the Al film mirror within the wavelength range from 250 to 800 nm. The threshold fluence 1 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻² was found, above which the reflectance decreased greatly with increasing proton fluence when the radiation damage primarily occurred in the Al film. According to the experimental results, a formula for the performance evolution of Al film optical mirrors irradiated with protons is proposed.     

Comparison of spectral variation from spectroscopy to spectral imaging

Optical biopsy has been shown to discriminate between normal and diseased tissue with high sensitivity and specificity. Fiber-optic probe-based spectroscopy systems do not provide the necessary spatial information to guide therapy effectively, ultimately requiring a transition from probe-based spectroscopy to spectral imaging. The effect of such a transition on fluorescence and diffuse reflectance line shape is investigated. Inherent differences in spectral line shape between spectroscopy and imaging are characterized and many of these differences may be attributed to a shift in illumination-collection geometry between the two systems. Sensitivity of the line-shape disparity is characterized with respect to changes in sample absorption and scattering as well as to changes in various parameters of the fiber-optic probe design (e.g., fiber diameter, beam steering). Differences in spectral line shape are described in terms of the relative relationship between the light diffusion within the tissue and the distribution of source-detector separation distances for the probe-based and imaging illumination-collection geometries. Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine fiber configurations that minimize the line-shape disparity between the two systems. In conclusion, we predict that fiber-optic probe designs that mimic a spectral imaging geometry and spectral imaging systems designed to emulate a probe-based geometry will be difficult to implement, pointing toward a posteriori correction for illumination-collection geometry to reconcile imaging and probe-based spectral line shapes or independent evaluation of tissue discrimination accuracy for probe-based and spectral imaging systems.     

Theory of spectroscopic devices

A fundamental formalism featuring the common working principle of different spectroscopic devices is introduced. General formulas for angular dispersion, free spectral range, and spectral resolution are deduced from both the impulse response function and the spatial transmission function of the device, based on the assumption that these functions can be written up as the product of a finite width, real-aperture function, and a complex periodic function. The method will also be shown to work in specific cases.     

Chick chorioallantoic membrane as an in situ biological membrane for pharmaceutical formulation development: a review

The use of animals in research has always been a debatable issue. Over the past few decades, efforts have been made to reduce, replace, and refine experiments for ethical use of experimental animals. The use of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was one of the proposed alternatives to the Draize rabbit ocular irritation test with several advantages including simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, ease of performance, and cost-effectiveness. The recent use of CAM in the development of pharmaceuticals and testing models to mimic human tissue, including drug transport across CAM, will be discussed in this review.     

Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as an In Situ Biological Membrane for Pharmaceutical Formulation Development: A Review

The use of animals in research has always been a debatable issue. Over the past few decades, efforts have been made to reduce, replace, and refine experiments for ethical use of experimental animals. The use of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was one of the proposed alternatives to the Draize rabbit ocular irritation test with several advantages including simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, ease of performance, and cost-effectiveness. The recent use of CAM in the development of pharmaceuticals and testing models to mimic human tissue, including drug transport across CAM, will be discussed in this review.     

Temperature alterations of infrared light absorption by cartilage and cornea under free-electron laser radiation

Like pure water, the water incorporated into cartilage and cornea tissue shows a pronounced dependence of the absorption coefficient on temperature. Alteration of the temperature by radiation with an IR free-electron laser was studied by use of a pulsed photothermal radiometric technique. A computation algorithm was modified to take into account the real IR absorption spectra of the tissue and the spectral sensitivity of the IR detector used. The absorption coefficients for several wavelengths within the 2.9- and 6.1-microm water absorption bands have been determined for various laser pulse energies. It is shown that the absorption coefficient for cartilage decreases at temperatures higher than 50 degrees C owing to thermal alterations of water-water and water-biopolymer interactions.     

Importance of spectral measurement errors in the radiometry of thermal and quasimonochromatic radiations

A metrological analysis has been performed of how errors in spectral measurements affect the errors of radiometric calibrations of sources and radiometers for thermal radiation and quasimonochromatic radiation. In order to provide small values for the radiometric errors, one needs to use highly sensitive photoelectric radiometric comparators whose spectral sensitivity is constant in the working range. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 31–35, March, 1999.     

基于相干分析的高铁简支箱梁结构噪声源识别方法研究

列车荷载作用下桥梁结构振动产生的低频结构噪声会给轨道交通沿线环境带来噪声污染问题,该文给出了基于相干分析的桥梁结构噪声源识别方法。首先确定了频谱分析与相干分析相结合的噪声源识别方法,介绍了频谱分析法、常相干分析、偏相干分析的方法和流程,给出了偏相干分析中最优线性条件输入模型的迭代求解,编制了相应的Matlab程序;其次针对成灌铁路一座高架桥的振动与噪声综合试验的实测数据,结合频谱分析和常相干分析方法讨论了桥梁结构振动的噪声辐射机理,通过偏相干分析对桥梁结构噪声进行了噪声源分离与识别,由重相干函数的分析可以定性得到结构噪声的影响区域。综合分析表明,相干分析结合频谱分析的噪声源识别方法可以得到结构局部振动与所辐射的结构噪声之间的相互关系,能较好地分离识别存在相干关系的各结构噪声源的独立贡献和频谱特性,可以为桥梁结构的减振降噪措施提供理论指导。     

Gamma-ray irradiation experiment of turbo molecular pump

A turbo molecular pump which can be operated when exposed to high radiation has been under development at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) and Osaka Vacuum Ltd., for use in the 3 GeV-RCS of the J-PARC project. The target irradiation dose is 30 MGy. In order to determine the extent of radiation damage to the pump, gamma-ray irradiation testing was performed at JAERI. It was found that the turbo molecular pump could operate properly when given an absorption dose less than 3.5 MGy in a gamma-ray irradiation environment. Since the elasticity of elastomer vacuum seals decreases when exposed to radiation, leaks occur. Other components, for example motor coil, control sensor, etc., retained their high performance even when given more than a 7 MGy absorption dose. The outgassing rate of the cable was measured before and after irradiation.     

Analysis of specteal radiation fields in scattering materials under exposure to diffuse fluxes directed at a certain angle

Computational formulas are presented, quantities are determined and the change in the spectral composition is illustrated in a three-layer system by the different degree of resultant flux density, spatial irradiance, and absorbed energy for solar radiation and a KG-220–1000 IR generator. An experimental-analytic method of determining the optical and two-hemispherical thermal radiation characteristics of scattering materials is considered by the measured directionalhemispheric reflexivity and transmissivity of a layer of finite thickness.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 663–670, April, 1990.     

High-Resolution Elemental Bioimaging of Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn Employing LA-ICP-MS and Hydrogen Reaction Gas

Imaging of trace metal distribution in tissue sections by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is typically performed using spatial resolutions of 30 μm(2) and above. Higher resolution imaging is desirable for many biological applications in order to approach the dimensions of a single cell. The limiting factor for increasing resolution is sensitivity, where signal-to-noise ratios are poor due to inherent background spectral interferences and reduced sample volume with decreasing laser beam diameter. Several prominent spectral interferences are present for a number of biologically relevant isotopes, including the (40)Ar(16)O(+) spectral interference on (56)Fe(+). We examined if H(2) as a reaction gas could improve the analytical performance of imaging experiments for a range of masses with spectral interferences. At low (<1 mL min(-1)) H(2) flow rates, greater spectral interference due to H(+) adducts was observed for (55)Mn, (57)Fe, and (59)Co. At higher flow rates of up to 3 mL H(2) per minute, the spectral interferences were reduced leading to improvement in limits of analysis for masses with O- and N-based polyatomic interferences. Enhanced sensitivity with the reaction cell allowed construction of high resolution (6 μm(2)) imaging of (56)Fe in the mouse brain that approached the dimensions of single cells.     

Binocular vision: moving closer to reality

Vision science is a truly interdisciplinary field of research, lying at the interface between psychology, computer science and neurobiology. It spans a broad range of research questions, from what visual neurons in the brain do, to the design and use of virtual reality technology. Here, I will take one well-researched area of human vision binocular depth perception, as an exemplar of the various ways in which the processes of human perception can be studied: from basic questions about the sensitivity of binocular vision to understanding how having two eyes helps us function in the natural environment.     

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible: a laser Raman spectroscopic study

Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used in this study to characterize mandibular bone samples from patients who had undergone radiation therapy for oral cancer. The paper discusses spectral changes resulting in osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandibular bone, a serious complication that may occur after radiation therapy. Histopathological studies normally reveal the radiation damage on vascular canals and loss in bone cells, but will not reveal any structural or biochemical changes. All radiation-induced side effects are attributed to this hypovascularity and hypocellularity caused by early- and/or late-delayed effects. Our Raman studies on normal and ORN bone and on bone exposed to radiation, but not in the ORN state, show that irradiation produces immediate structural changes in the inorganic bone matrix with a slight loss in cells. ORN bone, in addition to the structural changes that had already occurred on radiation exposure, shows almost complete loss of cellular components. Since bone tissue is continuously being remodeled (dissolved and rebuilt) under normal conditions, our results suggest that the immediate structural changes in the calcium hydroxy apatite mineral part is not repaired in ORN, due to loss of the highly transient osteoblasts and osteoclasts resulting from destruction of stem cells. The spectral studies also show changes in the organic matrix, which is mostly type I collagen.